Nā hō'ailona e hō'ili'ili i nā haohao me nā holoholona. Nā meahana no ka ha'awina

E like me ka mea i'ike'ia, no ka lō'ihi o ka manawa ua koho'ia nā ha'alulu i nā mea kanu. Eia na'e, ua ho'ā'o'ia e ho'ā'o'ia e ho'oka'awale iā lākou mai nā mea lalo o ka pua'a e Karl Linnaeus, i kānalua i kēia ho'ohālike'ana ma kāna hana'o "The System of Nature", e nānā i nā hō'ailona e lawe mai i nā hala'i me nā holoholona. Akā, i loko o nā makahiki 70-80 o ka makahiki i hala hope nei, ua ho'oholo'ia kēia mahele. 'O kēia mau mea hana o ke'ano, ma muli o ko lākou'ano a me nā hi'ohi'ona, loa'a nā hō'ailona e lawe mai i nā haohao me nā holoholona a me nā'ano mea kanu (me ka'ane'ane e kama'ilio ana, e pili ana nā mea'elua). E nānā kākou i kahi o lākou.

Ho'olike like me nā mea kanu

No ke aha i lohi ai nā kńnaka epekema i kēia mau meaola i mea kanu no ka lō'ihi, no ka mea, aia nā hō'ailona'ike e lawe mai i nā hala me nā holoholona? A ka mea hana, no ka mea, i kekahi waiwai e ae, e lawe aku ia lakou a hiki i ke kanu aupuni :

• No lākou,'a'ole lākou e ne'e kahi ka'awale i kahi kū'oko'a, e like paha me nā mea a pau o ka honua holoholona. 'Oiai'a'ole kēia'oia'i'o (ma lalo o ka honua, ho'olaha ka mycelium, lanakila i nā hakahaka hou, akā, hiki ke ho'ohui i kēia ne'e'ana i ka ulu mau'ana).
• Ma ke ala, nā haloo, e like me nā mea kanu, e ulu i ko lākou ola a pau. 'A'ole like nā holoholona e ulu ana i ka nui a kāpae i ko lākou ulu. No laila,'a'ole i kahi kahi like'ole o nā ha'iki a me nā holoholona.
• Nui nā ha'iwa e ho'opuka'ia e nā'āpana. Hiki i nā'ōmole, hiki ke hana i nā piliona he mau bila o nā spores no ko lākou mau ola. Eia naʻe, i kēia mau manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē i ka hapanui pepehi. Akā inā lākou e komo i kahi wahi maika'i, a laila ua hana'ia ka ho'opuka'ana. E hele mai a kanu i nā mea kanu. A e hiki ke ho'onui i nā hamo ma ka māhele'ana i ka mycelium, i kekahi manawa ma o kekahi o kona mau pūnaewele. He mea kēia e ho'omaka ai e ho'oulu i kahi mycelium hou e hiki ai ke ola i nā kino hou, spores a, no laila, hua.
• E hānai i nā pūpū ma ka hopena. A'o kēia ho'i kahi e ho'okokoke aku ai iā lākou i nā mea kanu.

'O nā mea'ē a'e i kahi i ho'omaka'ia ai ka haloni a me nā mea kanu

Akā ua'ike'ia e nā'epekema'o nā'ōpala a me nā mea kanu ke kumuhana mai nā lālā like'ole - nā po'e o nā mea i'ike'ia e nā mea'ele'ele honua kahiko i noho i ka Moana Nui o ka Honua. No laila,'oko'a lākou i ka loiloi, a me ka genetically.

Ma ke'ano pūnaewele

Plant keena, holoholona a me nā fungi i okoa i ka 'ole. I loko o nā kinikaliki hiki'ole ke kaha ki'i ki'i,'a'ole lākou he chlorophyll ma nā pūnaewele, e like me nā mea kanu. Akā, i ka ho'ohui'ana o kā lākou pūnaewele he chitin, ka mea i'ike'ia no nā māka'i o kekahi mau holoholona (e like me ke'ano o nā arthropods, he mea nui ia no ka hana'ana i ka pū a i'ole ka'eke i waho). 'O kēia kumu,'o ia ke'ano, e pili kokoke i nā holoholona.

Ke ku'ina

Hiki i nā'ōlaki, e like me nā holoholona, ke mālama i nā glycogen (carbohydrates). Ka mea, ke i haalele i ko lakou hope huahana o pūnao mai ke kino. Mālama kēia i nā mea e like me ka fauna.

Nā'ano o ka mea'ai

Fish mai i synthesize ke aloha ia mea. He hokele lākou,'o ia ho'i, e ho'opau iā lākou ma ke'ano i ho'omākaukau mua'ia, ma ke'ano'ē a'e, e ho'ohana ana iā lākou i nā pūnaewele ho'opunipuni me ke kōkua o nā enzymes hiki iā lākou ke ho'oku'u (saprophytes). Hō'ike ho'i kēia i nā hō'ailona e lawe mai i nā hala'a me nā holoholona e ho'omo'a i ka mea'ai mea'ai. Māi'a nā'ōpi'oki-ola no ka pili pili pono me nā lā'au (i kekahi manawa he mea pa'akikī'ole e'ike i ka mea i loko o nā pilikia o ka mycelium a me nā lauoho o nā a'a).

Aia kekahi hau e ho'olālā ai i nā meaola'ē a'e - nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona e hānai ana i kā lākou mea kū'ai a make kekahi manawa i kā lākou mea mālama. I kēlā manawa ho'okahi, hiki ke ola i kahi mushroom (e like me ke'ano, he kī), no ka manawa lō'ihi, ma kahi lā'au make paha, me ka wehewehe'ana i kāna mau mea ola me ka ho'ohana'ana ia mau mea no ka'ai. Aia kekahi mau mea ho'omana'o no ka mea ho'omana'o. Hāpai lākou i nā holoholona: amoebae a me nā nematodes, hopu iā lākou me kahi pale ma luna o ko lākou hyphae. Nā mea ma'amau no nā hauhikai a me ke'ano o ka hana'ana o ka metabolism ka mea e loa'a ai ka uria, e like me ka nui o nā holoholona.

Nā hualoa'a

'O ka hō'ulu'ulu'ana, hiki ke'ike'ia he mau malohi kūikawā ma ke'ano, he mau'ano'ano'ole: mai nā hapi nui i ka li'ili'i li'ili'i a me ka lewē,'a'ole'ike ma'a mau me ka microscope i'ole e nānā. 'O lākou a pau he po'e mamo o nā meaola lā'au eukaryotic kahiko, ka mea i noho ma nā wahi āpau i nā piliona o nā makahiki i hala.

'O kekahi mau mea waiwai e pili ana i nā mea kanu me nā mea kanu ('oia'i'o, ua makemake nā haumāna e no'ono'o a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20.) 'O kēia ka hiki'ole ke ho'oholo i kahi kū'oko'a, a me ka ulu'ana i ke ola, a me ka'ai'ana i ka mea'ai. A me ka honua holoholona, ua hō'ulu'ulu'ia lākou e ka mea'ai'ai heterotrophic, a me ka noho'ana o ka chitin i loko o nā pūpū o ko lākou mau pūnaewele, ka hiki ke hō'ili'ili i nā huapi'a, ka hana o ka Urea a me kona excretion ma ka manawa hana. 'O kēia mau mea e like me nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i ka manawa like.