Polarized a me maoli malamalama. polarized ka malamalama e like maoli

Nā nalu nō o nāʻano. Ke lonikū vibrational perturbation ia laua i ko lakou mau olelo o ka propagation. Lakou i mea hoike o ka hooholo ia ana o ke kani i loko o ka lewa. Transverse nalu komo o ka haunaele a mea ma ka huina o 90 ° a hiki i ka olelo o ka neʻe. No ka laʻana, i ka nalu hele horizontally ma ka hū o ka wai ke kumu vertical kuekueni ma kona ili honua.

Ka loaʻa o

A helu o pohihihi'ōnohi 'ole ike ia ma ka waena o ka XVII kenekulia, ua wehewehe, i ka wa a ka malamalama polarized, a ma kona ano maoli, hoomaka ae la ia e manao like kŰia i ka nalu, a me ka olelo o kona kuekueni i loaa. Ka mea mua no laila,-kapa polarization kanawai i loaa ma ka Denemaka kauka Erasmus Bartholin i ka 1669. ʻepekema malama palua refraction a birefringence ma'Āina Hao hookoe mai i kekahi a me kalipuna (aniani ke ano o ka pōhaku paʻapuna). I ka malamalama hele ma ka calcite aniani mahae ia, ka hana mau kiʻi i 'oni iki i pili i kekahi i kekahi.

Newton ike e pili ana i keia kŰia a me ka paipai ana paha malamalama corpuscles i asymmetry paha "kekahi-kapakahi", i hiki ia i ke kumu o ke kahua o nā kiʻi. Huygens, he Contemporary o Newton ua hiki ke ho'ākāka i kona pähola 'o papalua refraction o kula haʻahaʻaaʻale, akāʻo ia i ike i ke ano oiaio o ke kanawai. Birefringence noho i ka mea pohihihi a Thomas Young a me ka Palani physicist Augustin-Zhan Frenel ua i? Aaei i ka malamalama nä hawewe i transverse. A noʻonoʻo manaʻo ua 'ae' mea polarized, a ma kona ano maoli, e wehewehe i ka malamalama. Kēia nae i kona ano maoli, a uncomplicated? Aieao no ke kālailai polarization ole.

Ke birefringence Ua kauoha ae la ia e kekahi hui malu pu ana o ka elua orthogonal polarizations, kela mea keia mea o ka a i kona nalu māmā holo. No ka mea, o ke koena unuhi i loko o ka mämä holo o ka eiiiiiaiou mau i okoa refractive indices, a nolaila ka mea, e okoa refracted ma ka mea, ka hana mau kiʻi.

Polarized a me maoli malamalama: Maxwell kumumanaʻo

Fresnel koke nui i ka hulina kumu hoʻohālike o transverse nalu, a alakai ai i ka birefringence, a me ka helu o nā'ōnohi loa. Hoʻokahi kanahā makahiki ma hope, i ka electromagnetic a Maxwell ka kumumanaʻo elegantly wehewehe i ka transverse ano o ka malamalama.

Nä hawewe electromagnetic Maxwell haku oʻume mākenēki a me ka uila mahinaʻai p ÷ haku i ka olelo o ka oscillating neʻe. Nā mahinaʻai nō i ka huina o 90 ° a hiki i kekahi i kekahi. Ma keia hihia i ka olelo o ka propagation o kaʻume mākenēki a me ka uila mahinaʻai i hana i ka pono-hema i kahi kūlike o ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele. No ka nalu me ke alapine (frequency) [illegible] a me ka lōʻihi λ (ka mea, hai aku kaukaʻi λf = c), i kolo ana ma ka maikaʻi m kauoha, e ho'ākāka 'ia ma mathematically nā mahinaʻai:

• E (m, k) = E ₀ cos (2 π m / λ - 2 π Ft) y me ^;
• B (m, k) = B ₀ cos (2 π m / λ - 2 π Ft) Z ^.

ʻO nā helu kaulike hōʻike i ka uila a me kaʻume mākenēki mahinaʻai i ka pae i kekahi i kekahi. I kekahi haawiia manawa, ka mea, ka poʻe hiki lākou i kā mākou Hawaiʻi ma ka makahiki like i ka E ₀ a me B _0. Mau amplitudes mea ole kuokoa. Maxwell ka kaulike e hōʻike i E ₀ = cB ₀ no a pau electromagnetic a hawewe i loko o vacuo.

ka polarization kuhikuhi

Ma ka hōʻike o ke kohoʻia o kaʻume mākenēki a me ka uila kihapai o ka malamalama nä hawewe i kāu hōʻike wale i ka olelo o ka pila nui kahua. Kaʻume mākenēki kahua maʻi lele me ka nānā 'ana i ke koi ana o perpendicularity nā mahinaʻai a me kā lākou perpendicularity i ka olelo o ka neʻe. Natural a linearly polarized malamalama ua wehewehe aku i loko o ia i loko o ka hope kahua oscillate i paaʻaoʻao like me ka holo ana o ka nalu.

Aia e'ē aʻe e hiki polarization Hawaii. Ma ka hihia o hoʻopoepoe vectors o kaʻume mākenēki a me ka uila mahinaʻai i ke ka ao ka pili a hiki i ka propagation olelo i mau ikaika hawewe. Elliptically polarized malamalama mea i loko o ka palapalaʻoihana ma waena o ka laina, a hoʻopoepoe polarizations.

unpolarized malamalama

Nā'ātoma ma ka ili o ka hahana loa filament, a paha i ka electromagnetic a pāhawewe, nō, kū kaʻawale o kekahi i kekahi. Kēlā me kēia pāhawewe hiki e ka hola hoohalike me Loko o pōkole lōʻihi like 'ole o ka 10 ^-9 i 10 ^-8 kekona. Nä hawewe electromagnetic mai ka filament, mea he superposition o kēia mau Loko, kela mea keia mea o ka a i kona mau polarization ao ao. Dala aʻo i kaʻoihana randomly Loko Ka 'ano apau loa o ka nalu polarization maʻi lele ana i loli aʻe hikiwawe loa, a erratically. Oia ka nalu ua kapaia unpolarized. All maoli kumu o ka malamalama, a me ka Sun, incandescent kukui, kukui hāweo kukui a me ka lapalapa ahi, paka ua pāhawewe. Eia naʻe, ma kona ano maoli malamalama ua pinepine hapa 'ia' polarized ma muli o ia mau hoopuehu a me ka noʻonoʻo.

Ke'ī mai, i ke koena unuhi mai maoli polarized malamalama ninoieo i loko o ka mea ana i loko o ka oscillations mua ana i loko o ka pelane.

Sources o polarized pāhawewe

hiki ke hua mai la Polarized malamalama ka wā o ka māhele kohoʻia manao. Kekahi laʻana o ka synchrotron pāhawewe, ma a kiʻekiʻe-ikehu kauoha (particles) e neʻe ana ma kaʻume mākenēki kahua, a hoʻokuʻu akula polarized hawewe electromagnetic. He nui loa-ike Astronomical kumu e hoʻokuʻu akula maoli ai polarized malamalama. O nā nebulae, supernova koena, a me kaʻeleu galactic nuclei. cosmic pāhawewe polarization ua aʻo i mea e ho oholo i ka waiwai o kona kumu.

polaroid Kānana

i kaawale ma ka hele ana ma ka helu o nā mea, o ka loa e like me ka o i mea no ka polaroid, hanaia ma ka physicist Amelika Edwin Land Polarized, a kūlohelohe malamalama. Ke Kānana ninoieo o nā kaula hao lōʻihi o ka hydrocarbon nā lātoma aʻo i kaʻoihana i loko o kekahi ala e hiki aku ma ka wela lapaau kaʻina. Lātoma e selectively ka hoʻokemu pāhawewe, ka uila ke kahua mea ia laua i ko lakou kohoʻia. Ka malamalama e waiho ana i ka polarizer ua linearly polarized. Kona uila kahua p ÷ haku i ka olelo o hakakino kohoʻia. Polaroid Ua loaʻa palapala noi i loko o nā mahinaʻai, me nā maka aniani a me nā kānana, e emi i ke kanawai o ka malamalama lewa a puehu wale aku no.

Natural a polarized malamalama: i ke kānāwai o Malus

I ka 1808, physicist Etienne Louis Malus ike i ka malamalama lewa mai ka 'ole-mea hao surfaces, kekahi hapa polarized. Ka nui o keia hookoia hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai, a me ka refractive Papa kuhikuhi o ka reflective mea. I kekahi o ka loa hihia ka wā o ka tangent o ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai i ka lewa, ua like me ka refractive Papa kuhikuhi o ka reflective mea, i ka lewa malamalama lilo loa linearly polarized. O kŰia ua ike like Brewster ka kānāwai (ka inoa ma hope o kona discoverer, ka Hawaiian physicist David Brewster). Ke polarization kuhikuhi ana ia laua i ka hōʻikeʻana ili honua. No kukui hāweo glare ana i hoʻomaka ai ma luna o kona mau manaʻo, mai papamoe surfaces e like me alanui a me ka wai kānana i mau hoʻohana 'ia ma nā maka aniani, e noho horizontally polarized ka malamalama, a no ia mea, selectively wehe i nā manaʻo o ka malamalama.

Rayleigh hoopuehu

Light hoopuehu ma ka mea uuku loa mea nona Ana i oi aku ka li ma mua o ka ke kōā (ka ai-kapaia Rayleigh hoopuehu ma hope o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia nä känaka' epekema Haku Rayleigh), i hana he hapa polarization. I ka Map ae ma ka honua i ka lewa, ka mea, ua hooauheeia lakou ma ka lewa nā lātoma. Honua a hiki hoopuehu aku polarized maoli malamalama. Ke degere o ka polarization mea e kaukaʻi ma luna o ka ua nui ka makau. No ka mea, kanaka mai i maopopo ma waena o kona ano maoli, a polarized malamalama, ua hookoia ana hele unnoticed. Aka hoi, o ka maka o na mea he nui nā mea kolo pane koke ia ia, a me ka mea hana i ka hoahanau polarization o ka hele liʻiliʻi ka pāhawewe like me ka navigational mea paahana. Normal Kānana pahupaʻiwikiō i ua hoʻohana 'ia e ho'ēmi i kāʻei kua pāhawewe i ka aahu Map, o ka mea laina polarizer, a hoʻokaʻawale i ka malamalama a me ka polarized kūlohelohe Rayleigh.

anisotropic lako

Polarization waiwai i malama ia ma ka optically anisotropic pono hana (ma i ka refractive inideka loli aʻe me ka olelo o ka polarization), e like me birefringent nā pōaka, kekahi liluwelo hale, a optically hana mea. ʻanoʻenehana noi nā polarizing microscopes, wai aniani ka hōʻike 'ana a me ka'ōnohi mea i hoʻohana no ka pono hana noiʻi.