Haʻilula ammonia. 'amoniuma hydroxide - koʻana koko ammonia

Ammonia - hydrogen nitride - kekahi o ka loa nui i huiʻia o ka naikokene a me ka hydrogen. He kinoea me ka waihoʻoluʻu akā, me ka pungent ala. Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana Hōʻike' ammonia haʻilula - NH _3. Ka puʻe mahuahua ana a me ka emi i ana wela o ka mea hele aku ai a hiki i kona lilo ana i ka colorless wai. Ammonia kinoea a me kona kākoʻo pāʻoihana e hoʻomano hoʻohana ma ka hana a me ka mahiai. Ka lapaau Ua hoʻohana 10%'amoniuma hydroxide - ammonia.

Ka 'ole o ka lātoma. Electronic ammonia haʻilula

A hydrogen lātoma nitride ua hoʻokino e like me ka pyramid, i ke kumu o ka i ua naikokene palapala hoopaa i ekolu hydrogen nā'ātoma. N-H hoopaa ua ikaika polarized. Naikokene ua ikaika o Laielohelohe ka paa huina'ine paʻa. Nolaila, he io kauoha accumulates ma ka N nā'ātoma, i ka maikaʻi - hoʻomōhala ma hydrogen. Ka naauao o keia kaʻina hoʻolako he kumu hoʻohālike o ka lātoma, ka uila a me ka mall haʻilula o ka ammonia.

Nitride hydrogen ka loa wailana i loko o ka wai (700: 1 i 20 ° C). Me kūpono kou noa protons hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka mau hydrogen "na alahaka" e hoʻohui ma waena o ka lātoma. Hiʻona o ka 'ole a me ka Nine Inch hoopaa no hoi e alakai ai i ka mea i ammonia ua puana liquefied ma ka hoʻoulu i ka manaʻo koikoi a ua hakumakuma i ka mahana (-33 ° C).

Kumu o ka inoa

Kaʻia "ammonia" Ua hoʻolauna i ka me kēia kaiāulu i loko o 1801 ma ke kōkua 'ana o ka Lūkini chemist Ya Zakharova, akā, waiwai maʻa i ke kanaka, mai ka manawa kahiko o ka'āina. Kinoea me ka pungent ala kuu i ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka neoneo huahana o na mea he nui ke aloha i huiʻia, e laʻa me, nā polokina, a urea i loko o ka decomposition o'amoniuma paʻakai. Kakaolelo o ka kemika manaoio i ka waiwai a pau i ka inoa hope o ka mea kahiko o Aigupita akua Amun. Siwa (Amona) o ka ula ma North Africa. Hoʻopuniʻia e ka Libyan wao nahele i nā mea hina o ke kulanakauhale kahiko, a me ka luakini, e hiki mai ana ia i ka mea, ua hoʻokomo kālā o ka'amoniuma koloriside. Kēia waiwai i loko o Europe, i kapaia "paakai o ka Amona." Ua malamaia ka moolelo i ka noho ana o ka ula o Siwa honi ka paʻakai i loko o ka luakini.

hydrogen nitride

English chemist a me ka physicist R. Boyle i ka ho okolohua puhi manure, a nana aku i ke kahua o ke keʻokeʻo uahi, mai ka swab i hooluuia i hydrochloricʻakika, a me ka kūpono hoʻolauna i loko o ka mokulele hēkī o ke kinoea. I ka 1774, kekahi chemist Beritania J. Priestley e lalana ana'amoniuma koloriside me slaked Lime a me ka gaseous anao? Aou. Priestley kapa i huiia "'ākilikai ea", no ka mea, kona kākoʻo pāʻoihana waiwai hōʻike i ka nawaliwali kumu. Loaa wehewehe ka hoao ana Boyle, kahi ammonia ua reacted me hydrochloricʻakika. Paa 'amoniuma koloriside keʻokeʻo ia lŘlŘ ma luna o ka leo o na reactants nā lātoma i loko o ka lewa.

Nine haʻilula o ka ammonia i hoʻonohoʻia ma 1875 K. Berthollet ma Farani ka mea i alakai i ka ho okolohua ma ka decomposition o ka waiwai i loko o kona constituent eiiiiiaiou ma ka pila nui hookuuia. Hiki i keia manawa, ho okolohua Priestley, Boyle Berthollet a paʻi i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, e paka hydrogen nitride a me ka'amoniuma koloriside. Hanalima hana hoʻomohala i ka 1901 ma H. Le Chatelier, loaa ka iaoaioa no ke ano o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka waiwai o ka naikokene a me ka hydrogen.

A pāʻoihana o ka ammonia. Haʻilula a me ka waiwai

Ke koʻana koko ammonia pāʻoihana ua nō kāu kākau i loko o ka palapala o ka hydroxide - NH ₄ OH. He hōʻike mai i nā waiwai o ka nawaliwali mekala 'åkilikai:

• dissociates i Ion NH ₃ + H ₂ O = NH ₄ OH = NH ₄ ^{+ +} OH ^_-;
• phenolphthalein pāʻoihana kohu ka ulaula;
• ua reacted me kaʻakika, e hana i ka paakai a me ka wai;
• precipitates cu (OH) ₂ me he ao alohilohi i uliuli waiwai, i ka wa i hui pūʻia me ka wailana keleawe paʻakai.

Ke equilibrium i loko o ka naoh o ka ammonia me ka wai AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ua hoʻoneʻe i ka wahi ho pono hana. Preheated hydrogen nitride kuni i ka pono i loko o ka oxygen. Ua lŘlŘ naikokene'okesaside i diatomic nā lātoma hoʻomālamalama mai ka waiwai N2. Hoemi waiwai i hōʻike ammonia i loko o ka naoh me ka keleawe'okesaside (II).

Meaning o ka ammonia a me nā pāʻoihana

Nitride o ka hydrogen ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o'amoniuma paʻakai, a nitricʻakika - kekahi o ka nui huahana o ka Nine Inch hana. Ammonia o ka maka mea no ka soda (me nitrate iaoia). Hydrogen maʻiʻo nitride industrially kiaʻana i kāna kākoʻo pāʻoihana ihoiho 25%. I ka mahiʻai, e hoʻohana koʻana koko ammonia. Haʻilula wai a mea hoʻomomona - NH ₄ OH. I ka waiwai ua pololei hoʻohana like me ka luna ua kahikoia a nani. Other ano o enrichment naikokene kamaaina - ka hoʻohana o ka paʻakai o ka'amoniuma nitrates, chlorides, phosphates. Ma hanalima hana kūpono a me ka mahiʻai wahi mea uaʻaʻole pono e hoahu pu fertilizers i loaʻa ka'amoniuma paʻakai me alkalis. I ka haki'ōpala mea hiki ke pane koke me kekahi i kekahi, e hana ammonia, a hookuu ia i loko o ka lewa hakahaka. ʻawahia i huiia he kūlana e loli ai i ka ÷ naehana hanu'ōnaehana, Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu. I ka hui o ka ammonia me ka lewa, mea pahū.