Mea kākau Helena Blavatsky - hoʻokumu o ka Theosophical Society. Kawaihae,ʻike hoʻokumu

Mea kākau Helena Blavatsky i hanau July 31, 1831 ma ke kulanakauhale o Ekaterinoslav (e Dnepropetrovsk). Ua loaʻa iā ia he aliʻi mau hanauna. Kona mau kūpuna iʻikeʻia i diplomats a me nā luna aupuni. Hoahānauʻo Helena - Sergey Yulevich Vitte -ʻo ia i mālama i ke Kuhina Waiwai o ka Russian aupuni a pau mai ka 1892 a hiki i 1903.

Family a me ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi

Ma ka hanau ana o Helena Blavatsky i ka German inoa o nā hōkū, a ua loaʻa maila mai kona makua kāne. Aie i ka mea i ka mea, ua i loko o ke koa, ka 'ohana, ua ai i mau hoʻoneʻe a puni ka aina (Saint-Petersburg, Saratov, Odessa, a no laila, ma luna o. D.). I ka makahiki 1848, ua i hoʻoili ai i Nikifor Blavatsky - kiaaina o Erivan'āina a pau. Naʻe, ka mea mare i ole mau loa ana. A mau mahina ma hope o ka ahaaina mare Helena Blavatsky holo aku mai kana kane, a laila, hele aku la e auwana a puni ka honua. Ka mua ikamu i kona huakaʻi lilo Constantinople (Kou).

Helena Blavatsky e pili ana i Rusia a me kona mau makahiki wā kamaliʻi i loko o kona'āina, hoomanao ae la me ka mehana. Ka 'ohana i hōʻike' ia me 'oe pono e i pono o ka hoʻonaʻauao na mea a pau.

Hele ana i loko o kona wa opiopio

Ma ka Turkish paukü, i hoʻoili ai ma ka mea e hooholo i ka circus ke kaikamahine. Ka wā ma ka ulia ua uhai i kona lima, Elena hoʻoholo ihola e neʻe i London. Ke dala a pau: oia ka ii hoʻolimalima i, a loaa remittances hoʻounaʻia e kona makua kāne Petrom Alekseevichem Ganom.

No ka Helena Blavatsky i mālama i ka diary, kona hoʻopaʻi ua ua hoʻonānā i heleʻano maopopo. He nui o kona mau biographers i kū'ē'ē ai, kahi ana i kipa, a me ka a? Ooia he lono wale.

Loa pinepine, noiʻi e hōʻike 'ia ma ka pau ana o na 40s ka mea kākau i hele iʻAigupita. Ke kumu no kēiaʻano hoʻohihi hoomaka me alchemy a me Freemasonry. lālā He nui o nā keʻena liʻiliʻi i loko o ko lākou mau hale waihona puke, puke, koi 'ia ka heluhelu, a komo i ka buke o ke kanaka o Aigupita "Buke o ka moana," "Code o Nazareta", "akamai o Solomona", etc. No ka poʻe hahao pōhaku, ua mau ka papa kuhikuhiE ka uhane mawaena konu - .. Aigupita a me India. Ua mea me kēia mau aina pili me ka lehulehu, ea, e Blavatsky, a me "Isis e höʻike i." Eia naʻe, ua makemake ka puke i loko o kona wa elemakule kākau. I kona wā'ōpiopio, i ke kaikamahine i loaa i ka hoao ana, a he mea hiki ike 'ana i loko o ka poʻe e ola ana i hoʻolilo' ia o kekahi honua hana 'ike loea.

Hiki ana ma Kailo, Elena hele aku la i ka Sahara waonahele, e noiʻi i ka mea kahiko o Aigupita noho maikai ana. lakou mea e hana ai me ka Arabia, ka mea i alii iho la oia no kekahi mau kenekulia ma luna o nā kapa o ka muliwai kēia kanaka. Knowledge o ko Aigupita kahiko i haawi ia ma keʻano o ke kanaka - mai makemakika i ka laau lapaau. Ka mea, ua i ke kumuhana o akahele study Helena Blavatsky.

Ma hope o Aigupita uaʻEulopa. Here ua pau i ke akamai. I kekahi, lalau aku la ia ia mai ke kaulana Bohemian virtuoso Ignatsa Moshelesa hoʻokani piano haʻawina. Me ka ho'āʻoʻana,ʻo ia a hiki i na 'aha mele i loko oʻEulopa mau poo.

I ka makahiki 1851, Helena Blavatsky pobyla ma Lākana. Aia ka mea, ua hiki i ka halawai no ka manawa mua loa me ka maoli Indian. Ka mea, he Mahatma Morya. Eia naʻe, i ka lā i loaʻa i hoike o ke ola o keia kanaka. Ua hiki i ua ka illusion Blavatsky, hana kela esoteric a me ka theosophical oihana.

Hehe, ka Mahatma Morya i ka ulu no Helen. I ka makahiki 50 ia i loko o Tibet, kahi i aʻo ai kūloko occult. E like me kekahi mau koho a noiʻi, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky i laila no ma kahi o ehiku makahiki, kēlā wā i kēia wā e hele ana e hele i na wahi e ae o ke ao nei, a me ka United States.

I ka ho okumu ana o ka Theosophical aʻo

A no loko mai kēia mau makahiki i hana i ka olelo i kaena ai, a koi i loko o kona mau palapala Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. Ua ua he hoailona ano o ka theosophy. E like me ia, ua hui na kanaka uhane a me ke akua. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i loko o ke ao nei, aia nō kekahi mau' ike ma kela aoao o ka 'epekema i mea loaʻa wale i ka waiwai a me ka naauao. Ua ua i ka mea like me ka haipule syncretism - he keʻa ma waena o na hana 'ike loea a me nā kaʻao a o kekahi mau lāhui kanaka i loko o kekahi mea i ao ai. Kēia mea,ʻaʻole kahaha ko oukou naau, mai Blavatsky ke kemu i ka ike ana o ka nui aina, kahi ana i kipa i loko o kona wa opiopio.

Ka nui ole o Helen i Indian kālaiʻike, a i Hawaiʻi ma ka hoʻokaʻawale no na tausani o ka makahiki. Blavatsky, Theosophy kekahi pū Hoʻomana Buda a me Brahmanism, mahalo i waena o nā lāhui kanaka o Alaska. Ma kana mea i ao ai Helen, e hoʻohana i ka makahiki "karma" a me ka "reincarnation". Theosophy i ke ao ana 'ole ma ka mea kaulana kanaka e like Mahatma Gandhi, Nikolay Rerih a me Wassily Kandinsky.

Tibet

Ma ka 50s Rusia kekahi manawa (no laila, e'ōlelo hiki ana) kipa Helena Blavatsky. Kawaihae wahine hopohopo i ka kūloko lehulehu. Ua hoʻopaʻaʻia ke awa seances, a lilo iho la ia mea mahaloia imua o St. Petersburg. I ke kakahiaka nui 60s kipa ae la i ka Caucasus, ka Middle Hikina a me Greece. A laila, ua ho'āʻo i ka manawa mua e hoʻonohonoho i ka malu o ka ukali a me nā hoa. I Kailo, ua kau aku i ka hana. No laila, ua he "Spiritist Society". Naʻe, ka mea, i ole mau loa, akā, ka mea, ua kekahi ukuia no ka hoao ana.

Kēia i ukali ia e kekahi huakaʻi lōʻihi i Tibet - laila Blavatsky kipa Laos a me Karakoram mauna. Ua ua hiki ke kipa i ka cloister, kahi hiki ole ai i kekahi, ua hala mua i kekahi o ka poʻeʻEulopa. Akā, e like me ua i ke keena hookipa o Helena Blavatsky.

Books wahine he nui i maopopo nä haumäna i Kipeka moʻomeheu a me ke ola i loko o Buddhist luakini. Ma laila i mea i loaa ka waiwai pono, i i komo i loko o ka paiia o ka "Voice o ka noho malie."

Familiarity me Genri Olkottom

Ma ka makahiki 70 o Helena Blavatsky, kona kālaiʻike lilo kaulana, hoomaka ae hana kahuna hai a me ka uhane kumu. A laila, neʻe akula ia i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, ma kahi āna i loaa i kona kupa a me ka naturalization kaʻina i wahi. A laila, ua lilo he nui Ally o Genri Stil Olcott.

Ua ua he loio, loaa i ke ano o ka colonel i ka American Kanawai War. He Ua hoonohoia Komisina o ka War Kuhina e noiʻi ana i ka palaho i loko o ka poʻe e hoolako i ka ammunition. Ma hope o ke kaua, lilo iho la oia i ka holomua loio, a he lâlâ o ka New York Collegium, loaʻa ka mana. Kona specialization nā auhau, uku a me ka waiwai lapaʻau.

I hoʻolaunaʻia ma Olcott spiritism hiki hoʻi i ka makahiki 1844,. He nui hope, oia halawai Helena Blavatsky, i hele aku e hele i ke ao nei a me ke ao. He i kokua ia e hoʻomaka i ke kākau 'ana no nâ ia ia i maliu mai i ka puke "Isis e höʻike i."

Theosophical ke kaiāulu kanaka,

November 17, 1875 Helena Blavatsky a me Genri Olkott hoʻokumu i ka Theosophical Society. Kona papa kuhikuhiE Pahuhopu i ka makemake e hoohui e like-manao kanaka a puni ka honua, nānā 'ole o ka lāhui, ke keka, caste a me ka manaoio. No keia hana ma luna o ke ao a me ka like ana o ka mea likeʻole sciences, ka hoʻomana a me ka philosophical kula ia i hoʻonohonoho. Ua hanaia a pau keia i ka mea i ike i ka ike ole i ka ke kanaka i nā kānāwai o ke 'ano a me ke ke ao holoʻokoʻa. A pau kēia mau pahu hopu i enshrined i loko o ka Palapala o ka Theosophical Society.

Ma waho aʻeo ia na Mamua, ia i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ke kaulana kanaka. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua Thomas Edison - .. Entrepreneur a me ka inventor, Uilyam Kruks (Peresidena o ka Royal Society, chemist), Palani astronomer Camille Flammarion, poe kilo, a occultist pono ai ka noho Gendel, etc. ka Theosophical Society Ua lilo i ka pola no ka 'imi naʻauao hoopaapaa a me ka hihia.

Omaka kākau ha awina

E hohola aku i ke aʻo o ka hoʻolālā, Blavatsky a me Olcott i ka 1879, hele akula i India. I keia manawa i ka palapala, ai 'hana Elena booming. Mua, o ka wahine mau publishes hou puke. Ka lua, ka mea, ua hoʻokūpaʻa wale me ka hohonu, a me ka hana hoihoi mea kākau. Her tālena Ua mahalo i loko o Rusia, ma ka Blavatsky i pai ia ma ka "Moscow Gazette" a me "Russian Pai". I ka Ia manawa,ʻo ia nō ka hoʻoponopono o kona mau Magazine "Theosophist". Ma ka mea, no ka laʻana, muaʻikeʻia i loko o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia unuhi o ke poo o ka' ōlelo o Dostoevsky ka puke "The Brothers Karamazov." Ka mea, ua i ka olelonane no ka Luna Nui Inquisitor - he kikowaena Episode o ka puke hope o ka nui Lūkini kākau moʻolelo.

Travel Blavatsky hoʻokumu i ke kumu o kona memoirs a me ka hele memo, paʻiʻia i loko o nā puke. Me lakou i mea hoike, huahana "ohana Sly Blue Mountain" a me ka "nani, mai ke ana, a me ka Mauna subcontinent." I ka 1880, Hoʻomana Buda i ka hou mea o ke ao, a i alakaʻi Helena Blavatsky. Reviews no kona hana paʻiʻia ma nā nūpepa a me nā anthologies. I mea e aʻo e pili ana Hoʻomana Buda like ka nui me hiki, Blavatsky a Olcott hele aku ai i Ceylon.

"Isis e höʻike i"

"Isis e höʻike i" ua ka mua nui puke, paʻiʻia ma ka Helena Blavatsky. Ia i komo hou mai i loko o nā puke i ka makahiki 1877, a iloko o ka nui? Aieeeua o ka ike, a me ka hoopaapaa ana ma esoteric akeakamai.

Ka mea kākau ho'āʻo i ka hoohalike i ke kahikoʻepekema na mea he nui, i ka Middle Ages a me ka pakebona. Ke kikokikona na i ka nui helu o nā loulou ma ka hana o Pythagoras, Plato, Giordano Bruno, Paracelsus a me ka 'ole. D.

Eia hou, i ka "Isis" noʻonoʻo aʻo haipule: Hoʻomana Hindu, Hoʻomana Buda, Kristiano, Zoroastrianism. Initially hapai like me ka puke hōʻike 'ano o ka hikina mai kula o kālaiʻike. Hana hoomaka ma ke Ewa o ke kumu o ka Theosophical Society. Ka hui ana o kēia 'ole lohi kala huahana. Wale kekahi manawa ma New York, ka mea i hai mai i ka hoʻokumu o ka neʻeʻana, hoomaka ae mālama nui hana i kākau puke. Blavatsky 'Imi kōkua Genri Olkott, ka poe i ma ia manawa i kona papa kuhikuhiE Ally a me ka collaborator.

E like me ka mea, wānana pū nō iā ia iho i mua loio, aole loa mua Blavatsky i Aʻole e holopono ana me ka ikaika a me ke ahonui. I mea, ia i ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o kāna hana a pau o ka nunui-faceted ka hoao ana i loaaʻi maluna iho o na makahiki o ka holo a hiki i kekahi kihi o ka honua.

Ka puke Ua initially Pani 'ōlelo' o ka "kī i ka pohihihi puka", e like me ka mea kākau i olelo ia ma ka palapala i Aleksandru Aksakovu. Hope ka mea i hooholoia i ka inoa o ka mua ka leo e like me "ka paku o Isis." Naʻe, i ka hoʻopuka Beritania, ka poe i hana i ka Edition mua, aʻu i loaʻa mai ia me ka inoa o ka puke mea mai kēia manawa (ka mea, ua pono ole theosophical manawa). No laila, i ka mana hope loa o "Isis e höʻike i" i aponoia. Ua lewa ka kūlana uʻi a hoihoi Blavatsky i ka moʻomeheu o ka wa kahikoʻAigupita.

Ka puke i ka hailona o ka manaʻo a me ka pahu hopu. Over na makahiki, haumana o Blavatsky okoa ua kālaiʻia ia. No ka laʻana, ka mea mua ka paʻi i loko o ka United Kingdom iloko o kekahi kakaʻina ma ka hoʻopuka. Ma ka mea, ke hai i ka mea heluhelu i ka puke he he nui loa ka helu o nā kumu o ka theosophy a me ka occultism, i wale ola ma ka moʻokalaleo mua. Keia ano i ka mea heluhelu ke kiʻi i kokoke i ka pane i ka ninau o ke ola o ka malu ike i malama aku i ke kumu o nā mea a pau ka hoʻomana a me cults o na kanaka a pau o ke ao nei.

Aleksandr Senkevich (kekahi o ka mahalo nui noiʻi Blavatskyʻia ....................) i loko o kona iho ua kālaiʻia i ka papa kuhikuhiE memo o "Isis e höʻike i." I kana hana ma ka Kawaihae o ka mea kākau moʻolelo,ʻo ia wehewehe ana i kēia puke mea i laʻana o ka noʻonoʻo loi o ka ekalesia hoʻolālā, ohi o theories e pili ana psychicʻike manaʻo, a me nā mea huna o ke ano. "Isis," kaupaona i nā nā mea pohihihi o Kabbalistic aʻo, esoteric manaʻo o Hoʻomana Buda, e like me kā lākou mau manaʻo ma ka Kristiano, a me ka honua hoomana ana. Sienkiewicz i kaulana Blavatsky ua hiki ke hooiaio i ke ola ana o ka immaterial waiwai ia.

Mau noonoo ana ua uku i ka malu nā kaiapili. It na kalaipohaku a me ka Jesuits. Ua lilo lākou ike momona lepo, a hoʻohana i ka Helena Blavatsky. Kaha puana'ī mai "Isis" hope i massively hou i loko o ka occult a me ka theosophical palapala o kona mau ukali.

Inā ka Edition mua ua hoʻomōhala ma luna o ke ao o ka 'epekema, ka lua, ma ka mea ku ole, noʻonoʻo theological nīnau. Ma ka kakaʻina, ka mea kākau wehewehe i ke kaua ana o na kula elua o ke ki i ka ike ana o ke ao nei kauoha.

Blavatsky nema aku i ka ia hoʻi o ka 'epekema ike i ke kanaka mea,ʻaʻole i loko o ka uhane. Ka mea kākau ho'āʻo e loaʻa iā ia me ke kōkua o nāʻano haipule a me ka Uhane aʻo. Kekahi mau haumana o Blavatsky kaulana ia i loko o kona puke, ka mea, ua hoakaka i ka heluhelu me ka mōakāka hoike o ke ola o ke kilokilo.

Ka lua o ka theological kālailai likeʻole haipule i ka hoʻolālā (e like me ka Ekalesia Karistiano) a criticizes ia no kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i kā lākou mau mea i ao ai. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, HP Blavatsky i oleloia i ka adherents kumakaia ana aku i kona kêia kanaka (i ka Baibala, ka Koran, a no laila, ma luna o. D.).

Ka mea kākau nānā i ke kaulana nani aʻo i hoopohala aku la i ke ao nei ka hoʻomana. ʻimi ana i kēia mau kula o ka manao, ua ho'āʻo e loaʻa kekahi mau kumu. He nui o kona theses he kānalua a me Anati-haipule. No keia mea, i nema aku ma keʻano o nā mea heluhelu "Isis". Akā, i kēia i i papani iho la i kona, e kūʻai hiʻona me ka kekahi hapa o ka hoolohe. Ka pomaikai o "Isis e höʻike i" Ua 'ae' ia e hoʻonui Blavatsky ka Theosophical Society, a i loaa lala i loko o kēlā kihi kēia kihi o ka honua, mai Amerika a hiki i India.

"Voice o ka hooneoneo"

I ka MH 1889, ua paʻi i ka puke "Voice o ka hooneoneo", i kākoʻo 'ia e ia ua Helena Blavatsky. Kawaihae a keia wahine i ka mea i ka mea, ua i ka holomua hoao e hui ma lalo o kekahi uhi lehulehu theosophical noiʻi. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka ulu ana no ka "Voice o mumule" lilo i mea kākau noho i loko o Tibet, kahi ana i ike lea i ke aʻo o ka Buddhists, a me ka noho kaʻawale ola o ka kūloko monasteries.

I keia manawa, Blavatsky i ole hoi e hoohalike aku a loiloi i kekahi mau kula o ka manaʻo. Ua kau aku textured ano o ka Buddhist aʻo. Ua loaʻa he piha Ka Ikepili o ia mau hua'ōlelo 'elua i "Krishna" a me "Higher naʻu." Ka hapa nui o ka puke, ua malama aku i loko o ka Buddhist kaila. Naʻe, ka mea, ua i he Orthodox exposition o keia hoomana. Ka mea, ua hiki mai i kohu pono Blavatsky mystical ke keʻena.

Keia hana ua lilo pakahi aku la ia mahalo me Buddhists. He hoʻomanawanui nui a paʻi ma India a me Tibet, he poe nui hoi noiʻi lilo koi heluhelu. ʻO kona mau mahalo hoʻoleʻa i ka Dalai Lama. Ka hope kekahi (ma ke alanui, e noho ana) iho palapala iho la i ka kakaʻina no ka "Voice o malie" i loko o ka lā hoʻomanaʻo haneri o ka Edition mua. Keia mea he kumu maikaʻi no ka poe i makemake e ike, a ike Hoʻomana Buda, a me Zen kula mau.

Ka puke Ua hâʻawi wale ma ka mea kākau Lvu Tolstomu, ka mea i loko o kona mau makahiki hope intensively aʻo i kekahiʻano o ka hoʻomana. Maiama paha, a ua manawa mālama ma Yasnaya Polyana. Ka mea kākau kakauinoa i ka poi, e kahea ana Tolstoy "kekahi o na mau mea i hiki ke hoomaopopo, a maopopo ka mea i palapalaia ma laila."

Helu iho olelo ikaika no ka makana i loko o kā lākou mau paʻi puke, kahi ia i houluuluia excerpts mai o ka poe naauao i alakaʻi ai i kona mau buke ( "maʻamau o", "manaʻo o ka poʻe akamai", "heluhelu kaiapili"). Nō hoʻi ka mea kākau i loko o kekahi o kona mau kino palapala mai la oia i ka "Voice o ka hooneoneo" kekahi i ka puu o ka malamalama, akā, i hoopa aku i ka nīnūnē i kanaka ano nui ike ole. Ua ua iʻike i Tolstoy i ka Magazine "Theosophist" Blavatsky, ka mea nui loa i hoʻomaopopo ai, i oleloia ma kona diary heluhelu.

"Ka Ho 'ao"

"Ka Ho 'ao ana" ua noʻonoʻo i ka hana hope o Blavatsky, ma ka i ana summed i kona ike a me ka hoopaapaa ana a pau. Iloko o ke ola ana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo mua mau puke i paʻiʻia. Ke kolu o ka puke i paʻiʻia ma hope o kona make ana i ka makahiki 1897.

Ka mea mua o ke kālailai, a hoohalike i kaʻokoʻa manao ma ke kumu o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ka lua o ka hookolokolo aku la ia kanaka evolution. Ua hoala nā hui pili koko nīnūnē, a e makaikai i ka alanui o? Acaeoey o nā kānaka me ka? Ueo.

Ka hope ka leo i ka ohi ana o biographies, a aʻo o kekahi occultists. Great keiki ma luna o ka "Alakai ao ana" he -No- - Verses mai o ka buke o Dzyan, i mea pinepine Kuhikuhi 'ia i loko o nā' aoʻao o ka hana. Kekahi kumu ua ka mua pila uku buke, "ka Key ia Theosophy."

New ka paʻi kūlana hiʻona o ka 'ōlelo. Ka mea kākau hoʻohana i ka nui nui o nā huapalapala a me nā kiʻi i ua loaʻa ma keʻano o ka hoʻomana a me nā kula o ka manaʻo.

"Ka Ho 'ao ana" i ka hoomau ana o "Isis e höʻike i." I mea, ia ua heʻoi nana i nā nīnūnē ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i loko o ka buke mua o ka mea kākau moʻolelo. A i loko o ka hana ma o ka hou paiia o Madame Blavatsky Theosophical Society i kōkua mai iā ia.

E hana i kākau i kēia monumental hana i ka loa pilikia hoao ana, a ua hele ma Helena Blavatsky. Books paʻi mua, i ole ia ka ikehu no laila, nui, e like keia kekahi. He hoike hope i loko o kona mau memoirs, oia memo lawe mai ia lakou iho i ka mea kākau i ka piha naau hoopupule keia wā hoʻokahiʻaoʻao i hoʻopili like i ka iwakālua o ka manawa.

A nui kōkua i loko o ka puke o keia hana i ua hoomakaukau Archibaldom Keytli. He ua he lâlâ o ka Theosophical Society i ka 1884, a ma ka manawa o keia palapala, ua nui kakauolelo o kana oihana i loko o ka UK. Kēia kanaka i ua hoʻoponoponoʻia e kona puʻu iho o ka lahilahi o ke kiekie ma ka mika. Holo nōhie ka hoʻoponopono 'loli punctuation a me kekahi mau kumu e, ua nui no ka wā e hiki mai a paʻi. Kona hope mana i hōʻike mai iā ia i ka mea kākau moʻolelo i ka 1890.

Ua ua ike ia ka "Alakai ao ana" enthusiastically hou-heluhelu i ka nui Lūkini haku mele Aleksandr Skryabin. Kekahi manawa, ua hele mai la a kokoke theosophical manaʻo o Blavatsky. Ke kanaka mau i ka puke ma luna o kona päkaukau a akea mahalo i ka ike o ka mea kākau moʻolelo.

nā makahiki

Hana Blavatsky ma India ka pomaikai. Aia ua wehe lala o ka Theosophical Society, a ua kaulana mawaena o ka kūloko heluna. I kona makahiki hope, Elena noho ma Europa, a oki iho la ka holo ana no ka mai ola. Akā, hoomaka ae la oia e 'Imi kākauʻana. Ua i laila, i ka hapanui o kona mau puke koe. Blavatsky make iho la o May 8, 1891 ma London, ma hope o ka maʻi me ka loa maʻi palū.