Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia: mōʻaukala, inoa, papa, kiʻi, loina, aoao, kaao, deportation

Ma ka XVIII kenekulia, he hou ka lāhui i pūʻulu o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia ma Rusia. He mau colonists ka poe i hele aku i ka hikina ma ka huli ana i ke ola maikaʻi. Ma ka Volga māhele 'āina, ka mea i hana i ka hookaawale aina me ke ano a me ka aoao o ke ola. Nā mamo o kēia nā meaʻeʻe moku i deported i Central Asia iloko o ke Kaua Honua II. Ma hope o ka'opi wale koe ma aneea oneiaey o ka Soviet Union, ka mea'ē aʻe hoʻi a hiki i ka Volga'āina, a me kekahi hele i kā lākou Mokuna'āina.

Hoike mai ai ia Ana II

Ma 1762-1763 GG. Empress Ana II kakauinoa i ka manifesto o ka elua, i ke aloha a hiki i a Rusia hope ikea Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Mau palapala ae na haole, e komo i ke aupuni a pau, e loaa ana perks. Ka nui nalu o colonists hiki mai Germany. E hele ka manawa kaawale mai ka auhau ke kuleana,. he kūikawā? aaeno?, a mai nā 'aina i haawiia noa kūlana no ka mea ana i hookupaaiaʻi. Inā Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia noho ma luna o ia mau mea, a laila ka mea hiki ole ke uku aku i ko lakou mau auhau no 30 makahiki.

Eia hou, na colonists loaa i hoaie hoihoi no umi makahiki me. Dala i hiki ke hoolilo ia ma ka hana ana o kona mau hou wahi, kuai o ka holoholona, ka ai, koi 'ia i mua ohi ai lako a pan no ka mahiai, a no laila, ma luna o. D. panalāʻau he markedly okoa mai ka mea e pili maʻamau Lūkini kauhale. I kā lākou kūloko ma ka hoʻoponopono ia i ua hoʻokumu. Aupuni luna aupuni hiki ole ālai ia 'aʻe i loko o ke ola o na colonists hiki.

E kau iho i colonists ma Germany

I makaukau no ka influx o nā haole i loko o Rusia, Ana II (ia iho, he lāhui Kelemānia) i hana mai i ka Office o ka mana. Ua Ua poai puni ia e ka punahele o Empress Grigory Orlov. Ke Office hana ma luna o ka par me nā nā hoapili.

Manifestos i ua paʻi ma na mea he nui Europa, 'ōlelo. Ka loa, pili'ōnaehana hoʻokoho kai eʻe hoʻomohala i loko o Kelemania, (no ka mea, o ka mea iʻikeʻia a me Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia). Ka hapa nui o na colonists i loaʻa i loko o Frankfurt, a Ulm. Ke aikane e neʻe i Rusia hele aku la i Lübeck, a mai laila aku, mua i loko o St. Petersburg. Recruitment komo ole wale nō nā kānaka, akā, i kekahi nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā, ka mea i kapa ia ka Caller. Kēia poʻe Ua ano, me ka Office o ka mana a me ka hana ma luna o kona 'aoʻao. Ia mea i hookupaa hou noho, pūʻali koa i mea colonists holo akula ko lākou mau kaiaulu a me i hoopaa mai ai i kekahi hapa o ka makahiki, mai o lakou.

hou ola

I ka 1760. ka mau mau o ka Caller a me ka moku'āina i ka luuluu loa 30 tausani kanaka, e neʻe. Ma mua,ʻo kēia kanaka Kelemānia noho iho i loko o St. Petersburg a me Oranienbaum. Aia ka mea, i ka hoohiki ana o ke aloha a hiki i ka Lūkini lei aliʻi, a lilo i poe kauwa o ka Empress. neʻe a pau o kēia mau noho a hiki i ka Volga, ma ia hope Saratov panalaau hea i hana. No ka mea mua mau makahiki ua he 105 noho. He noteworthy mea a pau o ia poe o Lūkini inoa. I loko nō o kēia ka ke Kelemānia a mālama lākou pono'ī.

Power i paʻa o ka ho okolohua me nā panalāʻau e hoʻomōhala Lūkini mahiai. Ke aupuni makemake e nānā mai ana, e kiʻi maʻa komohana hae mahiai. Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia lawe mai ai me ia i ka mea hou i ka hale pahi, lāʻau thresher, oo palau, a me nā mea lāʻau a pau iʻikeʻole i ka Lūkini kauwa. hoomaka haole e ulu uala i ike ole ai mamua aku Volga māhele 'āina. ka mea, i kekahi hana i loko o ka mahi o ka hemp, olonā, paka, a me na meakanu. Ka mua Russian ka heluna mea wary o ka malihini a me vague. I kēia lā, noiʻi hoʻomau i ka noiʻi i mea hele kaʻao e pili ana i ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia, a me ka mea e noho ana i ko lākou launa me kā lākou mau hoalauna.

pono

Manawa ua hoike mai i ka hoʻokolohua o Ana II i Ua loa holomua. Ka loa holomua a me ka holomua aina i loko o ka Lūkini kauhale lilo i ka hooponopono, ka mea, i noho ai i loko o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Mōʻaukala o nā panalāʻau o ka hana o ka hale lio pomaikai. I ka mea e pono ai i waiwai ai ma muli o ke efficient mahiʻai 'ae i ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia kiʻi kā lākou mau hana. I ka hoʻomaka o ka XIX kenekulia i loko o ka noho he wai o nā mea wili, a lilo i mea hana o kaʻepa palaoa, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Ua pono ulu nō aila hana,? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka mahiʻai lako a pan a me ka hulu hipa. Ma lalo o Alexander II ma ka Saratov māhele ia i Ua oi ma mua o ka haneri tanneries, ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia.

Ka moʻolelo o ko lākou mau pomaikai, ua kilakila. Ke ano o na colonists i impetus i ke kūpono 'ana o ka hanalima ulana. Ua lilo i ka piko o Sarepeta, i ola i loko o ka makana palena o Volgograd. Hana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o shawls a me fabrics ka hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe kbps Europa kālepa ma mai Saxony a me Silesia, e like me ke silika, mai Italia.

hoomana

ole haipule affiliation a me ka moolelo o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia heʻaʻahu. Ka mea, i hele mai mai kekahi wahi i kekahi manawa i ka wa ua ole 'amelika Germany a me kona mau kauoha ola i loko o kēlā'āina. Ua pili, a me ka hoʻomana. Mau papa helu o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia, i houluuluia ma ka Office o ka malama, hoike ia mawaena o lakou, he mau Lutherans, Kakolika, Mennonites, Baptists, e like me lunamakaainana o nā haipule ka neʻe 'ana a me nā pūʻulu.

E like me ka manifesto, na colonists hiki ke kūkulu i ko lakou mau ekalesia wale i ka noho ma 'ole-Russian heluna o ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa. Kēia kanaka Kelemānia e noho ana i loko o nui na kulanakauhale, o ka mua manawa i na kuleana i hōʻole. Ua ua i papaia e paipai i ka Lutheran a me ka Hui aʻo. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ke kahuna kulekele o ka Lūkini aupuni i na colonists like ka nui o ke ku okoa ana, e like me ka mea hiki ole hoeha ia i ka pono o ka Orthodox Church. He hana hoihoi 'ia ma ka ia manawa, nā kānaka eʻe'āina hiki e bapetizoia ma ko lakou mau oihana o Nā Poʻe Isalama a e ia serfs.

No ka hoomana ana i pili i na mooolelo a me nā kaʻao o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Holidays i kaulana ma ka Lutheran mau lā 'alemanaka. Eia hou, i malamaia i ka colonists aupuni mooolelo. O nā i ka wa e ohi ai Festival, i ua nō hookahakaha ma Germany.

Ma lalo o Soviet rula,

Ke kipi o 1917 hookae pili i nā ola o nā kānaka o ka mua Russian aupuni a pau hoʻololi. No koe, a me Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Photos o ko lākou mau panalāʻau ma ka hopena o tsarist au hōʻike i nā mamo a nā meaʻeʻe moku mai Europa noho kaʻawaleʻana mai o lākou a puni, i ko lakou mau hoalauna. Ka mea, ua mālama lākou'ōlelo, aoao, a me ka ano pono'ī. No ka nui makahiki, i ke aupuni nīnau koe unresolved. Akā, me ka mea e hele mai ana i ka mana o ka Bolsheviks kēia kanaka Kelemānia loaa i ka manawa, e hana i kā lākou kū kaʻawale iho i loko o Soviet Rusia.

I ka makemake o ka pua o ka colonists, e noho ana ma ko lakou mau kumuhana iho o ka Hui i aloha i loko o Moscow me ka naauao. I ka 1918, e like me ka olelo hooholo o ka People ka Commissars Aha o ka hana nona iho māhele o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia i hoʻokumuʻia ma ka makahiki 1924 Kapa hou i ka hana nona iho Soviet Socialist Repubalika. Kona poʻo ua Pokrovsky, Kapa hou i ke Engels.

collectivization

Hana a me nāʻaoʻao o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia ae ia e hana i kekahi o ka loa noho pomaikai māhele o ka Lūkini moku'āina. E puhiʻoukou i kā lākou maikaʻiʻana i hoomaka ai i ke kipi, a me ka weliweli o na makahiki kaua. Ma na 20s aia no kekahi ke ola, a i ka mea kiekie loa mea hiki wale mai ka manawa o ka NEP.

Eia naʻe, ma 1930 ma ka Soviet Union, hoomaka ae la he moho dispossession. Collectivization a me ka make ana o ka waiwai alakaʻi i ka loa lono kaumaha hopena. i ka loa a me ka pono hoʻomāhuahua ai aina i lukuia. Mahiʻai, uuku pāʻoihana mea nona, a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe e noho ana o ka hana nona iho repubalika i repressed. I ia manawa, ai ka ke Kelemānia a loaʻa lākou iā lākou iho ma lalo o hoouka ma ka par me ke koena o na kauwa o ka Soviet Union, i i kipakuia mai i loko o like aina, a nele o ke kama'āina ola.

Wi o ke kakahiaka nui 30 ka

Manawa i ka make ana o ka mea mau oicyenoaaiiie ano laulea ma ka Volga Kelemānia Repubalika, e like me ka nui no hoi na wahi o ka USSR, i ka wī. Heluna kanakaʻokoʻa ua imi e hoola ia i kona wahi. Kekahi kupa i ai i ka hālāwai hoʻeuʻeu, a noi i ka Soviet ke aupuni, e kōkua lako hou i ka ai. Other kauwa, loa Mohai me ka Bolsheviks o ke kahua hoouka ma ka neeaa kahi ia i waiho i koho moku'āina i ka berena. Kekahi ano o ka palapala i ke kāpae'ōlelo i ka hana ma luna hoɃoponopono i aina.

E kū'ē i ke kāʻei kua o ia mau olelo la manao keʻena ma lalo nei i hoomaka ai e imi mai "kinai ana" a me ka "insurgents" e ku ei ka mea a ka loa loa repressive ana. I ke kauwela o 1932 i ka wi ua pūliki pono i ke kūlanakauhale. O Kela Me Keia mahiʻai i akoakoaia e hao wale nā mahinaʻai me nōʻiliahi iʻohi. Ke kahua stabilized wale i ka makahiki 1934, ka wā i ke aupuni starved i ka make no na tausani o kanaka.

deportation

ʻOiai ka colonists mamo ma ka kakahiaka Soviet makahiki ua loaa ia i ka hailona o ka pilikia, ka mea, ua paʻa. Ma keia ano, o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia laila, aneane pepeiaohao nui no lākou kaʻana like 'ana o nā Lūkini maʻamau kupa o ka USSR. Naʻe, i ka hoouka kaua ana o ka Great Patriotic War eia hookaawale i ka noho ana o ka repubalika, mai ke koena mai o na makaainana o ke Soviet Union.

Ma 'Aukake 1941, i i ka olelo hooholo, e like me a ka deportation o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Ka mea, Ua deported i Central Asia, no ka makau o ke alu like 'ana me ka hoʻokikina Wehrmacht. Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia poe i na kanaka wale ka poe i loaa ia mea, hoʻoikaika ihola relocation. Ka Ia hopena kali i ka Chechens, ka Kalmyks, ka Crimean Tatars.

Ka hoʻopau o ka repubalika

Together me ka deportation i ka abolition o ka hana nona iho Repubalika o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia. ASSSR ka palena o ka NKVD i hoʻolauna. Kupa i kauohaʻia i loko o 24 hola e ohi i kekahi mau mea aeia mai, a hoomakaukau no ka resettlement. I ka huina, i deported ma kahi o 440.000 kanaka.

I ka Ia manawa i wehe 'ia koa hana na kanaka o Kelemānia kanaka, mai ke alo, a hoouna aku la i ka hope. Na kanaka a me na wahine e noho ana i loko o ka pela-kapaia hana koa. Ka mea, kūkulu hanalima hana, e hana ana i loko o ka mines a me ka lumber poe hoomoana.

Life ma Central Asia a me Siberia

Holo nōhie deportees i noho i loko o aneea oneiaey. Ma hope o ke kaua, aole lakou i i 'ae' ia hoʻi i ka Volga māhele 'āina a me ka hoihoi mai i ko lakou repubalika. About 1% o ka heluna kanaka o aneea oneiaey i keia la noonoo iho kēia kanaka Kelemānia.

A hiki i ka makahiki 1956ʻo ia i deported i kūikawā noho. Kēlā me kēia mahina ka mea, i ka hele i ka commandant ka oihana, a waiho i ka hōʻailona i loko o ka puke pai kūikawā. Nō hoʻi, he nui hapa o nā meaʻeʻe moku noho ana ma Siberia, hookahi ma ka Omsk'āina, i ka Hawaiian māhele 'āina a me nā Urals.

modernity

Ma hope iho o ka haule ana o ka Communist Aupuni Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia pakele kīvila o ka hele. Ma ka pau ana o na 80s. e pili ana i ke ola i loko o ka hana nona iho Repubalika hoomanao wale na kahiko-nō hoʻi. Nolaila, he poe uuku hoi i ka Volga māhele 'āina (ʻano nui ma Engels ma ka Saratov māhele' āina). A hailona no na deportees a me kā lākou poʻe mamo noho ma aneea oneiaey.

Ka nui loa o na kēia kanaka Kelemānia hele i kā lākou Mokuna'āina. Ma hope iho o ka unification o Kelemania, aponoia ka hou hoʻokolohua o ke kānāwai ma luna o ka hoi ana mai o ko lākou mau compatriots,ʻikeʻia ma hope o ka Mahele World War i ke kakahiaka nui mana o ka a. Ka palapala stipulates na rula e pono ai no ka koke kupa. Mau koi i pahuhopu nei me, a me Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Names a me ka olelo o kekahi o lakou i koe i ka ia, e ka mea maʻalahi e hoʻononiakahi i hou ke ola o ka.

E like me ke kānāwai, kupa loaa a pau pua o ka Volga colonists. Kekahi o ia i lōʻihi ua assimilated i loko o ka Soviet ike maopopo, akā, au makemake nō e hele i ke komohana. Noho i ka '90s, ua huikau ka Kelemānia Aupuni i ka hana o ke kupa, he nui Lūkini-ke Kelemānia a noho i loko o ka Kaliningrad māhele' āina. Kēia māhele 'āina ua mamua East Prussia, a ua hapa o Germany. I kēia lā i loko o Rusia, aia nō ma kahi o 500.000 kanaka o Kelemānia aupuni 'ē aku, he 178 tausani pua o ka Volga colonists noho ma aneea oneiaey.