Alexander 2: ke abolition o serfdom, ke mihi kumu

ua aha ke kūlana o Alexander 2 i loko o ka abolition o serfdom? No ke aha lāʻo ia nō ia e na kauwa noa? Ma kēia mau a me nā nīnau mākou e pane i loko o kēia 'atikala. Kanaka kua'äina mihi annulled serfdom ma Rusia, i lilo ai i ka 1861. Ua i kekahi o ka loa nui loli 'o ka Auguseto.

Ke kumu o ke kumu

Ke kaulana Alexander 2? Ke abolition o serfdom - ia mea i kona ai. No ke aha lā i loaʻa i ka pono no ka mihi ana i keia hana? Preconditions no kona muli i hana ia ma ka hopena o XVII kenekulia. All papa o ke kaiāulu, noonoo iho la serfdom me ka moekolohe kŰia, i mea he hilahila Rusia. He nui ka makemake makemake e ike i ko lakou aina mea ma luna o ka par me nā'āinaʻEulopa i ka i ka mea,ʻaʻohe hoʻoluhi. No laila, hoomaka ae la ka Lūkini ke aupuni, e manaʻo e pili ana i ka abolition o serfdom.

Ke kumu o kumu no ka mihi:

• Aie i ka mea ole-hoʻomāhuahua ai ka hana o nā serfs (serfdom ilihune hana) ka haku hale hoʻokele waiwai i hele ai i loko o hoole mai oia.
• Serfdom i keakea i ka hooulu ana o ka hana a me ka kuai, iʻole ai i ka mahuahua ma ka kapikala a me ka waiho Rusia i loko o ka waeʻano o nīnūnē'āina.
• Ke make i loko o ka Crimean War (1853-1856 GG.) I Loaʻa ka backwardness o ka? Eia pili aupuni i loko o ka aina.
• Mea ulu ma ka helu o ka haunaele mahiʻai hōʻike i serfdom mea he "ka pauka keg."

mua a me ke kapuai

No laila, ua hoʻomau hou i loaʻa mai mea āna i hana ai Alexander 2. Ka abolition o serfdom i mālama 'mua hou Alexander 1, akā, ike i ke Komite i pehea ia? I kēia mihi. A laila, i kaupalena 'ia Auguseto ma ke kānāwai i loko o 1803 ma ka noa mahiʻai.

I ka 1842, ma Rotehama 1 hoohana i ke kanawai "Ma halaʻole kauwa", e like me a ka haku hale i ka pono, e hookuu aku i nā kūlanakauhale ma ka haawi ana ia lakou i kekahi apana o ka aina. I huli ai oe, i nā kūlanakauhale no ka pono o nā wahi a pau, e halihali conscription i loko o ke aloha o kona haku. Eia naʻe, ua ola i kēia kānāwai no ka lōʻihi, no ka mea, o ka mea nona i i makemake e e lākou serfs.

Great Emperor Alexander ua 2. Ka abolition o serfdom - he mihi nui. ʻO kona mau olelo aʻo, hoomaka ae la i ka 1857. Ke alii ia e lilo Komite o ka'āina, i ka poʻe e e papahana e hoʻoikaika 'i ka kela la i keia ola ana o nā kama'āina. Me kēia mau papa hana, ka Hoʻoponopono Komite kakau iho la oia i ka bila kanawai, a ua i ka noonoo, a kukulu iho la lakou i ka Main Komite.

I ka 1861, Pepeluali 19, Tsar Alexander 2 silaia ma ka Manifesto o ka abolition o serfdom, a i aponoia i ka "hooponopono ma na kauwa hookuuia mai kauwa you." Kēia Auguseto ma ka mōʻaukala i ka inoa o Liberator.

nā makakoho

He aha maikai i hana ai Alexander 2? Ke abolition o serfdom i ke kauhale i kekahi mau kanawai a me ka ka o kānaka e like me ka mea pono, e hele aku i ka Aha, e mare, e komo i loko o ka kivila hana, komo i kalepa, a no laila, ma luna o. Eia naʻe, i kēia mau kanaka i kaupalena 'kīvila o ka hele. Eia hou kekahi, mahiʻai, ua kū hoʻokahi waiwai i hiki ke koiia mai e physical hoopai, a lawe conscription.

Land koe kū i ka waiwai o na landowners a me nā kūlanakauhale, a kau akula ma luna o ke kahua farmstead noho aoao o ke ola, no ka mea, i ka mea i koi 'ia kā lākou mau hana (hana ole i ke kālā), e malama aku ai. Hou lula mai o ka pā kauaʻaneʻane indistinguishable. Ma ke kānāwai, i ka mau kama'āina i ka pono, e hoolapanai mai i ka waiwai a me ka allotment. E like me ka hopena, ka mea, lilo iho la kuokoa mau kama'āina-ona. A laila, i kapaia "ka hulina i" ka mea. Hoolapanai ua like quitrent, haawi mai la no ka makahiki hoonuiia ka 17!

mana Kōkua

He aha alakai nā mea hoʻololi o Alexander 2? Ke abolition o serfdom ua he 'ano huikau kaʻina. Aupuni, e kōkua i ka peasantry hoopii i ho'ākāka ' "hoolapanai hana." Ma hope o ka hoʻouka kekahi i ka allotment, ka haku hale moku'āina uku 80% o kona kumukuai. 20% Ua wahi i kekahi mau kama'āina i loko o ka waihona aie, a lalau iho la oia i ka installments a me ka pono uku aku i loko o 49 makahiki.

Growers hui ma kua'āina nā kaiāulu, a me ka poe, ma ka huli, ua noniakahi i loko o ka County. Field honua nanea i ke kaiāulu. I mea e? Ii ka "uku uku", hoomaka ae la na kauwa, e kōkua kekahi i kekahi.

ua i mahi iwilei kanaka'āina, akā, i loko o nā makahiki ka mea, i ka manawa obligated. Next, i ae la lakou i ka wahi i ke kauhale paha hoʻokiwikā lehulehu. Ma waena kauwa a me landowners e komo i loko o aelike a pau i holo mai i loko o ka "ʻo Samuel." Ua Ua hoʻokumu i ke kia o ka conciliator, ka poe i ike pāonioni ma. Business nā mea hoʻololi alakai "moku'āina Nupepa Affairs ke alo."

waiwai

He aha nō nā kūlana hana ma Alexander mihi 2? Ke abolition o serfdom iho me ka hana i loko o ka ho'āʻo ', i alakaʻi ai i ka hooulu ana o ka makeke ana, i mea, i loko o ka capitalist'āina. E like me ka no o keia loli mālie hoomaka ae la e lilo hou nohona strata o ka heluna - ka bourgeoisie, a me ka proletariat.

No ka mea, o ka loli ma ka kālai'āina, nioeaeuii-yeiiiie? Ola o ka Russian aupuni a pau ma hope o ka abolition o serfdom, ke aupuni, ua, e hoʻoikaika i nā manaʻoi nā mea hoʻololi i alakaʻi ai i ka hou 'o ko mākou'āina i loko o ka bourgeois mō'ī.

Ma ka mihi pokole

ʻO wai ka mea pono i ka abolition o serfdom ma lalo o Alexander 2? Ma Rusia, ma ka waena o ka 19th kenekulia, hoomaka ae la ka huʻi waiwai a me ka nohona ulia, i ke kumu o ka a mea he primitive feudal-feudal aneiai kahua. Kēia nuance i keakea i ka hooulu ana o ka capitalism, a me ka hōʻike 'huina nahā i waena o Rusia a me ka holomua'āina. Loa nui i hoike mai ai ka ulia ia iho i loko o ka Lūkini pio i loko o ka Crimean War.

Feudal ka hanaʻino noke, ma o na la'ōhumu mai i waena o ka mahiʻai, ka pīhoihoi. He nui nā kama'āina holo mai hookupu. Ka lokomaikai hoi o ka hanohano Hoʻohana ihola i ka pono no ka loli.

Ma 1855-1857 GG. King loaa 63 palapala me ka noi no ka hoʻopau o ka serfdom. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, Alexander 2 ike ia ia mea maikaʻi, e wehe i nā kama'āina ma luna o lākou iho pāʻoihana i ka "luna" ma mua o kali no ka insurgency "mai lalo nei".

Kēia mau hanana i wahi e ku e ia i ke kāʻei kua o ka hooikaika ana o ka'ano'ē kemokalaka-hoʻokahuli aupuni Hanalei Moon i loko o ka lehulehu. NA Dobrolyubov a me N. G. Chernyshevsky popularized i nā manaʻo i loaʻa weliweli no kākoʻo mai o ka hanohano.

manao o ke alii ko lakou

No laila, eʻike ano mea o ka olelo hooholo i lawe ia e Alexander 2. nā kumu no ka abolition o serfdom mākou i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna. Ua uaʻike ia i ka manawa ua he loa kaulana Magazine "Contemporary", ma lahilahi i kanaka i ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o Rusia. Ma London, paʻi "Polar Star" a me ka "Bell" - Ua piha iho la lakou me ka manaolana no ke aupuni mō'ī alakai i loko o ka hoʻopau o ka serfdom ma Rusia.

Ma hope o ka noonoo, Alexander 2 hoomaka ae la e hoomakaukau i ka hei ana o ke kua'āina mihi. Ma 1857-1858 GG. Komite o ka'āina i hana, a komo i ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i a me ka holumua 'elele o ka alii ko lakou (NA Milyukov, YI Rostovtsev, a me na mea e ae). Naʻe, i ka bulk o ka aristocracy a me ka gentry kū'ē HOU, a imi iho la e malama i ka nui o ko lakou mau pono. E like me ka hopena, e loli i ke kikoo kanawai hoʻomohalaʻia e ke Komikina.

kulana home 'ole

Heʻoiaʻiʻoʻoe i e hoomanao i na kauwa i noa Alexander 2. Ka abolition o serfdom iki i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o nā' epekema hoonoho. No laila, i ka 1861, ma ka 19 February, ka Auguseto e countersign i ka Manifesto ma ka hoʻopau o ka luhi ideology. State Waihona hoomaka ana o ka uku a hiki i konohiki no ka aina hoWomo i na ona o nā kama'āina. Ka nui mahiai hapa ua like me he 3.3 eka. Ke kauwa i ole i anao? Aou mau mea e kukaʻi, no laila, hoomaka ae la lakou e haehae aina, mai na konohiki, ae uku i kona hana a me ke kala. Kēia nuance Ua mālama kua'āina dependency ma haku, a kauoha ae la i kekahi hoʻi i ka mea kahiko feudal kaila o ka hana.

I loko nō o ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o ke? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka' ē aʻe e piʻi like, i ke kulana o ka Lūkini kua'āina ua nō noho iho i loko o ka loa hana kaumaha moku'āina. State auhau, i ka i koe feudal hoahanau, aie i landowners hampered ka hooulu ana o ka mahiai.

Kanaka kua'äina kaiaulu o ko lākou mau pono i ka'āina, huli i loko o ka lawe ana o unitary pili i hampers oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe ka loa enterprising lala.

prehistory

Aelike, kumu o ka abolition o serfdom ma lalo o Alexander 2 mea he nani kėia. Ka mea mua a me ke kapuai i ka liberation o na kauwa mai e luhi ai kaukaʻi hana Paul Alexander 1 a me 1. lākou nō i ka 1797 a me ka 1803 pakahi kakauinoa i ka Manifesto o ka ekolu-lā corvee, i ua kaupalena 'ia hookupu, a me ke kānāwai ma luna o noa ai growers, a hōʻike i ke kahua o ke kūʻokoʻa kauwa.

Alexander 1 i aponoia i ka polokalamu o A. A. Arakcheeva ma o ka holo loa ana o ka serfdom ma foreclosure Manor mau kama'āina a me kā lākou mau allotments waihona waiwai. Akā, i kēia polokalamu ia i hoʻokō kokoke. Wale nō i loko o ka 1816-1819 biennium. Ua Ua haawiia pono'ī ku okoa ana i kauwa Baltic, akā, me ka'āina.

Nā loina o ka mahiʻai i ka'āina ma ka a, e kūkulu mihi i ka manaʻo nui intersect me VA Kokoreva a me K. D. Kavelina ka poe i loaa he kilakila pane o ke kaiāulu i loko o nā 1850s. Ua ua ike ia Cavelin ma ka "palapala no ke kala ana o na mau kama'āina" (1855)? Aaeaaaaony i nā kūlanakauhale, e kuai i ka aina me ke kokua ana o ka aie a me ka uku i ka uku o ka 5% no ka makahiki no 37 makahiki ma ka hana mahiʻai Bank.

Kokorev puke "ieeeea? I loko o ka ohu" (1859) i kaumaha aku ai, e kuai i ai mahiʻai ma ka mea o ka noonoo e ua kukuluia, ma kekahi ponoi pali. He paipai mahiʻai, e e hele me ka'āina, a me nā landowners, e uku no ka mea, ke kala hoʻohana aie uku mau kama'āina no 37 makahiki.

Ka Ikepili o ka mihi

He nui ka poe akamai i këia mea i Alexander 2. Ka abolition o ka serfdom i loko o Rusia i? Anoee e ke kakaolelo a me ka kahuna lapaau Alexander Skrebitskim, i lawe mai i nā mea a pau i loaʻa ka 'ike ma luna o ka ulu ana o ka mihi i loko o kona puke. Kana hana i paʻiʻia ma ka 60s. XIX kenekulia ma Bonn.

Hope kakaolelo ka poe i aʻo i ka ninau o ke kama'āina, i ka okoa loa ma luna o nā mea i ho'ākāka 'walaʻauʻana o kēia mau kānāwai. No ka laʻana, Pokrovsky mai la oia i ka mea a pau e hoʻoponoʻia no ka hapanui o ka mahiʻai, ua hoemi ia i ka mea i ka mea, i papani ai hoi i kauoha aku inoa ka "serfs." "Koi" Ano, ua kapaia lakou. Formally, ua nānāʻia ka mea, e like me ka noa, akā, i ole hoʻololi i ko lakou ola, a me ka hiki worsened. No ka laʻana, ua lilo konohiki, a hiki hou flog kauwa.

Ka mea kākau moʻolelo i kākau ai i "obligated" kauwa paa manaʻo i kēia makemake - he hoʻopuni. He ua kūkākūkāʻia e ia e hai ma ke alii o ka noa ke kanaka, a ma ka mea ia manawa hoʻomau e uku i ka hoolimalima, a hele aku i ka serfdom - keia outrageous discrepancy,,ʻo noonoo. ʻO ia manao ua, no ka laʻana, kekahi o ka poe akamai loa ua mahaloia ma luna o ka pilikia o ka wa kahiko? Eia o mahiʻai moʻolelo Russian NA Rozhkov, e like me ka helu o nā kākau i kakau iho e pili ana i ko na kauwa.

He nui nā manaʻo i nā kānāwai o Feberuari 1861, 'aelike i hoopau loa ia serfdom, i kona hoʻopau i ka waiwai a me ka nohona kula. Akā, ka mea, wālua i ke alanui no keia, e hiki mai ana ma kekahi mau makahiki.

noʻonoʻo loi

No ke aha la e ai na mea he nui i nema aku i ka noho alii ana o Alexander 2? Ke abolition o serfdom i i makemake i ka'ano'ē wā, a he nui moʻolelo (oi loa Soviet). Ka mea, noʻonoʻo i kēia mihi i ka hapalua, a koi ia ia i ole alakai i ke kala o na mau kama'āina, akā, wale hoakaka i keʻano papa hana o kēia kaʻina hana, a me kaulikeʻole a me ka flawed.

Moʻolelo hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i keia reorganization kōkua ai i nā ke kumu o ka ai-kapaia hamama-kahua'ōnaehana - i ka hana i hoʻokomo 'o ka aina o kekahi kanaka, interspersed me na mea kuka. I mea, ua haawi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o Hawaiʻi ma luna o nā kenekulia. Ua ua i kaʻilihune o ka ikaika redistribution o ke kaiāulu aina,ʻano nui ma nā mākua i loko o nāʻohana oihana keiki.

I mea, ke kua'āina hoohalua ana ma hope o ka reorganization i ka 1861 i hao e na konohiki ma ka helu o nā'āina i ka i lawe aina, mai ka mahiʻai, ina kau no capita ua oi aku i hoakakaia no ka Apana. O ka holo ana, o ka haku hiki, a haawi aku i ka apana o ka'āina, akā, pinepine ia i hana ole. He ma ka nuiʻana mau kama'āina loli ana ma o ka hana ana o ka mihi, a loaa ia haʻawina like i ka mea haahaa kōmi.