Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms kumumea lākou mōʻaukala, mai ka manawa mai o paleofita. He mea no ka mōʻaukala kahiko o ka mea kanu ua wehewehe aku e laha spore. Ka mea, ua i ka papa kuhikuhiE poeikohoia o ka flora. Late Permian wā flora lawe nui loli: e puku i ke au o ka lanahu Swamp me kā lākou mau flora hiki manawa loa kekahi mau mea kanu. Gymnosperms ka oi aku booming a noho alakai kulana i loko o ka wā o ka Mesozoic.

Ka muli o keia pae ana o mea kanu i kekahi e holumua aiʻanuʻu i loko o ka evolutionary kaʻina. Preexisting Fern i ? Aneii kaʻina hana o ka koʻana koko meakino ua koi 'ia. Hoopaapaa, noho mai o ka sporangium i loko o nā hua lepo, germinate prothallia me ka 'īnea i nā loko. Inā i ke kanu mea i loko o ka ulu ana o kekahi ano spores, kekahi o lakou, e ulu mau prothallia: kekahi wahine, a me ka 'ē aʻe me ke kane nā loko. Eia, i ke kaʻina hana o ka fertilization e ana, archegonium - wahine ke keka aeea - mea e hoʻohui i nā kane ke keka aeea, ma keia hihia he elue o ka loaʻa nui o ka wai. He kaʻoi loa kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa wale o ka mea i ka mālama '-nei Fern, a psilophytes Hawaiʻi mai ka wai kanu. Kēia ia hiʻona me ka nui loa kaupalena 'o ka makana o ka mea kanu - kanu hiki wale nō i hoʻomaka ai ma wahi me ka kiʻekiʻe humidity.

Ke hou pūʻulu i nalowale kaukaʻi ma ke alo paha kaawale ana o ka wai. A nā'ōlelo o gymnosperms mea kanu, ua like penei: ka makani hāpai ka pollen a me ka hua? Acaeoey e hele ana ma ka akau, ma o ka maternal kope. Akā, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole ka mea wale pomaikai o keia pae. Inā ka hoopaapaa mea wale 1 ke kelepona hele, i mea i kaupalena 'lako o ka mahuaola, alaila, o ka hua o ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana, ua multicellular, e lako pono lako hou i ka waiwai nui iloko o embryonic ulu. Eia kekahi, i ke alo o ka unahi no ka hua embryo mea he kumu ike loea palekana mai? Aneie ÷ ino. Kēia mau hiʻona hou o ka 'ole i ua nui no ka evolution o na flora; gymnosperms loaa hoonui ae i kūpono no ka? aneii a me ka mālama.

I kēia lā i kēia mau mea kanu i kūlana laeoʻo naʻauao i loko o ka kaʻawale papa. A me ka mea a pau mōʻaukala o lākou? Acaeoey proves ia ia iloko angiosperms mai gymnosperms. A pau iloko o keia pae (gymnosperms) maheleia i eha pauku: ginkgovidnye, gnetophyta, cycad, conifers.

He aha e hoohui mai ia keia hui? He aha nō nā'ōuli o nā gymnosperms? mau laau uuku a me laau, pinepine o ka nui nui a pau o ia mau mea. Kekahi, silnovetvyaschiesya, kapa hoʻohanohano ma ka helu nui o nā lau liʻiliʻi (i e scaly). Others, nae, kānaka manamana ai, akā, me ka nui feathery lau. Xylem me na moku, a me ka aeea-noa phloem hoa - kekahi kāna moʻolelo, he pono ole i ka hapanui gymnosperms. Ka mea, e heterosporous. Ke kinona, ka nui a me ka 'ole o ka micro- a makrosporofill loaʻokoʻa. Free ulu ma kaʻike mau e pakele ai - mai ka primitive hua'amaʻu ma strobilae (pōkole hoi e pana aku) - i kekahi'ē aʻe gymnosperms.

Pollen ili a me ka speck o ka lepo - ia microspores, i ka wahi o ka i - pollen sac. Ka mea, o ko lakou makani hāpai ka wahine gametophyte. Ke ovule ua, ua ulu, ua megaspory. At fertilization ke kane gamete ovule i ka hua. A kiʻiona hiʻona o ka wahine gametophyte - ia'ku i ka dehydration. Ka hua Ua hoʻopuniʻia e ka nutrient hookoe, a hoʻohana i ka zygote i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka germination, akā, ma mua o ka hoouka kaua ana o 'ano kūpono no ka hua i koe i loko o ka maluhia moku'āina. Hua uaʻaʻole i hanaʻia, akā, i ka hua mea hiki ke ulu i keʻano o na manao ona.