Carolingian hou o ka Roma aupuni a pau

Ka inoa "Pope" (he papa -. Lat) he Greek kumu ae. Pēlā ka manaʻo i, kue i ka mahaloia manaoio, aole ia i hele mai, mai Pappas - "makua" (Helene.), A mai na papas - (. Gk) "mentor". Ma mua, ka mea i kapaʻia a pau o ka poe kahu, akā, ma hope i häʻawi mai ai iä ka Bihopa o Roma, i ka inoa me ka hope o St. Petero -. E like me ke kaʻao, ka mua Bihopa o Roma. Ka hua'ōlelo "Pope" mea,ʻaʻole he oihana inoa o ke poo o ka Roma Hui Church. Kona nui aʻe - Episcopus Romanus a me Pontivex Maximus, a 'o ia hoʻi "Aha kahuna nui". Kēia lua o ka inoa i ili mai o ka mālama '-Christian Roma. Gregory I ka Great kapa iho "Servus Servorum Dei-" - "kauwa o na kauwa a ke Akua." Kēia inoa ua kekahi hui pū i loko o ka papal titulature.

Gregory no i ke aliʻi a me ka waiwai Roma ohana. Ma kona kūlana me prefect o Roma, oia loaa aaieieno? A kalaiaina ka hoao ana. Akā, i ka hewa, kena ae la ma ke kaua o ka Lombards, revolutionized kona Outlook. Ana o keia mau pomaikai, e kūkulu monasteries, hoomaka ae la oia e alakai i ke ola ana o ka hermit, a ascetic. Akā, ma hope o kekahi iā Pope Pelagius II i kauoha mai ai ia ia, e like me kona 'elele ma Constantinople iwilei. Ma 590, ma hope o ka make ana o Pelagius Gregory i ke kiekie i ka papacy. ʻo ia i hoʻonohonoho i wale i ka ecclesiastical ke aupuni, akā, ma ka mea e kū ana ma ke poo o ka Roma wahi, e hoʻolālā i ka mea e malu ai, ai lako, kōkua i nā mea pakele, etc. Ka holomua manaʻo o Gregory I moku'āina oihana ua kena ae la e poino ai lakou o ka Byzantine Auguseto, ka mea i hoopiiia i ka Pope o ka hainā o ka mana, nae, i hōʻoiaʻiʻo aku la ia ia i ka manao o na clergy, na kanaka, a hiki i ka Lombards, ka poe i hoomaka i kana keiki, e neʻe i Catholicism.

Gregory hookupaaia ka precedent theocratic moku'āina ma Italy, e e hoʻomohala i ka ho okumu ana o ka ai-kapaia papal moku'āina.

By hapalua like-VIII ma. Lombards kaua akula Aneane pau Italian waiwai o Byzantium. I ka 752, ka mea hoʻopio i ke Exarchate o Ravenna, hāʻule pahū wale i ka Byzantine kiaaina-Nui ma Italy. I kekahi anu u ua e ia i ka hopu ana o Roma. 'Aʻole e hilinai ana ma ka Auguseto o Constantinople, kemu na unrest, Pope Stephen II hoouna mai i kekahi a Keliʻimaikaʻi i kōkua i ke Frankish alii. Caroling Korol Pipin ua mahalo no Pāpā kōkua hoohiolo i ka mua Merovingianʻana a me ka pono i ka ekalesia e e hou legitimization o kona mana. Ma hope o nā koa paipai aʻo kai eʻe ma Italy, i puʻe wale ke alii o ka Lombards maemae o ka wahi, mai Rome i Ravenna, kauoha aupuni. 'Aʻole i makemake e hoihoi i ka Byzantine governorship, i koiia mai e Constantinople ke aupuni, aʻaʻole i hiki ke hele mai i grips me ka Italian mea, Pepin i ka mua Exarchate o Ravenna ma lalo o ka mana o ka papal hooponopono.

Details o ka aelike e ole kaʻoi loa i ikeia, e like me ka pili nā palapala i nalowale. Akā, ma hope o ka Pope ana ka hoohalike ana ia me ka hana o ka makana - ", o ka haawina o Pepin" Ma hope o kekahi manawa, huli ae la i "Donation o Constantine" ( "Donatio Constantini") kekahi dubious "Donation o Pepin" - kekahi o ka mea nui loa mōʻaukala forgeries. Na Papal Chancery Ua fabricated palapala i unuhiʻia mai ma ka aoao o ka Emperor Konstantina Velikogo ( "Constitutum Constantini"). E like me keia hana o Constantine, supposedly hoola o ka lepera pule o ka Bishop o Roma Sylvester i hope primacy ma nā lunakiai, a haawi aku la ia ia, a me kona mau hope i ka lokomaikai kiekie ka mana ma luna o Rome, Italy, a me ka pau ana o ka Western Roma aupuni a pau. Iho Auguseto,ʻaʻole e kaʻana like ka mana i ka Pope, hele aku la ia Constantinople. E like me ia i kēia mana, Pepin ua wale hoi i ka papacy mea i manao e no ia ia ia me ka IV.

Ua mea olelo lealea i ka Pope i makau ole, e haawi aku ai ia i kēia hoʻopuni Pepin, a me ka nui ikaika kona hope. Ua lilo lohe nuiʻia wale nō i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ke IX kenekulia. ma lalo o Pope ma Rotehama I loko o ka wā e hiki mai i wale hoʻohana 'ia e ka papacy e ho'āpono aku i ka hoaie dala pretensions i ka naita ma ka mana. Ka maopopo o ka hoʻopunipuni "Conatitutum Constantini" Ua ho'āʻo ai i ka 1440, akā, wale i loko o ka XIX kenekulia. Hui Church repudiated i kēia hana.

Pepin hoʻokumu i ka lua o ka mamo aliʻi o Frankish aliʻi i ka inoa o Carolingian i ka hanohano o kona makua kāne - Meia o ka hale alii o Charles. Germanic "ana" hoʻopili like i Lūkini "ovich". Carolingians - 'o ia hoʻi Karlovic, i nā mamo a Karla Martella. Ka mea nui wale Luna o keia i nohoaliʻi ai i ke keiki Pipina Karl, hele aku la ia ma ka moolelo like Karl Veliky.

Kēia statesman o ka halawai ikaika a me ka tālena ua lawe ka loa holomua hoao e "upgrade i ka mana o ka Roma aupuni a pau o na mea kaua Kelemānia." Ili o kona makua kāne nui Frankish aupuni, a ana hoʻonui ia i ka hikina, kūkulu'ākau a me ka hema, Karl lilo i ka pau ana o ka VIII kenekulia. haku o ka aneane i ka pau o ka Hawaiian Western Eulopa. I kona noho aliʻi i ka Frankish moku'āina ÿö mai ka Pyrenees a hiki i ka English Channel a me ke Kaiwaenahonua kai a hiki i ka Baltic. Ma kēia mau aina e ke aupuni 'France, Pelekiuma, Holland, Kuikilana, Western a me Hawaiian Kelemānia, Austria, kukulu akau-hikina Spain, a me ka nui loa o Italia.

Hoomau ana i ke kulekele o kona makua kāne, Charles ua pinepine ae la oia ālai ia ma Italian mea. I ka 772, oia hou ka Franco-Lombard kaua. Ke pretext no ke kaua ana o 'Ikalia i ke kekahi Pope noi no ka oihana koa kōkua. Ma muli o ia ka Pope ka hoomaikai ana a me ka makemake i ka māmā naʻi o ka Lombards, Karl mai la ia oe "e lanakila,ʻaʻole e lanakila." "I - I mai la ia - E e kapaia ke alii o ka Frank a me Lombards, no laila, i ole e huhu mai i ka poe kanaka ka poe i manao e lanakila." Ma ka waena o ka 774, ke Lombard ke alii Desiderius conceded pio. Pepehi i hoopaaia ma ka hoailona, a me ka uwa maila Pelekane i kona lei.

Kauia e Karl Power i ike ma ka wā e like me ka hope o ka Western Roma aupuni a pau. He nae i ka imperial mana, a me ka hiki legitimately koi ae i ka inoa o Auguseto.

Ma ka Akuma ka o ka 800, hou aku la Karl i Italia, ma ka Roma hanohano hui kū'ē Pope Leo III. aneane eono mahina He lilo ia ma Roma, e hele ana ma ka paio ma waena o Papa a me kona mau hoa paio. December 25th, Christmas lā,ʻo ia hoʻolohe i ka Mass ma St. Petero ka. Pāpā hele aku la i ke kukuli Charles, a kau ma luna o kona poʻo, he gula imperial lei. Kēia i hahai ma ka ai-kapaia acclamation: makana i loko o ka Hale Pule Nui o na elele o ka Frank, ka Roma, a me ke Sākona, Bavarians a me nā kumuhana kānakaʻekolu puana hou: ". E ola ke Huipû a me Carl August, kau ia e ke Akua, i ka nui a me ka mirotvoryaschy Roma Auguseto" Acclamation i manao e nô na kanaka ka kākoʻo mai o ka mea Kiekie alii.

Karl i ka imperial regalia. Akā, ma hope, e like me kona biographer Einhard a me ke aʻoaʻo, oia kaheaia'ōhumu mai me ka hana i koe "ke aliiwahine" o Leo III, a olelo mai la ia, ike e pili ana i ka manao o ka Pope, ka mea makemake ia ia lā i ole hele i ka ekalesia, ma muli naʻe o Christmas. Kēia hoike Einhard e pāhaʻohaʻo moʻolelo, no ka mea, e like me mahope hanana hōʻike, Carl maoli mahalo i kona hou inoa.

He hiki i Charles ua ole loa o ke kahua hana enthronement, kipi hookuli revamped III a Leon, waiho i ka pāpale aliʻi a hiki i ka acclamation, na kanaka o ka makemake symbolizing, a ua manaʻo like me ka constitutive hana o ka Emperor koho. precedent Ua ua i: ka hookamaia o ka imperial inoa ua kalele iho ma luna o ka hana o ka poni o ka Pope. A laila, Karl ho'āʻo e wāwahi i ka undesirable precedent. I ka 813, i ho'āliʻi aku iā haʻi kana keiki Louis like me kona noho aliʻi a me ka hooilina, oia Hooia me ke komo ana o ka Pope. Ma ke kauoha o Karl ka opiopio mō'ī hou ihoʻana i ka pāpale aliʻi ma lalo o ka acclamation o kela mau makana, a ua hai aku ia Auguseto, a Augustus. Aka hoi, hou pīhoihoi Pope ua kūkākūkāʻia wale nō ke aliʻi i Karl Veliky ua, iā Leo III i kau ma luna ona i ka imperial lei. Ma muli o, na ideologists o imperial mana koi ia e piʻi like recreating ka Western aupuni a pau no wale nō i Charles, a ua kaupalena kūlana o ka Pope i ka olelo ka lawelaweʻia.

Ke apono o ka imperial inoa Carl huikau ana me Byzantium, nō, e hoomanao iho i ka hooponopono hooilina o ka Roma aupuni a pau. Na Byzantines manaoio, a kapa aku la lakou ia lakou iho Roma (Greek - Romeo), a me kona i Emperor - Roman (romeyskoy). Ke ano o ka lua o ka imperial mana, koi i ka Roma'āina hoʻoili, i ike ia ma Constantinople like me ka usurpation.

Charles, a me kona mau kuhikuhipuʻuone a Ua hoʻohana hou no nā "Roman" ka inoa aupuni a pau: Hawaiian a me Western. Akā, i ka mea ia manawa ka mea, imi iho la i ka manawa kūpono o ka hoihoi ana i ka pono o ka mana o ka Roma koa a kalaiaina paha. Mākou e hana ana i na manao mare ana o Charles me ka Byzantine aliʻi, Irina, ma keia ala e "hoʻohui i ka hikina, a West" a hoʻihoʻi hou ke kuikahi ma lalo o ke koʻokoʻo aliʻi orbis romanus ( "Roman maluhia"). No ke kūkākūkā i kēia papahana ma Constantinople hiki Frankish i nāʻelele. Akā, ma ka 'Okakopa 21 802, ka coup d'etat i wahi, hooneleia Irina mana. Noho aliʻi o ka hikina mai Roma aupuni a pau i protege aliʻi Nicephorus I (802 - 811), Frankish kāpae'ōlelo i ka "hoʻopunipuni". Wale nō i loko o ka mea e hiki mai ana 812 Basileus Michael au i hoʻoikaika i ka ike i ka hoihoi hou ana o ka Western aupuni a pau, a me ka imperial inoa o Charlemagne.

Ke ola (restauratio) a me ka hou (renovatio) "imperii romanorum" Carl manaʻo o ko lākou Ewa, nuʻukia. Like me ka Roma i Emperor ,ʻo ia makemake e nakinaki ia ia i ka aina subordinated i alanui, Canal a me na alahaka, e like me kaʻaʻahu kahua o nā paona a me nā ana, he hookahi kiʻekiʻe-kbps kālā. Nā malihini no ka manawa o Charles kiʻi i loko o ka Roma toga a me ka Pohon lei puni ma ka palapala "inp Aug" ( "Augustus"). Ke ole o ka "komohana Auguseto" Ua hala aku la ma kela aoao o kona mana. Kona manao i lohe ai i loko o ka Anglo-Sākona aupuni, ma Kekokia, i loko o ka Ipelana tribal ko na'lii,.

He nui na mea e hopohopo nei i lawe mai Karl unification hooponopono a me ka manaʻo o ka noho aliʻi o ke kānāwai, i lilo ai i loko o ka multinational aupuni a pau. Komo ae la oia iloko o ka "kela poe kanaka ei" kanaka Ua kauoha, e hoomakaukau i ka compilation o ko lākou mau oihana, a me ka manaolana o ko lākou mahope hoʻololi kemikala, nā mawaena o lakou iho, a me ka Roma kānāwai. Carl iho uku nui noonoo i kau haʻawina. Ma hope o ka imperial poni, ua paʻi 47 ua kauohaʻia Mokuna hale, koke palahalaha ae ma ka moku'āina.

Ke au Karla Velikogo i kapaia "Carolingian pakebona". He ola ae la ia,ʻaʻole wale nō i ka Roma imperial moku'āina, akā, i ka mea kahiko moʻomeheu ma ke kumu o ke Karistiano hou, me ka manao e hooki i ka palaho, a kū'ē. Back i ka 789, i kona hale mokuna "Admonitio generalis" hoʻoulu 'ana kanaka i manao ai e pili ana i ka pono no ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana. Emperor kōkua ai i nā ka iniiaiie a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe, i ka ohi a me ka hoihoi hou ia ana o kahiko moʻolelo i kākau lima, hanaia'na o ka hale waihona puke, ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka "buke oe".

Ma ka naau o ke aupuni a pau Karla Velikogo i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohui o Western Eulopa. Kona ikaika, a me ka ikehu charisma, me kona "magnanimitas" nae ia ia i ke kākoʻo o kona wā a me ka pono o nā koa i. Kekahi ke manaolana i Italy, a Gaul e e hiki ke ana i ke kanawai o ka kela poe kanaka ei kaua, i ka lāhui 'ōiwi kanaka, e hui pu me kēia kanaka Kelemānia a me ka pu recreate i ka' amelika Western aupuni a pau.

Charles make ma 28 Ianuali 814 Kino "nui ia Auguseto nana i hoomaka i ka Frankish aupuni, a no ka makahiki paha XLVII rula ia" Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o ka Capella o Aachen Hale Pule Nui. Hope koke iho o kona make ana, hoomaka ae la ka decomposition (hoʻololi iho)ʻo ia i hana i ka moku'āina nenoaiu. Keiki, a me ka hooilina Karla Lyudovik, hele aku la ia ma ka mōʻaukala a me ka inoa hewa no ka Auguseto, "ka haipule", a me ka pilikia nui ma mālama i ka pono o ke aupuni a pau. I ka 817, oia puka i ka Mokuna hale "Ma ke kauoha o ke aupuni a pau" ( "Ordinatio imperii"), a hai mai la i kana makahiapo-kane, Lothair "e noho aliʻi a me ka mea nana e kokua i loko o nā hana o ke aupuni a pau." Hope i loko o kona mau lima ia ua e kālele ana i ka imperial mana. Kaikaina keiki kāne, inā hāʻawi me ka nui aina, i ka waiho ana i Lothar militarily a politically. Eia naʻe, "Ordinatio imperii" Ua i eeiaeea. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Louis, kāna mau keiki kāne Lothar, Louis a me Charles, hikiʻole ke kaʻana mana, Mokuahana ae la ka mana o kona kupuna kāne nui, a pela WesternʻEulopa.

Ka mea, ua i kēia inevitable papa o ka hanana? Pēlā ka manaʻo i ka pane i kekahi henua. Carl recreate i ke aupuni a pau i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hoʻopau' ana i mōʻaukala kahua o ka Roma moku'āina. Romance a Germanic kānaka i hōʻike mua i ka feasibility o ae kaʻaluna. Mālama i, a hoʻihoʻi aku i ka i koe iho o ka Roma nā pono, ulu market linkages, a me ka nohona ma kālā nenoaiu. Ma lalo o 'ano kūpono, ka Western aupuni a pau ke ku i ka centrifugal tendencies a me ka hoʻoikaika aku centripetal. Akā, incompetence a me irresponsibility o ke kūlana politika a poe hooilina o Charles ke ala no ka decentralization orgy weheia. Bright 'ehaʻeha o ka loiloi' ana o nā hanana hanaia theologian haawi Flor Lyons ma ka "Kānāwai o ke aupuni a pau pauku." Aupuni a pau, a "hoomalamalama mai i loko o ka maka o ko ke ao nei, -, ua palapala mai - ua manawa i haehaeia eʻokiʻoki State nei nō hoʻokahi, ka mea, ua maheleia i ekolu māhele ... Ma kahi o ka Emperor -. Measly" ke koko na alani "kahi o ka mana -. Ua oki ae la mamala pono e nei ... a pau hoʻokemuʻia ma kā lākou mau pono: manaʻo o ka mea akā, hoʻopoina i ke Akua ".

Kuikahi o Verdun lawe Western Europe disintegration, waiwai'opi, pau ole kāna hana e lawelawe, ke koko a me ka plunge i loko o chaos. I kekahi manawa, i ka wa e lawe waiwai mai ka wahi A i ka wahi B i loa ai he mama, eager market linkages, ua naturalization hoʻokele waiwai.

A hiki i ka XIX kenekulia. paku o Charlemagne ka aupuni a pau o ua nānā mōʻaukala 'epekema unambiguously io. Eia naʻe,ʻo Palani kākau moʻolelo F. Guizot, a me A. Thierry hooponopono hou olelo o ke kuikahi o Verdun, ka mea i loaa, i loko o ko lakou manao, i ka hana o ke alanui o na Hawaii, mua o nā mea a pau, o ka papa, France. Lakou e i lawe i loko o ka nui o ka uku i uku ia kanaka no ka hoʻokahi mahele Carl WesternʻEulopa a me ka mea, au e hoʻouka hou aku au, naʻe iā ia e uku aku.

I komo Verdun ae like ana, ua mamao loa mai KUMUMANAʻO NUI iho me ka noʻonoʻo, alakaʻi ma ka pōkole-manawa ia e pōmaikaʻi ai. Ka mea, e ole ho i ke i Kekahi Mau 'ia e mahele ia ka ?? eoi? I ma hope haawi ala i na mea he nui kāna hana e lawelawe. None o ka lānai hou Huipuia heluna i ole i Ua he hookahi lāhui kanaka.

Muli loa moʻopuna Karla Velikogo, a komo i ka mōʻaukala me Charles ka'ōhule, ua romanized mokuna komohana o ka Rhine. Middle moʻopuna - Louis loaa he hoʻokahi wale nō German wahi ma ka hikina o ka Rhine, a me ka meaʻuʻuku hema-pali, wahi a ka ino i waena o ka Rhine, aka "no ka waina", hua mai la i ka Hema Kelemānia pā waina. Eia hoi, ke kaikuaʻana - Lothair loaa Italy, a me ka "Media" o ka Frankish aina e waiho ma waena o ke aupuni o kona kaikuaana, a nui koke lilo i ka iwi o ka paio. Louis a me Charles hoole i ka ike i ka imperial mana Lothar, akā, ua haʻalele i ka imperial inoa, devoid o maoli maʻiʻo.

Mahope hanana i hōʻike i ole mea hiki ana hoomalu. I komo Verdun aelike loa koke i e uku i ka bila. I ko lakou waiwai i hooukaia mai, mai ke kūkulu hema mai o ka Arabia (Sarakena), mai ka hikina - ka Hungarians, mai ke kūkulu'ākau mai - Scandinavian Vikings.

Karl Veliky i makakoho i ka hoomalu ana i na palena ma ke kūkulu laina o ka palena pakaua. Ma ka akau, ka mea, ua hookumuia oia e ka Denemaka hao, e uhi Saxony, i ka hikina - ka March o Pannonia, i ka 'ōlelo o ka wā e hiki mai ana o Austria, etc. mau waʻa a me ka awa iauaeoia i 'Imi i kūkulu.

Eia naʻe, kona mau hope, kahi o ka hooikaika ana i ka'auwaʻa a me nā hale aliʻi i nenelu i internecine pāonioni paʻa. ka hōʻailona o ke Kuikahi o Verdun i ka 846, ma ka Sarakena paukū pae me ka 'ili moku koke ma hope, oia hooukaia mai Rome, a luku iho la kekahi hapa o ke kulanakauhale. North mahele o ke aupuni a lilo i pale umauma hoʻokahi oluolu no ka Noremana. I ka 845 o ko lakou mau moku, i ka Elbe, hele mai la i Hamburg. Ke kūlanakauhale Ua aneane loa ai, he nui nā kupa i make. Kekahi Norman'auwaʻa i hele mai ia i ka Seine i Paris, a, unopposed, hao ia. I ka 50-ies. zapadnofranksky Korol Karl ka lae'ōhule waihoia mai i ka pale o ka Noremana e poipu o kona colleague Robert ka paʻa, e haawi ana ia ia i ka inoa o ke Kauna o Paris. Hope, i ka 987, o ka nui-moopuna o Robert Gugo Kapet i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka Palani aliʻiʻana Capetian.

'Aʻole i ka laʻi ia ma hope o ka Kuikahi o Verdun, na moopuna Karla Velikogo Ua pinepine ae la oia i hoao e hopu i ka waiwai o kekahi i kekahi. No laila, i loko o 858 German Ludwig ho'āʻo e lawe i ka noho aliʻi o Charles ka'ōhule. I huli ai oe, Charles ka lae'ōhule ho'āʻo e hopu i ka aina o kona mau moʻopuna kāne - na keiki o ka Emperor Lothair I, ka mea i make i ka 855. I ka 869, oia hoopio i ka Lorraine, akā, i ke kaʻana like ia me Louis ka Kelemānia. Ma 875, ma hope o ka suppression o Lothair i nohoaliʻi ai, koke aku la Karl i Italia no ka mea imperial kalaunu, ignoring i ka pono o kona mau kaikuaana Ludwig.

Pope John VIII i haʻi Emperor Karl, me ka manao e loaa ka palekana mai ka make māinoino ¶ʻO'Araba. Ma 876, ma hope o ka make ana o Ludwig ke Kelemānia, Carl, ho'āʻo ana e hui hou i ka "Roma, a Frankish aupuni a pau" i loko o kona mau lima, kaua akula Kelemania, akā, ua hee o ia e nā keiki kāne a Ludwig. Manawa, ma Italy, ka Arabia i hoounaia'ku ai i na paia o Roma. Ka Pope i kapaʻia ka hou Auguseto no ke kōkua. Carl mua kūʻai aku i ka Noremana luku i ke awawa Seine, me ka makemake ole, hele i 877 i loko o Italia, akā, koke holo mai, makau i ka hoouka kaua ana o ka Kelemānia hao wale. Ma ke ala āna i moe maʻi, a make iho la ma ka makahiki o ka 54 makahiki. Ka lono o ka Auguseto ka make reignited kuko no ka succession a hiki i ka noho aliʻi.

O He kokekau wale Charles'āponoʻole o kona Italian Hawaii, e olelo ana la, he mea e hana ma Italia ka wā o kona aupuni iho ua haule iho la ia ma ke kaʻawale. E hoomalielie aku ia lakou, Karl mua o ka lua o ka Italian kai eʻe ka mana i ka huli ana o ka aina benefices ma hereditary e noho ai, e like me nā kūpuna mai moʻomanaʻo helu. Kēia ke kānāwai ua ma ka wahi a me ka makahiki o ka paʻi inoa Kersiyskogo Mokuna hale 877 moku'āina kulana helu a me nā mākualiʻi i huli i loko o hereditary aliʻi pôhili. Ma o ka honua, i hana i ke aliʻiʻana o ka pono o ia kenekoa Moi. "Helu i ka lokomaikai o ke Akua," - haawi ia ia iho i loko o kekahi 878 mau luna.

Noho alii ana o ka hope o ka Carolingian i nohoaliʻi ai i ka manawa o ka hou decentralization o aliʻi mana hoʻololi iho a me ka rupture o ka mea hoʻopaʻa nā huakaʻi hoʻokele waiwai a me ka statehood. Royal mokuna hale vainly kapaʻia no ke kaua ana i ka "looting hewa a me ka make." "He aha ka kahaha ko oukou naau mea i ka ... kanaka ka lele kaua mai, ai ka kakou waiwai aihue, ina kela mea keia mea o mākou ua hao wale kona kokoke hoa?" - heluhelu Mokuna hale 884

Kaʻina hoʻoili ma ke Kuikahi o Verdun, huli mai e e unmanageable. Moopuna a Charles waiho i ka ino kumu hoʻohālike no kā lākou mau keiki a me nā koa i. Ma kā lākou internecine paio e ike mua Hoʻohui 'pu i loko o ka imperial nohoalii, oia aʻo pehea e neʻe mai kekahi hoʻomoana i kekahi, extorting enemi na'lii o ka honua a me ka pomaikai. Ma ka pau ana o ka IX kenekulia. Karl Veliky makemake i ike ia i haʻalele i nā aupuni a pau. E noho ai o kona mau pua hoomau i ka "popopo" i loko o ke kalaka nui-kuokoa seigneury, a me ka mamo aliʻi koke kaʻaʻapoʻana i ka inglorious hopena. Ma Italy Carolingians alii iho la oia a hiki i 887 g. Ma East Francia (Germany) - i ka 911; ma West Francia (wā e hiki mai France) - mai i 987

No hana keaka hopena i loaa mai ai Lothar "mawaena" o ka aina. Ma hope o ka 855 o ia i kona make e aia ma ke kapa hema o ka Rhine, i lilo iho i loko o ke aupuni kūʻokoʻa aupuni, i mai kana lua o ke keikikane Lothar II. Ua Ua kapa Lothari regnum, Lorraine. Over ka mea e hiki mai ana he umikumamakahi kenekulia Lorraine i ka makemake o ka paio ma waena o Palani a me Hawaii, a mau ae la ia a hiki i ka hopena o ka Apana World War.

Ma ka pōʻaiapili o "seignorial anarchy," i ke au Karla Velikogo hoomaka ae la e like me ka mea "gula makahiki", a ia - i ka "makua kāne oʻEulopa".