Western Front o ka First World War: kaua

Aka ka mea hiki ke ea me ka oiaio, ma mua o ka kaua e ka Western Front, e lawe aku i ka puu o ke ola. Eia, ua e no ka nui maikai ana elua - ka 'ōlelo Palani a me ke Kelemānia. I ka 1871, Bismarck i mai Napoleon III, Alsace a me Lorraine. Ka hou hanauna o na hoa eager no ka hoopai.

Kelemānia kaua

E like me ka Schlieffen kuka, Kelemānia lākou poʻe kaua a pau, e pepehi i ka poe ola loa i kona mau papa enemi i loko o ka māhele 'āina - France. I mea e hoʻomohala i ka kupono ala iā Paris, hoʻoneʻe ai e hopu Pelekiuma a me Lukemapuka. Ka moku na'lii i noho Aug. 2, 1914. Ka mea, ua ka mua hahau ana i ua i ma luna o laila. Western alo wehe. Mau lā ma hope, Pelekiuma ua ma lalo o kaua, i hōʻole, e ae i ka aggressor poʻe hao wale ma kona mokuna.

Ke ki kaua o ka lā mua o ka kaua ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka pua ana o ka pā kaua o Liege. He ua he ki wahi no kela aoao o ka muliwai Maas. Ka oihana hana i wahi, mai August 5 a hiki i 16. Defenders (36,000 reservists) i ia lakou, 12 pakaua, a 400 ka pū. Maaskaya attackers koa ua aneane 2 manawa kiekie ae (aneane 60 tausani na koa a me nā luna).

Ke kulanakauhale Ua noʻonoʻo pono i impregnable pā, akā, haule iho la oia i ka wa i na kēia kanaka Kelemānia i lawe mai i ka hoʻopuniʻana mea kaua (12 August). Ma hope o ka haule ana o Liège, August 20 i ka aina o ka paukü - Palukela, a ma luna o Augate 23 - Namur. I ka Ia manawa, i ka Palani koa ho'āʻo unsuccessfully e hele io lākou lā, a me ka waiwai i ka foothold ma Alsace a me Lorraine. I ka hope o ka hoʻopuniʻana i ka manaʻo o kekahi kokololio hoouka kaua o ka Kelemānia hao wale. I ka Ia manawa ma hope o ka August kaua, ua lilo i mea akaka i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i o keʻano kahiko mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonalowale i ka poʻe hao wale aʻe o ka lako hou - XX kenekulia.

haʻalele Little Pelekiuma koke ke kua, a ua hoololiia na kēia ho'āla kaua a hiki i ka laina me Farani, kahi āna i noho ai i ka Western Front. 1914 - ia mea no hoi he moʻo o kaua i ka hopena o Augate (ka Ardennes hana, i ke kaua o Charleroi a me Mons). I ka huina helu o ka poʻe hao wale ma na aoao elua loa 2 miliona. I loko nō o ka mea i ka Palani 5th Army kōkua kekahi mau māhele o Beritania pūʻali kaua a hiki i ka Kaiser 5 September mākou hiki i ka Marne River.

Ke Kaua o ka Marne

Na manao o ka Pelelina E kauoha akuʻoe i loko o Palika nā wahi. Kēia pahuhopu mea achievable, no ka mea, o ka kanaka naehana koke ana i ka mamao o 40 kilomika, mai ka Palani kapikala i loko o kakahiaka Kepakemapa. Ma ka Western Front i ka 1914, ua makemake nō e forge unqualified ka pomaikai o ke Kaiser, a me kona General Staff.

Ka mea, ua i keia manawa, ai ka poʻe hao wale Entente hele aku la i ka ee-hoouka. Ke kaua hohola mai ma luna o ka nui wahi. Ma kekahi pilikia nui loa, e kōkua i ka 'ōlelo Palani, hiki Moroccan Māhele. Nā koa i hele mai,ʻaʻole wale nō ma luna o nā aeaciui ai, akā, e like me ke kōkua o ke kaʻa'ōhua. Ka mea, ua ka mua manawa ma ka mōʻaukala o ke kaua, e like me ka amo kaa hoʻohana i ka nui mea. Palapala o ka German koa i hohola ma Pelekiuma a me replenishment ma Manpower hoʻi i kāpiliʻia. Eia hou, i ka ia 5th Palani Army wawahi maʻenemi pale aku ia lakou, a hele aku la a hiki i ka hope, kahi i nui Kelemānia koa hoolei ma ka Hikina Prussia, kahi Rusia wehe i ka North-Western Front. Ka ike ana keia kulana, General Alexander av Kluck kauoha e kuemi hope.

Koa o ka Triple kuikahi loaa ka ikaika manaʻoʻike hopena. Loiloi ana o nā limahana alakai aku ai i ka mea i ke pio i ka hiamoe koa. Eia naʻe, France, a England, ua hikiʻole e lawe ka lanakila o kona lanakila. Ke hoomaau ua sluggish a me ka lohi. Allies ole e oki aku auhee enemi, a hoʻopiha i nā wahi i wāhiʻia i loko o kā lākou malu.

By October, kaʻeleu kaua kaʻi aku ai i ke kūkulu'ākau, pili i ke kai. Ke infantry ma na aoao elua ho'āʻo e holo alaʻokoʻa i kaʻenemi ka pūhaka. Oka Ua pio ka polokalamu ee iaaanu aey, i hiki i ka pauʻana o ka makahiki i kekahi i hiki ke hana i kekahi kuleana loa. Ma Christmas Eve, kekahi māhele unofficiallyʻae i ke ho'ōki-ahi. Kēlā me kēia hihia hookipa i ka inoa "Christmas truce".

hale kaʻa kaua

Ma hope iho o nā hanana o ka Marne hoʻololi i ka Western Front o ka First World War i ke ano o ka confrontation. Ano mau hoa paio entrenched ma ko lakou wahi, a me ke kaua i eha loa positional ma 1915. Blitzkrieg manao, a i mua hoʻomoe ma Pelelina pilikia.

Sporadic ho'āʻo ma na aoao elua, e neʻe aku huli a puni ka hewa. No laila, ma hope o ka hoouka ma Kamapane Allies nalowale i emi o 50 tausani kanaka, ka hoʻokikina wale hapalua o ka kilomika o. E like me ka like ha i kaua o Neuve Chapelle kulanakauhale, kahi o Beritania i ka liu o oi aku mamua o 10 tausani koa, ka hoʻokikina kilomika wale 2. Western Front o ka First World War Ua huli i loko o ka mea nui i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka mohaiai grinder.

Oe e like pono e hele mamua kēia kanaka Kelemānia. I April a E pono anei ua he kaua o Ypres, i lilo tragically kaulana a me ka hoomaikai ana i ke ano o ka make kinoea. Makaukau no keia huli o ka hanana infantry make, i ka make ana o na tausani. Ma hope iho o ka hoouka mua ma ke kahua kaua koke aku la laua i laweia mai ea paha, a i kokua e ola mahope aku o ka hou-ano o ke kinoea mea o ka Kelemānia kaua. Total ka pōʻino ma Ypres Entente he 70 tausani kanaka (i loko o ka German aupuni a pau - hapalua). kūpono 'ole i ka pomaikai i Ua kaupalena, a, ma ka naʻe o ka nuipa a casualties, i ka hoomalu ana i laina i ole lakou lehulehu ana.

Kaua hana mau ia ma ka Western Front Artois. Eia, i ka Allies hoao e hoʻomōhala i ka hoouka palua - ma ka Akuma ka. i ole nā hana,ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi loa ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka mīkini pū Reich.

Kaua o Verdun

Mai ana mai waipuna 1916 ka Western Front o ka First World War, hālāwai ma ka nui-me ka unahiʻole koa ana i loko o ka wahi o ke kulanakauhale o Verdun. Haʻalele mua ana, he hiʻona o ka aʻe kumumanao o ke kaua i ka Kelemānia pūkaua pōpilikia ma luna o kekahi wahi paiki kuka o ka aina. Ma keia manawa - ma hope o ka moʻo o hi kaua - German koa wale iʻaʻole i lawa nā kumu waiwai i mua ma luna o ke ākea ele ele, e like me ka mea i, no ka mea hoike, ma ka Marne i ka 1914.

An nui loa o ke kaua, i lilo ai shelling i luku ai i ka paa nā kūlana hana o na kanaka o ka Apana Repubalika. Ma hope o bombing luku aku i ka puʻukaua o ka infantry noho. Eia hou, ua kū hoʻokahi mea kaua e like flamethrowers i hoʻohana. Me ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka mea hula o ka Triple kuikahi poʻe hao wale loaa ka KUMUMANAʻO NUI Initiative.

I ia manawa, Rusia hoʻomau e hoopilikia mai i ko lakou Koro Front. Lake naroch kūpono 'hoomaka ma ke kiekie o Verdun hanana. Ke Lūkini koa i ka i lele hema i loko o ka wahi o ke kālā no Minsk māhele 'āina, ma hope a ka Reich kauoha manao e hoolilo hapa o kona poe koa ma ka hikina, e like me ka mea i loaʻa i loko o Pelelina, hoomaka ae la kekahi mau kūpono'. Ua ua i ka hewa, no ka mea, ka papa kuhikuhiE pahuna ihe pōā Rusia ma ke ala e hiki aku o Austria-Hungary (Brusilov Kūpono ').

Kekahi aoao ai kekahi, akā, i ka precedent i hanaia. Western a Hawaiian fronts ka poʻe a no ka maluhiluhi Kaiser ka poe koa. Ma October, ma hope o ka helu ana o kūloko hoʻolako 'ole' ana o ka Farani i hele mai i ka laina ka mea, e paa ana ia i loko o Pepeluali i ka hoʻomaka o kaʻenemi kūpono '. No KUMUMANAʻO NUI hualoaʻa i ole hiki Germany. I ka nui o ke poho ma na aoao elua, ua hoopili aku ma mua o 600 tausani kanaka (make ma kahi o 300 tausani).

Ke Kaua o ka Somme

Ma July 1916, ka wā i ke kaua o Verdun kauo ana, ka Allies hoʻomaka lākou mau wahi i pili hoouka ma kekahi alo. Ana ma ka Somme, hoomaka ae la me ka mea kaua barrage, a i alakaʻi i ka pule. Ma hope o ka n ieaie? Luku o kaʻenemi nā pono, kona neʻe hoomaka ana infantry.

E like me ka mea, ua mua, i ka 1916 i naueue ae e ka lōʻihi, a protracted aku i nā kaua o ka Western Front. Eia naʻe, i hoomanao i nā hanana o ka Somme ma ka mōʻaukala o kekahi mau hiʻona. Mua, malaila i hoʻohana mua poʻina nalu. Ka mea, Ua invented e ka Pelekania, a me nāʻano oaoieei-na hemahema: koke iho la i ka naniʻole, a ua uhaʻiʻia. Aka hoi, ua i i ole i ka hou huahana kumu nui manaʻoʻike hopena ma luna o kaʻenemi infantry. ʻeleu ke haiia'ku hoopuehu mai ai i ka wā pono kekahi palapala outlandish nō. Keia pomaikai i kekahi impetus nui no ka hooulu ana o ka pahu. Ka lua, o ko lakou pono i hookupaa iho la ia Honolulu anamanaʻo, i i mālama 'ia ma ka mea, e manaʻoʻenemi kulana.

Kaua i hele ma, a me ka exhaustion i lōʻihi-makahiki ano. By September, ua lilo i mea akaka i hou koa ma Germany koe. E like me ka hopena, i ka lā mua o ka Akuma ka Allies oi pono hohonu i loko o kaʻenemi o nā kūlana hana ma kekahi mau na umi o kilomika. September 25 Ua noho kiʻekiʻe, ua he kaʻakālai nui i loko o ka māhele 'āina.

Western mua World War hookahe Kelemānia māhele i i kaua aku ai me kekahi mau hoa paio wale. Lakou lilo nui, a paʻa i nā kūlana hana. Somme, a Verdun alakai aku ai i ka mea i ka Allies hoʻopio i ke kaʻakālai lanakila, a hiki e hoʻokō i ke kaua i ke Kaiser, a me kona kookoo.

Hindenburg laina

Events maʻi lele Ua loli - hoʻi olokaa wale aku au i ka Western Front. World ua komo i ka hou pae. Ke imperial koa Mamao aku no ka Hindenburg laina. Ua i kekahi ano o ka pakaua nui loa. Ua hoomaka ae la e kukulu iho a hiki i na hanana o ka Somme ma e like me na kauoha o ka Paul av Hindenburg, ma kona hanohano i ka inoa. Field Ilamuku i hoolilo ia Farani, ma ka hikina mai keaka o ana, kahi ona e waiho ana kaua mai ai i ke kaua e kū'ē i ka Russian aupuni a pau. Kona kākoʻo pāʻoihana kākoʻo koa huahelu 'ē aʻe - Erich Ludendorff, ka mea i kākoʻo i ka Nazi aoao ke hoala mai kona poo i loko o ka wā e hiki mai.

Line kūkulu ma ka hooilo 1916-1917 ka. Ua Ua maheleia i loko o 5 laina, ua loaa ia inoa o nā huapalapala o ka Kelemānia moʻolelo. Western mua World War 1 nui Hoomanao iho la kilomika 'auwaha a laumeki uea. Ke kaua hope relocated ma Pepeluali 1917. Ke hee Ua ukali pūʻia o ka make ana o ke kūlanakauhale, alanui, a me nā pono '(wela honua).

Nivelle kūpono '

Ka mea mua a me ka poʻokela hoomanao i ka First World War? Western Front - he hōʻailona o ka meaninglessness o kanaka mōhai. "Māhele a me dice Nivelle" lilo kekahi o nā pōʻino nui nui loa i loko o ka mōʻaukala o keia kaua.

Ma ka hana ma kaʻaoʻao o ka Entente i hele ma ka ma 4 miliona kanaka, 2,7 wale miliona ko Germany i. Naʻe, i ka hana ana o keia palena pau ua hiki ole. Koke ma mua o ka nou ana kēia kanaka Kelemānia hoopio aku i Palani koa i me ia i ka manao o ka hana i loko o ke kākau 'ana. Pela, ua lilo i ike o ka pōʻino e hiki mai diversionary ho'āhewa wale, hoomakaukau Pelekane. E like me ka hopena, ua hoemi ia i ka 'Aʻohe kona hoʻohana.

Hekikai no kūpono 'bogged ia, a ua hikiʻole naʻe i ka uhai ma kaʻenemi ka pale aku ia lakou i ka Allies. Poho ma na aoao elua loa ka hapalua o ka miliona. Ma hope o ka ole ma Farani, hoomaka ae la e pepehi iho at a me ka eha ma ka naau i waena o ka heluna kanaka.

Ua Ua hoi noteworthy i loko o ka inoa haumia kaua komo Lūkini kaua. Russian Expeditionary Max Ua hana manaʻoi no ka ukana i WesternʻEulopa. Ma hope o na mea he nui ka pōʻino ma April a me May 1917, ka mea i disbanded, a ua hoouna koa, i ka i koe, a hiki i ke kahi i hoomoanaʻi ma Limoges. Ma ka Akuma ka o koa hoʻonohoʻia i loko o ka aina e ka Edoma, a ma hope o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana wawahi mai, ua hoi aku la i ke kahua kaua kekahi, kekahi poe e ae i ka mea kanu i ka hope, a me ke kolu o ka hele aku la a hiki i Algeria a me ka Balkans. I ka wā e hiki mai, ua hoʻi hou mai i kā lākou'āina me na luna, a make iho la ma ke Kanawai War.

Pashendeyl a Cambrai

Summer 1917 Ua koho ia e ka Apana kaua o Ypres, i ua iʻikeʻia ma ka inoa o ka mea uuku kauhale Pashendeyl. I keia manawa, kauoha Pelekāne, ua hoʻoholo ihola i ka uhai i ka Western Front. World puʻe wale akula kēlā, e hoole i ka panalāʻau lehulehu o na aupuni a pau nā kumu waiwai. Heʻaneʻi i kaua makau ole loa o Canada, Australia, New Zealand a me South Africa. Expeditionary Max loaa ka mea mua nui poho aie i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka mea hou enemi o ke kinoea mea. Ua ua he makeke kinoea a mākeke, i ku i ka ÷ naehana hanu nā loko, i luku keena, nee pūnao o carbohydrates i loko o ke kino. ʻoihana o Field Ilamuku Douglas Haig make ma na tausani.

Hopena a me maoli ana. Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia Local wahi lepo wai ma lalo o ka ua kaumaha, a ua loaʻa iā ia e hele ma mānoanoa mud. Ka Beritania lilo i ka huina o 500 tausani kanaka make a me ka eha. Holo nei ua hiki wale no i kekahi mau kilomika. No kekahi ike ia ai ka hopena 1 World. Western Front hoʻomau i ke ahi.

ʻO kekahi mea nui Initiative o ka Beritania - kūpono 'ma Cambrai (Nowemapa-December 1917), kahi i hiki i neia wa launaʻole holomua poʻina nalu i hoʻohana. Ka mea, e hoʻokele e kiʻi ma ka laina Hindenburg. Naʻe, ka mea nana e hooleʻaoʻao o ka loaa i lagging ma hope o ka infantry, a me ka hopena, Hohola palapala. Ka enemi i ka lanakila ana o keia, ua kupono counterattack, a kiola i ka Beritania i kā lākou mua kulana.

I ka pau 'ana o ke kai eʻe

Like i ka 1914, ka Western Front a na mahina hope o ke kaua kokoke i ole hoʻololi 'ana i kona kulana. Ke kahua koe i ka pilina paʻa wale nō a hiki i ka manawa ka wā i hoʻokumu ai ka mana o ka Bolsheviks i loko o Rusia, Lenin hoʻoholo ihola e pau ana i ka "imperialist kaua". Ka honua iʻula a mau manawa aie i ka hoolei ana i ka'aheʻelele, alai ae e Trotsky, nae, ma hope o ka ia hoouka ana o na kēia kanaka Kelemānia aelike nō i kakauinoa ia ma luna o Malaki 3, 1918 ma Brest. Ma hope o ia, mai ka hikina o ka wikiwiki 44 māhele i hoolilo.

A ma March 21, hoomaka ae la ka ai-kapaia pūnāwai kūpono ', a i ka hope mea hoao e ka poe koa o Wilhelm II, e hoʻokō i kekahi papa o ke kaua. I ka hopena o kekahi mau hana i hahau i ka Marne River. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka i kela kapa ua hiki ke neʻe wale 6 kilomika, laila, i loko o July, ka Allies hemo aku he kuleana eea-kūpono ', i kapaʻia ka haneri lā. I waena o Amiens a me Sana Miyelsky protrusions i successively eliminated ma waena o Aug. 8 November 11. Ma September, ka mea, hoomaka ae la he mau ka nou ana mai o ka North kai a hiki i Verdun.

E hoomaka ana o ka waiwai, a I Kelemānia, he aloha kekahi i kekahi catastrophe. Demoralized koa hookuu mai ai ia em me nā paʻi. I ka make i exacerbated e ka mea i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia hui i ka Allies. 'Amelika māhele i aʻoʻia ai lākou a me ka piha o ka ikehu, i kū'ē i ka poʻe i noho ma ka kekahiʻaoʻao o ka auwaha, a olokaa ae la i ka 80 kilomika. By November, i ke kaua i mua i loko o Pelekiuma. 11 helu ma Pelelina ua he kipi, luku aku i ka mana o William. Ke hou aupuni kakauinoa ka armistice. Ke kaua malie iho la.

hualoaʻa

Kauoha aku i ke kaua i pau ai wale June 28, 1919, i ka wa a ka pili berita i kakau inoa ma ka Palace o Versailles. Mana ma Pelelina i hoopaa e uku i ka nunui indemnity, e haawi aku i ka hapaʻumi o ka aina i ka ?? eoi? Ee, demilitarization. No kekahi mau makahiki, ua komo 'o' ka aina o ka hoʻokele waiwai 'i loko o chaos. Mark depreciated.

Ehia na ola i ka First World War? Western Front lilo i ka papa kuhikuhiE wahi o kaua ma na makahiki o kaua. Ma nāʻaoʻao o ka make ana o kekahi mau miliona kanaka, nā meaʻeha, contusion a Kamehameha. Ka hoʻohana a houʻano o nā mea kaua like ole devalue kanaka ola. New loea loaa akamai. Western Front, o ka puupuu mua a ua like me ino me ka hoouka ma hope o 4 makahiki, i noho ole-hoola ana me ka makaʻu no i loko o ka mōʻaukala oʻEulopa. I loko nō o ka mea i ke koko o nā kaua i wahi i loko o nā wahi, ka mea, i ole pela KUMUMANAʻO NUI nui. Ua ua ma Aaeuaeeneei a me ka 'ōlelo Palani lepo i ka German koa i ae i ka pōʻino loa hoʻoponopono.

Mau Aey? Acaeoey Ua lewa i loko o ka moʻomeheu: buke Remarque, Junger, Aldington a me na mea e ae. Eia mea he opiopio corporal Adolf Hitler. I kona hanauna nui nō nā kumu kaulikeʻole hope o ke kaua. Ua alakai aku ai i ka ulu ana o chauvinistic olelo la ma ka Weimar Repubalika, ka Nazis hele mai la i ka mana, a me ka outbreak o ka Apana World War.