AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN nonallelic nā'ōewe ano a me nā 'ano apau loa

EYI ano o na hanauna aie i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o keʻano o nā'ōewe. He aha mea he'ōewe, a me ka mea i hana kūleʻa ma waena o ia kekahi?

He aha mea he'ōewe?

Ma lalo o genome Ke imply EYI pa alima o aaiaoe 'ike. Nā'ōewe i loaʻa i loko o DNA a me kona ano mall'āpana. Kēlā me kēia'ōewe mea kuleana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka kekahi kumuʻiʻo lātoma, i kumu no ka olelo ana o kekahi moʻolelo i loko o kānaka.

Kēlā me kēia'ōewe loaʻa paha kekahi mau subspecies a me alleles a i keʻano o nā symptoms (e laʻa me, hazel maka ke kala, kena ae la ia e Hoʻohaku allele o ka'ōewe ana uliuli o ka recessive kāna moʻolelo). Alleles i aia i loko o ka hookahi kahua o homologous chromosomes, a me ka hoolilo ana o ka ua chromosome kumu olelo o ka moʻolelo.

A pau nā'ōewe launa pū '. He nui na ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN - allelic a me ka 'ole-allelic. Alaila, o ka noho kaʻawale AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN allelic a me ka 'ole-allelic nā'ōewe. Pehea e mai kekahi i kekahi mea, oko a pehea e hoike?

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Mua i 'ike akula' ano o ka 'ole-allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā'ōewe, ka mea i hilahila i ka mea wale nō e hiki ai piha dominance (ina he mea kekahi Hoʻohaku'ōewe, o ka hoailona, e hōʻike; ina e hana ole, alaila, o ka Tag e ole e). Ka maʻamau ao ana o allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, a i loihi Ua he walaʻauʻana tenet o aaiaoe?. Dominance scrutinized, a wehe aʻela ia i kona ano e like me ke kina ole, a me ka kāpili dominance, a me kodominirovanie superdominance.

e hoʻolohe i kēia mau kumu o ka mua kānāwai o Mendel, a heluhelu e pili ana i ka uniformity o ka mua o ka hanauna hybrids.

I hou kilo ao, a, ka mea i malama i ole a pau hiʻona hoʻomaʻa i ka dominance kumumanaʻo. A hou ia'ku, study ia i ho'āʻo ai i ole wale no ia ia ma ka olelo o nā'ōewe ano pūʻulu o nā 'ano paha. Penei, ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN a me nonallelic nā'ōewe i, ua loaa.

Nā reactions ma waena o nā nā'ōewe

E like me ka mea i oleloia mai ai no ka lōʻihi manawa Kīwala'ō i ke ao ana o ka Hoʻohaku hooilina. Ma keia hihia, ke allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i wahi, kahi o ka PAaIEN ua hōʻike wale nō i loko o ka heterozygous moku'āina. Ma hope o kekahi mau ano o ka ole-allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā'ōewe i ike, ua hiki ke wehewehe i ka hiki i neia wa unexplainedʻano o ka hoʻoilina a me ke kiʻi pane i na mea he nui nīnauʻepekema.

Ua Ua loaʻa i ka rula o ka'ōewe kaukaʻi ma ka'ūhū. Mau nā'ūhū ae nā'ōewe pane koke ma naʻano likeʻole. Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN allelic a me ka 'ole-allelic'ōewe aku ma ka hookahi kumu a me ka manaʻo. Ua alakai aku i ka hopena i ka hoʻoilina 'aʻole i hilinaʻi ma luna o nā kumu i loko o nā'ōewe i launa pū' a me ka pono EYI atypical hiʻona moe i loko o nā nā'ōewe lakou iho.

Ole-allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN mea kū hoʻokahi, hiki oe i ka loaa hou ana o ka hiʻona, e kauoha ana i ka houʻano o ke ola a me ka? Acaeoey o meaola.

ole-allelic nā'ōewe

Ole-allelic nā'ōewe i ka poe i i ke aupuni 'o wahi likeʻole o ka ole-homologous chromosomes. i hoʻololi kemikala kuleana pili i ka mea, i kekahi, akā, e encode i ke kahua o okoa nā polokina, e kauoha ana i kekahi mau symptoms. Oia nā'ōewe e reacting me kekahi i kekahi, hiki i ka ulu ana o symptoms i loko o kekahi mau pu.

• Kekahi hiʻona mea ku pono i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o kekahi, he okoa ka'ōewe 'ole.
• Mau hiʻona e hilinaʻi ma ka hookahi'ōewe.

Ke naoh ma waena o kēia mau nā'ōewe ana i kekahi mau mea oi huikau ma mua i loko o allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Eia naʻe, kēlā i kēia mauʻano o reactions i kona mau 'ano a me nā hiʻona.

He aha nō nāʻano o ka ole-allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā'ōewe?

• Epistasis.
• Polymers.
• Complementarity.
• Hana modifikatornyh nā'ōewe.
• Pleiotropic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mauʻano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i kona mau kūlana waiwai, a hoike mai ai ia ia iho ma naʻano likeʻole.

He mea pono e hooki aku i ka nui au mamuli o kela mea keia mea o lakou.

epistasis

Kēia naoh nonallelic nā'ōewe - epistasis - ike i loko o ka hihia ma kekahi'ōewe suppresses ka ha awina o ka mea 'ē aʻe (uhi'ōewe ua kapaia epistatic a me ka quenchable - gipostatichnogo'ōewe).

Naoh ma waena o kēia mau nā'ōewe i e Hoʻohaku a me ka recessive. Hoʻohaku epistasis malama ka wā epistatic'ōewe (ana denoted ma ka palapala au, ina aole mawaho phenotypic 'aoʻao o) suppresses hypostatic'ōewe (ka mea, ua ana denoted V a b). Recessive epistasis ia lŘlŘ ka wā i recessive allele mea epistatic'ōewe inhibits ka hōʻike o kekahi'ōewe alleles gipostaticheskogot.

Cleavage o phenotypic kāna moʻolelo, a me kela mea keia mea o kēia mauʻano o nā hana kūleʻa, Ua hoi okoa. I ka Hoʻohaku epistasis pinepine malama kēia kumu: o ka lua o ka hanauna o ka huikala phenotypes Ua like penei - 13: 3, 7: 6: 3 a 12: 3: 1. Ua pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna i nā'ōewe hoakoakoaia mai he nui.

I ka ua kaawale retsissivnom epistasis: 9: 3: 4, 9: 7, 13: 3.

complementarity

AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ole-allelic nā'ōewe, ai ka wā mau ano hoʻohuiʻia Hoʻohaku alleles hana hou, mamua aku phenotype i ole pilikia, ua kapaia complementarity.

No ka laʻana, loa pinepine i kēia 'ano o ka naoh ma waena o nā nā'ōewe i loaʻa i loko o mea kanu (ka oi aku o kaʻuala).

Inā ka genotype o ka mea kanu i ka Hoʻohaku allele A a me B, ia nō hoʻi i loaʻa he spherical shape. Inā ka genotype retsissivny, ka fetal palapala ua ana kikooia aku.

Ma ke alo o nā Hoʻohaku genotype nā alleles (A a me B) kaʻuala loaʻa iā ia kekahi iwi kuamoʻo-e like shape. Inā hou hana hybridization (a laila, e hoʻomau i kēia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN nonallelic nā'ōewe kaʻuala upena laina), e ke loaa ka lua o ka hanauna mai ka 9 holoholona discoid shape 6 - spherical, a kekahi kaʻuala elongated shape.

Oia interbreeding produces i ka hou, hapalua ano o ka mea kanu me ka hanana waiwai.

Ma kānaka, i kēia 'ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN kumu no ka maʻamau kūpono' ana o ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo (kekahi'ōewe - ke kūpono 'ana o ka hometa, ka mea' ē aʻe - ka auditory nā aʻalolo), a ina he mea hoʻokahi wale nō Hoʻohaku kāna moʻolelo ka hoike aku pepeiao kuli.

polymerism

Pinepine i ke kumu o ka helehelena o ka kaila mea ole ke alo aku o ka Hoʻohaku a recessive allele o ka'ōewe, a me kā lākou helu. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN nonallelic nā'ōewe - kēpau - mea he laʻana o ka hōʻike 'ia nei.

ke hoomau aku me ka huinanui (mea hoʻonui) keia a me ka mea Polymeric nā'ōewe kanawai e. A hiki i ke degere o ka hoʻomāhuahua o symptoms ano hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka huina AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka'ōewe (nui nā'ōewe, ka oi hai PAaIEN). Ua maheleia MOKUNA XXXIII me ka hopena like penei: - 1: 4: 6: 4: 1 (degere o ano emi iho, oa i kekahi kanaka hiʻona maximally hoikeia, i loko o kekahi mea, ua malama ia'na a piha nalowale).

Inā ka huina hopena ua i ike, o ka hoike ana o na hoailona hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka Hoʻohaku alleles. Inā he mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi allele, he hoailona, e lawe wahi. Inā ua keiki i loko o splitting ai i wahi i loko o ka lākiō o 15: 1.

I ka hana o ka modifier nā'ōewe

AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ole-allelic nā'ōewe, noho mana ana ma ka hana modifier ua malamaia kŘpa a kākaʻikahi. mea he kumu o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN like penei:

• No ka laʻana, he'ōewe D, mea kuleana no ka waihoʻoluʻu pinepine '. Ke Hoʻohaku moku'āina, ka'ōewe regulates keʻano o ke kala a pau, oiai i loko o ke kahua o retsissivnogo genotype o keia'ōewe, a ina he mea'ē aʻe nā'ōewe i ka pāʻana 'ana i keʻano e hōʻike "dilution kanawai o ke ano" i ua pinepine ike i kaʻiole ka nō-keʻokeʻo waihoʻoluʻu.
• Kekahi laʻana o ia ka naoh o keʻano o ka mottling i loko o ke kino o ka holoholona. No ka laʻana, aia no he F'ōewe kona iniiaiie hana - uniformity o dyeing hulu hipa. Ma ke kahua o ka recessive genotype hulu hipa ua make iho la unevenly, a me keʻano, no ka laʻana, keʻokeʻo kahi lilelile i loko o ka ua wahi o ke kino.

Ia 'ole-allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā'ōewe i loko o kānaka hoike mai ai ia ia iho, kākaʻikahi.

pleiotropy

Ma keia ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN regulates olelo o ka'ōewe a loli ke degere o ka olelo ana o kekahi'ōewe.

Animals pleiotropy hoikeia like penei:

• ʻiole pleiotropic kumu ka dwarfism. Ua Ua ua ike ia, ka wā i kela kapa phenotypically maʻamauʻiole i loko o ka hanauna mua a pau o nāʻiole liʻiliʻi undersized. Ua Ua manao i ka dwarfing kauoha ma ka recessive'ōewe. Recessive homozygotes oki i ka ulu, ua ka underdevelopment o ka na nā loko, a glands. Kēia'ōewe dwarfing kanawai ma ka pituitary gland hooulu ana i kaʻiole, a me keia alakaʻi i ka emi i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o hormones, a kauoha ae la i ka hopena.
• Platinum waihoʻoluʻu o nāʻalopeke. Pleiotropy ma keia hihia, lethal'ōewe i hōʻike i ke kahua o ka Hoʻohaku homozygoteʻonou ka make ana o embryos.
• People pleiotropic hana kūleʻa hōʻike i loko o ke kumu hoohalike o phenylketonuria, a me Marfan maʻi pale.

Ke kūlana o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN nonallelic

hula kūlana nui i Ma evolutionary hua'ōlelo o nā mea a pau o ka luna o ke ano o ka ole-allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā'ōewe. New'ōewe ana i ke ano o ka hou 'ano a me ka waiwai o ke ola meaola. Ma kekahi mau hihia, i kēia mau hiʻona he hoʻonui i ke ola o ka meaola, ma na mea e ae - ma ka mea ku ole, i ka make ana o ka poe kanaka e, e ku nui mai i waena o kona ano iho.

Ole-allelic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā'ōewe mau hoʻohana 'ia i loko o? Aneii aaiaoe?. Kekahi laha 'o ola meaola i mālama' ia e ka like'ōewe recombination. Other? Ueo kuai ka waiwai i ka poe i aloha kuaiia, i loko o ka o kēia au nei (e like, hoʻopau o ka hou ole ana o na holoholona i i oi aku ke ahonui a me ka physical ikaika ma mua o kona makua kanaka).

Hana mea underway ma ka hoʻohana o kēia mauʻano o ka'āina hoʻoili i loko o kānaka ma ka mea, e hoʻopau i ka hopena maikaʻi aʻe o ke kanaka genome a me ka hoʻokumu o ka hou, kina-noa genotype.