Qualitative reactions

Kēia lālā o ka 'epekema like mākau kemika, Pilikanaka ka haku mele' ana a me ka 'ole o Nine Inch waiwai. Ua ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoʻopaʻa' ana i ike ole i huiʻia a me nā mea huihuina. Qualitative Ka Ikepili e hooholo i ke alo a kaawale o ka oihana mua a radicals ma ka Nine Inch hui, a me ka laupaʻi Ka Ikepili ka loaʻa o manao paa o ka Nine Inch waiwai i loko o ka hāpana, a laila, i ka helu ana o eiiiiiaiou aha i ka hui. No ka qualitative Ka Ikepili o ka i ano o kekahi mau oihana mua o ka Nine Inch reactions mea i oluolu i ka hana. Qualitative ho'āʻo ma ae i ke kilo o ka manao waiwai, aole hoi ka nele o ka ia.

Mākau kemika ua ulu hou a hoonui ae i ano o ka Ikepili a me kā lākou e pili ana, e like me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o kaʻimi naʻauao kumu o ka mākau keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ka poe akamai i loko o ka iho Nine Inch, physical a me ka physico-Nine Inch ki ina hana like o Ka Ikepili. Ma ka naau o na mea he nui o ko ia mau qualitative reactions i hoʻohana no kaʻimiʻana radicals, a hehee wale, a no hoi i huiʻia me loko o ka haku mele 'ana o nā Eia kekahi laʻana. E hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele 'ana e hoʻohana:

• elemental Ka Ikepili (nānā 'ia e ka elemental haku mele' ana);
• hakakino Ka Ikepili (kau ma ka 'ole o Nine Inch i huiʻia ma luna o ka hakakino kiʻekiʻe);
• mall Ka Ikepili (he 'ano o ka hakakino Ka Ikepili, investigating i ka māhele' ole o nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma, kā lākou hakakino ke kaupaonaʻana , a empirical haʻilula);
• iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai Ka Ikepili (ke aloha i huiʻia? anoee e ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu).

Penei, ka mea hiki keʻike nā'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha i huiʻia. Ma ke alo o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'oihana mua iʻikea a nalo coloration oku u ai mea hoʻoheheʻe precipitate mālama effervescence a me na mea e ae. Inā i ka mea e like ai o ka naoh i koho pono, a laila e wae (e wae) no ka ua cation a anion, e like me loa ikepili koʻikoʻi (a laila, paepae ka loaʻaʻana e leie aku i ka poe uuku dala), i ka hopena e e ike loea hopena - i ka hopena o ke alo a me ka wa e kaawale aku i loko o ka hāpana aeea a waiwai . Ke kumu o keia mea o loko, ua koʻana koko pāʻoihana o ka ike ionic qualitative naoh.

No ka'okanikaʻole i huiʻia, ka mea pinepine ana i loko o koʻana koko pāʻoihana, akā, ma ka hihia o ka mekala 'åkilikai metala cations ua lawe mai ka loaʻaʻana, i ka wa ana maloʻo paʻakai ma ka awelika (kaua) hapa uhane kukui lapalapa. Nā cations o likiuma (Li +) e kala i ka lapalapa ahi i loko o ka a pink waihoʻoluʻu pouli. potasiuma cations (K +) - he lila, paʻakai (Na +) - yellow, rubidium (Rb +) - ulaula, cesium (cs +) - i ka uliuli. Qualitative naoh cations hiki e lawe mai no barium paʻakai: i ka alo o ka barium cations (Ba2 +) ua hoonohoia ma ka hoʻokuʻi i ka mea kemikala e sulufahate Ion (SO42-), mai ka kūpono barium sulufahate precipitated keʻokeʻoʻeleʻele, a 'aʻole e hoike mai i loko o nāʻakika: Ba2 + + SO42- → BaSO4 ↓. Ke alo aku o ke alakaʻi i cation (Pb2 +) loaʻa ka wā paku ole ia i koʻana koko ka paʻakai pāʻoihana sulfide (S2-), e like me ka hopena o ke alakaʻi i sulfide ua hana, a precipitates like me kaʻeleʻele precipitate: Pb2 + + S2- → PBS ↓. Oia maikaʻi-ike qualitative reactions, nā cations a me anions he nui loa, a ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka mea, i loko o mākau kemika.

Ka wā koho i kekahi kiʻekiʻe-kbps muli o ka hoao hāpana, ia mea pono e ike i ka mau rula o ka solubility o Nine Inch i huiʻia.

1. All nitrates i wailana.
2. Kokoke e pau potasiuma, paʻakai, a'amoniuma paʻakai i wailana.
3. All chlorides, bromides a me iodides i wailana, koe wale no ke kala halide, o Hereme (I) a me PB (II).
4. All wailana sulfates, koe nae barium sulufahate, strontium a me ke kēpau (II), a mea insoluble, a me ka kalipuna sulufahate a me ke kala, i mea moderately wailana.
5. All carbonates, sulfites a me phosphates i insoluble koe wale carbonates, sulphites a me potasiuma phosphates, paʻakai a me ka'amoniuma.
6. All insoluble sulfides ole sulfides o ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia, kona'ākilikai honua i eliiaʻi a me'amoniuma.
7. All insoluble hydroxides, koe wale no kona'ākilikai metala hydroxides. Strontium hydroxide, kalipuna a me ka barium mea liilii wailana.

Oia ke aloha 'ona e like me alkanes (paraffin hydrocarbons) ole alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) hiki ke' akomi i ka hoʻohana i ka pāʻoihana o ke potasiuma permanganate, i loko o ka hihia mua e ole hoʻololi i kona ano no laila, e like me paraffinic hydrocarbons me ka permanganate i pane koke i loko o ke anu. I ka lua o ka hihia, me ka pāʻoihana i colorless no i kulu Wagner naoh (e laʻa me,'etolina): 2KMnO4 + 3C2H4 + 4H2O - → 2KOH + 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2MnO2 ↓. E like me ka hopena, paka ua o ka'okikene lua precipitate manganese me he brownish waihoʻoluʻu. Nā polokina e eiiieaena ke aloha i huiʻia i hoomakaukau nui oihana o kekahi meaola ola. Lākou nui kau, i ka wehewehena o ka nui he mea hiki nui. qualitative reactions i nā polokina hoʻohana i kēia mau hana, ka mea, ua mahele ia i ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka inoa. Me kā lākou kōkua, ka mea, ua i nānā 'ia e na nā polokina lakou iho, a me ka'amino nāʻakika i kakauiaʻi i loko o ia mau mea.