Vocabulary i ka hua'ōlelo o ke kumu. Ke lexical nenoaiu o kēia Lūkini 'ōlelo. hou hua'ōlelo

Lūkini 'ōlelo, e like kekahi' ē aʻe, i kona lexical'ōnaehana mea i Hawaiʻi maʻaʻole pono kenekulia, a hiki millennia. hua'ōlelo haku mele 'ana i he okoa kumu. Ua Ua kaʻawale a me maoli Lūkini, a aie olelo. Vocabulary a grammatical kumu o nā hua'ōlelo i ao ia ma ke kula, e like me ka pono me ka philological nā kumu.

walaʻauʻana manaÿo

Ke Lūkini 'ōlelo mai i ka waiwai lexical'ōnaehana, i ke kahua o ka i hoomaka ma ka Neolithic a mau i keia la. Kekahi mau hua'ōlelo nalowale mai o ka 'ōlelo o kaʻeleu hua'ōlelo, e archaisms, oiai kekahi poe komo i loko o mākou olelo, lilo i integral hapa o ia.

Ma ka huaÿölelo Pelekane i ka 'ōlelo'ōnaehana ana o ka olelo o ka ho omaka ua maheleia i aie a me ka oiwi Russian. Primordially Russian hua'ōlelo mea ma kahi o 90% o ka lexical 'ole. Ke koena no e noi wale aku. Eia hou kekahi, kēlā makahiki mākou puke wehewehe'ōlelo moʻolelo me nā hua'ōlelo hou a me ka manaÿo e ku iluna me ka hopena o iao? Iiaie oaoieei holomua.

Primordially Lūkini hua'ōlelo

I ka papa kuhikuhiE? Aieeeua Ua primordially Lūkini hua'ōlelo. Ma keia pae i ka hahai ana correlated me nā kuʻina o? Acaeoey,ʻaʻole wale nō ka 'ōlelo akā, kekahi o na kanaka subgroups:

1. Indo-Europa nä huaÿölelo Pelekane.
2. Common Slavic.
3. Old Russian.
4. Nae Lūkini.

Hoʻonui i loko o kēia manawa lilo i kumu o na olelo, ka iwi kuamoo o ko mākou hua'ōlelo hou. Ua ua i kona, a e e noonoo mua.

Indo-Europa manawa

Primordially Russian hua'ōlelo i loko o hua'ōlelo o ka molekumu o nā lā hoʻi i ka Neolithic wā. Wehewehe aku ma ke alo o kekahi manawa, i ka huina Proto - Indo, i ho'āʻo o kokoke II Ka Wā Kaukani BC. Ma na olelo o keia pae nō nā inoa o nā holoholona, me ka manaʻo e hoʻohuli i ke kinship, meaʻai. No kekahi laʻana: makuwahine, ke kaikamahine, i ka bipi, bipi, ka ai a me na mea e ae. I mai la lakou a pau i ka leokanipū hoolauna aku i loko o nā 'ōlelo a pau. No ka laʻana, i ka hua'ōlelo makuahine i ka like kani i loko o English (makuahine), a me ka Kelemānia (namu liʻiliʻi).

Common Slavic ke kahua

Common Slavic hua'ōlelo ua kaua kipi a puni ka VI kenekulia BC. Ua Ua ili mai ka okoa ohana e noho ana i loko o ka palena o ka Balkans, Central a me HawaiianʻEulopa.

Ke nä huaÿölelo Pelekane o ka wā pili i ka lexical-semantic pūʻulu, a i hoʻohana e hoʻohuli i i ka māhele o ke kino inoa, na holoholona, ma kona ano maoliʻike manaʻo, manawa paha, mea kanu a me nā pua, nā inoa o nā māhele o ka hale, i na mea paahana. Ka loa ma ko examples o ka hua'ōlelo, i ka malamaia, mai kēia wā: lāʻauʻoka, linden, spruce ulu, laau, lau, millet, bale, wauke, Hoe, hale, lanai, kaupaku, moa, Oie, kvass, jelly. Plast keia mea hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o ka hua'ōlelo hou ka hapanui Slavic kanaka.

Old manawa

Old Russian (a East Slavic) hua'ōlelo komo mākou nä huaÿölelo Pelekane ma o ka Slavic hooponopono au ma luna o ka mokuna o ke kālā no 'Eulopa, e pili ana i XI-IX kenekulia. Kēia mea i ka wā o ke kahua o ke kahua o ka moku'āina o Kievan Rus, 'o ia hoʻi, IX-XIV kenekulia. Kekahi mau huaʻolelo e like me ka pono, manu nunu, e ka makua, kaula uliuli, finch, kumuʻiʻo, hoʻokahi kanahā, kanaiwa i keia la.

i kēia mau'ōlelo i wehewehe aku ma ke alo o prefixes in-,ʻOʻoe nō ka, pre- vz-. No ka laʻana: ka mea platoon, e kikeke, e hoʻopau, e hopu mai.

E huli i nā hua'ōlelo i hanaʻia i loko o kēia wā, he mea hiki wale nō i loko o Lūkini, Ukrainian a me ka Hawaiian 'ōlelo.

Ma ho okumu Lūkini aupuni 'ē aku

Mai ka XIV kenekulia i loko o ka 'ōlelo Lūkini e hoomaka ana i ka nuʻu mua i ka hou grammar hua'ōlelo hou. Kēia mau hua'ōlelo hou ma hope o ka'opi o ka Old Slavonic'ōlelo i Lūkini, Ukrainian a me ka Hawaiian 'ōlelo. To maoli Lūkini mau olelo e like me ka ohumu, Laulele, hoʻokomo akula cabbage, ka hoao ana.

Kēia nā mea a pau i hanaʻia ka haʻiinoa me suffixes -schik, -ovschik, -telstvo, -w (he). No kekahi laʻana: ke ahi extinguisher, aoao, lāhui kanaka, nā lātike. Kēia nā adverbs a me ke kua'āina, ma ka Akuma ka, verbs cringe, pohā nui e hopohopo.

Ike mau helehelena, e hiki eaaei e huli i ka hua'ōlelo i hanaʻia ma kēia kahua o ka? Acaeoey.

Kēia manawa o ka hope ma ke kahua o ka papa, ahu iho nae Lūkini hoailona.

loanwords

Mai ka wā kahiko, i ka Lūkini kanaka e hoʻomōhala ole wale ka oihana a me ka nohona ano laulea, akā, i ka manaʻo politika a me nā koa. A pau ia i alakaʻi i ka'ōlelo i lawekahikiʻia. Noho ma ka olelo Lūkini i loko o ka lexical'ōnaehana hoʻololi ma lalo o kona aoao, a lilo iho la kekahi hapa o kona mau hua'ōlelo hou. Loanwords nui ka waiwai o ka 'ōlelo Lūkini, kaʻi akula iā ia i ou wahi lihi iki o ka hou.

Ua aie kekahi mau hua'ōlelo loa, e like me kekahi i Hawaiʻi - mua loaa Lūkini suffixes a me prefixes, a ho'ōla alakai ai i ke kahua o ka hou, a ua hala aku ke kumu o ka Lūkini hua'ōlelo. No ka laʻana, i ka hua'ōlelo "kamepiula" komo mākou nä huaÿölelo Pelekane kōna, akā, i ka hua'ōlelo "nukelea nä känaka 'epekema" ua manaoia e i maoli Lūkini, no ka mea, ua hana mai o ka aie hua'ōlelo "'Ātoma" o maoli Lūkini hua'ōlelo-ho okumu ana hoʻohālike.

Līkaia no i lawekahikiʻia mai Slavic a me Turkish, he Roma, Helene, Kelemānia a me ka Romance 'ōlelo, i loaʻa English, Kelemānia, Italian, Spanish, Hōlani.

staroslavyanizmy

Ma hope iho o ka hookamaia o Kristiano ma ka pau ana o ka X kenekulia i loko o ka Lūkini 'ōlelo i hiki mai i ka puu o ka hua'ōlelo. Ua Ua pili me ka muli i loko o Rusia o Church Slavonic puke. Old Church Slavonic a Old Bulgarian, Church Slavonic, ke'ōlelo hoʻohana ma o ka helu ana o Slavic aina like me ka palapala, ai 'i kākau' ōlelo, i ka hoʻohana 'ia no ka unuhi ana i ka Helene ekalesia buke.

Mai kona Russian 'ōlelo hele mai ecclesiastical hua'ōlelo, olelo no Hōʻuluʻulu manaÿo. O nā ke kahuna, keÿa, ka mana, ka hewa, a me ka lokahi he nui 'ē aʻe. Initially, e hoʻohana i ka 'ikepili hua'ōlelo wale nō i loko o ka palapala, puke olelo, akā, komo i loko o ka moʻolelo ma manawa.

Church Slavonic nä huaÿölelo Pelekane ma ka hua'ōlelo o ke kumu i ka kēia mau hiʻona:

1. Ka ai-kapaia nepolnoglasie ke kumu olelo. No ka laʻana: nā'īpuka a hoopio iho la ia. Ma keia hihia, ma laila nō nā koho polnoglasnymi mau'īpuka a me ka piha.
2. Ke me ka hui pu ana o na alahao i loko o ke kumu olelo. A ma ko kumu hoʻohālike o ka hua'ōlelo holo.
3. Ke alo i loko o nā hua'ōlelo leokanipū u, no ka mea hoike ma ka hua'ōlelo malamalama.
4. Vowel E i loko o ka hoʻomaka o ka olelo, a ma mua paakiki consonants: hoʻokahi.
5. La syllables, ka PA a me ka hoʻomaka o ka hua'ōlelo. No ka laʻana: ka rook like.
6. Ke alo aku o ka I-luna poho, chrez-. No kekahi laʻana: uku, excessive.
7. Suffixes -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch-, -yasch-: ho'ēmi i, kuni, heheʻe.
Māhele o ka hua'ōlelo mua Akua-benign, malignant, greho-, dushe-, maikaʻiʻana: ke Akua-makau, zlonravie mea e pomaikai ai.

Kēia mau'ōlelo i kēia lā hoʻohana ma o ka 'ōlelo Lūkini. I ka Ia manawa, mau kanaka manao e maoli i kapaʻia ai ka hoailona ole i kekahi kanaka maoli Lūkini a me na haole aa. Loa pinepine ka mea, hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka Mea Paipala hāʻina o nā haʻawina, hana no Classics o Lūkini moʻokalaleo.

Polish hoailona

I noonoo i ka ninau, i mea o ka hua'ōlelo ma ka olelo o ka molekumu o, ua hiki ole hoopoina e pili ana i lawekahikiʻia mai ka Polish 'ōlelo, a hoomaka iho la ma ka XVII-XVIII kenekulia. O West Slavic 'ōlelo i komo iloko o mākou i loko o kā mākou mau olelo e like me ko ka hale ona waiwai, hamo,' Olu, periwinkle, Jam. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ia mea, restock,ʻaʻole wale nō Lūkini akā, i Ukrainian' ōlelo, Hawaiian.

Helene, i lawekahikiʻia

A nui kino o Greek loanwords. Komo i loko o kā mākou 'ōlelo, ua hoomaka iho la i loko o ka wā o nā mea a pau-Slavic ke kuʻikahi. Ka loa kahiko lexical "makana" mau olelo e like me ke keʻena o Pāʻoihana, moe ieoaeunoai.

I ka wā mai IX e XI kenekulia i kēia mau'ōlelo i ua aie: hoomainoinoia oia, anela, makemakika, ipukukui, mōʻaukala, kālaiʻike, puke noke, aaiy, ipukukui. Ma ka hope manawa i aie olelo e pili ana i nā hua'ōlelo o nā mea noʻeau, a me sciences: Comedy, anapaest, ke kūpili, analogy, a me na mea he nui 'ē manaÿo i mea paa ma ka terminological nakeke o ka hapa nui o kēia' epekema.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo mea aie a hiki i ka aoao o Helene a me ka Byzantine hua'ōlelo a me ka phraseology o Lūkini' ōlelo nui waiwai. Eia naʻe, i loko o kēia mau aina i ka hopena ma luna o lakou i manao ai,ʻaʻole wale nō i ka 'epekema, me philology, akā, i makemakika, ke kālaikūlohea, kemika, a me ke akamai.

Lakina

I ka wā mai o ka XVI a hiki i VXIII kenekulia ma Lūkini 'ōlelo ninoieo o Roma hua'ōlelo i lako oukou i ka lexical waihona kālā i loko o ka mahinaʻai o iao?, Oaoieei-, nohona a me ka mau hua'ōlelo. Ka mea, nāʻano nui ma Ukrainian a me Polish. No ka ikaika o kēia ka pilina i ke kūpono 'ana o ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana a me ka 'epekema, like hoʻi me mōʻaukala a me ka moʻomeheu pili o kēia'āina.

Mai hele ia iā mākou i ka Roma 'ōlelo, ua kama'āina manaÿo e like me aiiia, kālana, ka luna hoʻokele, hoolohe, kula, ke kaʻina hana, ka lehulehu, i ke kipi, a me na mea e ae.

Turkic 'ōlelo

Ua Ua lōʻihi i kā mākou mau alanui i kela kapa me ka Tatars, na Kauai. Of Turkic ōlelo ma Lūkini komo hua'ōlelo e like me na momi, lei, mamo, kala market, watermelon, bathrobe, ka noe, wāwae, küpono lio inoa: roan, mākuʻe, buckskin.

Advantageously noi hana mai Tatar. Aie i ka mea kalepa, a me ka moʻomeheu koa ano laulea mea i ola ma waena o mākou lāhui kanaka ma luna o kekahi mau kenekulia.

Scandinavian

Loa iki i lawekahikiʻia o ka Scandinavian ōlelo - Kuekene, Norewai. Komo i ka mua wā no ka mea, o ka mea kuai ana i ola ma waena o mākou lāhui kanaka, a hiki i ka mālama '-Christian wā.

Ka loa ma ko hua'ōlelo komo i loko o ka Lūkini lexical'ōnaehana: inoa, Igor a me Oleg, huahana inoa - herring, pud, i ka makau, i ke kia, he 'aneʻii.

Western Europa 'ōlelo

Ke kumu o ka hua'ōlelo o ke kālā no Lūkini 'ōlelo, kona ulu ana ua pili loa ua hoʻopili me ka helu oʻEulopa' ōlelo. Ma hope iho o nā nā mea hoʻololi o Peter I, i loko o ka XVII-XVIII kenekulia, ma ka Lūkini 'ōlelo nā hōʻailona puʻupaʻa o Western Europa,' ōlelo.

Ke Kelemānia hele mai i loko o kā mākou 'ōlelo o ka helu ana o na olelo no ka oihana koa, kalepa a me ka consumer lelo,' epekema a meʻoe: he promissory palapala aie, i ke kookoo, ka corporal, Ka Hawai i, easel, ma laila panorama.

Hōlani "kaʻana" me ka Lūkini nautical hua'ōlelo: dockyard, awa, ke kahu moku, moku, nā luina. Hawaii a me nā hua'ōlelo i kekahi hele mai, mai ka olelo Beritania: Midshipman, kialua.

E komo mai i ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia i loko o kā mākou'ōnaehana a me lexical hua'ōlelo e like me' auʻa laulā, tunnel, Hui Pōwāwae, sport, hoʻopau, kaka, pudding.

Ma ka XX kenekulia, a mai nā 'na olelo a ka oaoieei-a me ka nii, kālā, a kalepa spheres, oe. New hua'ōlelo, oiai e lewa i ko kakou lexical'ōnaehana: ka lolouila, ke apuapu,ʻai, overtime, brokerage, hoʻolimalima, olelo E hoike mai, thriller, briefing impeachment.

I ka XVIII-XIX kenekulia i loko o ka 'ōlelo' Lūkini i komo iloko o na olelo a ka Palani 'ōlelo - kūpeʻe, kapa, lākeke, kapakomo, kai, moa,' Ia, battalion poe koa, Mea Keaka, play, ka luna hoʻokele.

O Italian a Paniolo hiki ma ka Lūkini bila hua'ōlelo, nā hua'ōlelo o ke aupuni o ke akamai: aria ano pü maila Himeni, Sonata, carnival, gondola serenade, aloha.

A pau o ia mea, no 'Imi ke hoʻohana i loko o mākou lexical'ōnaehana, a e pili ana i kahi a pehea ka mea, ua hiki mai, ua hiki ke aʻo mai i ka puke wehewehe'ōlelo.

neologisms

Ma ka papa ke kahua o ka Lūkini 'ōlelo lexical'ōnaehana ka moʻolelo me ka hou hua'ōlelo. Ka mea, i kekahi hapa o ka 'ōlelo ma ka muli o hou manaÿo a me kaʻike manaʻo. A hiki i ke kumuhana o ka hanana a me nā mea e kū aʻeʻoe, a hou hua'ōlelo e hoʻokohu 'ia ia. Ka mea, i ole koke komo i loko o kaʻeleu hua'ōlelo.

No kekahi manawa, i ka hua'ōlelo ua manaoia e e he neologism, alaila, e lilo loa, he pono ole, a paa i loko iho i loko o ka 'ōlelo. Mua hua'ōlelo, neologisms i Ua he paionia lâlâ o ka Komsomol, ke astronaut, Khrushchev a me na mea e ae. Ano, aole kekahi e manao ia neologisms.

puke wehewehe

E nānā i hua'ōlelo i loko o hua'ōlelo o ka molekumu o ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka ua hihia, e hiki ke huli i etymological puke wehewehe. Ka mea, mamuli o ka kumu o ka olelo, o ka puka mua etymology. i ke kula, a me ka manawa pōkole Hiki nō ke hoʻohana etymological puke wehewehe , hoʻoponoponoʻia e H. Shang, "Lūkini etymological puke wehewehe'ōlelo" A. E. Anikina ole "etymological puke wehewehe'ōlelo» P. A. Krylova, a me na mea e ae.

E aʻo i ke ano o na olelo e hele mai ia iā mākou mai ka'ōlelo'ē, e mea hiki, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka mea "Dictionary o na Words" hoʻoponoponoʻia Ozhegova.

Këia ma ke kula

Vocabulary i hua'ōlelo o ke kumu a me ka pono e ana? Anoee i loko o ka papa kula o Lūkini 'ōlelo i loko o ka Pauku "Lexicology a me ka phraseology." Hapanui noonoo ana i kēia kumuhana uku i ka 5-6 la papa, e like me ka 10th. Nā haumāna aʻo i ke kumu o nā hua'ōlelo a me nā collocations, i ko lakou ano, aʻo eʻike ma waena o lakou, hana me kekahi mau puke wehewehe.

Ma kekahi mau hihia, kumu ke pana aku au i nā mea a pau koho, keu-curricular hana hoolilo i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ke kumu o nā hua'ōlelo.

He aha kekahi mau kumuhana e hoʻohana hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ke kumuhana "Lexis i ka hua'ōlelo o ke kumu"? Table a me ka Mea Maluna a me examples o nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina i loko o kekahi 'ōlelo' ē, i loaʻa ka Lūkini 'ōlelo aie'ōlelo, a me nā puke wehewehe.

Këia ma ke Kulanui

No loko au mamuli aʻo i ka hua'ōlelo hou mai o ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ke kumu o ke Kulanui, o ka'Āuna Kumu o Philology. Ua hāʻawiʻia ke kumuhana he mau haʻawina i loko o ka papa "Lexicology a me phraseology o kēia Lūkini 'ōlelo." Ma na nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao, nā haumāna disassemble heʻano o nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina, loaa ia makou he kanaka maoli Lūkini, a aie hua'ōlelo i loko o ia mau mea, classify ia, hana me nā puke wehewehe. Hoakaka a stylistic nā papaha aie, obsolete hua'ōlelo.

Ma haʻi'ōlelo a me nā mea kiko'ī semināʻo ka Mea Maluna o ka hua'ōlelo i loko o ka molekumu o, hoʻohana a me ka hana ana o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia Lūkini 'ōlelo. Kēia kokoke apono 'pili i nä haumäna, e ka Haku e ike ana i ka loa ke halawai i manaoia ma ka mahele kumuhana.

mea, ua ulu

Kekahi hua'ōlelo i loko o ka lexical'ōnaehana i kona iho mōʻaukala a me kona kêia kanaka. Kekahi mau hua'ōlelo i lōʻihiʻia ke hoʻohana i loko o kā mākou 'ōlelo, mahope mai o ka manawa ka wā hoʻohana hookahi, he Indo-Europa' ōlelo, ua hele mai kekahi poe ia iā mākou i loko o kekahi manawa paha o ka Slavic a me Europa, 'ōlelo, a ua kaua kipi nō'ē aʻe i ka hooulu ana o ka' ike 'enehana kēia.

Hoʻomaopopo i ka mōʻaukala o ke kumu o kekahi mau hua'ōlelo e kōkua iā mākou,ʻaʻole wale e ike i ko lakou walaau oleʻano, akā, i kumumea i ka hooulu ana o ko mākou'āina ka moʻomeheu ma kekahi manawa a me kekahi.