He aha e hana ana i ka kŰia o ka radioactivity? Radioactivity: Becquerel ka loaʻa. Ke kŰia o radioactivity: i ka hoao ana o Rutherford

I ka pau ana o 1895 no ka manawa mua loa ia iʻikeʻia i loko o ka ahakanaka sensational ike e pili ana i ka puka o Conrad Roentgen o ka houʻano o ka pāhawewe. Mau kaola i nä känaka 'epekema kapa i ka X-kukuna hiki wawe ka hele ana oukou ma kekahi mau mea - laau, pepa, a me nā' ikamu i i opaque no Map hionapāʻili. I ka loaʻa o kēia mau kukuna o ka loa hauʻoli loa i ka 'epekema honua. A malia o ia mea no keia mea, i ke ao nei ua i koke i kekahi i kekahi kipi i loko o ke kālaikūlohea - i ka 1896 Anri Bekkerel loaa i ka hou kŰia, oia hoi radioactivity.

Radioactivity. Puka o Becquerel

I ka wā e hiki mai, no kā lākou loaʻa o Antoine Anri Bekkerel , pu me ko lakou mau noho male Curie loaa i ka Nobel uku. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kēia mau kānakaʻepekema, e like me ka Nobel Komite, wehe aʻela ia i ka noho'na makaainana i ulu radioactivity. I kona wā'ōpiopio, Henry loaa ka momona ka hoʻonaʻauao, a hana e like me ka Hope no Aleksandra Bekkerelya, me kona makua kāne. Ka mua scientific ka paʻi o Anri Bekkerelya no hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i kaʻilikai mahana o ka Honua. Ka loaʻa o ka radioactivity Antuanom Bekkerelem hiki nui hope. Prior i keia, he nä känaka 'epekema hoʻoili ma ka noiʻi o ka luminescence kŰia o ka malamalama polarization, i ke omo o ka malamalama nā pōaka. Hope o na mau mea i lawe mai Becquerel doctorate i loko o ke kālaikūlohea. Ma hope, Becquerel loaʻa i ka hapa o ka pāhawewe i kekahi mau kukuna, a ma kā lākou mau akua oiaio loa i like loa me ka X-Ray. He loaʻa i ina ia i loko o nā hoʻokolohua o ka uranium, ka pāhawewe Ua oi loa aku kou mana.

I ka moolelo o ka loaʻa o ka radioactivity: Hou noiʻi

Mariya Kyuri i kekahi i kekahi haumāna no Becquerel. I hoike ai oia i ka kŰia o ka radioactivity mai kekahi waiwai - thorium. I ia manawa ko laua wahi, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma ke kŰia o ka radioactivity. Ma ka halawai, nā lālā o ka Palani Academy o Sciences Becquerel hōʻike i kona kahaha ko oukou naau loaʻa.

He haiʻepekema mea mau kukuna i ua weheia ia ia, hiki spontaneously komo iloko o kekahiʻili kai. I kā lākou waiwai, ka mea, e like me ka X-Ray. Spontaneously, me kekahi ha awina, keia pāhawewe ke hele mai, mai kekahi mau waiwai. ʻepekema, ua ike ia ia mea ano o ka waiwai o kona haku mele 'ana i komo uranium. A Becquerel kapa i kēia 'ano o ka uranium pāhawewe.

He aha nō hōʻike i ka kŰia o ka radioactivity?

Ka loaʻa o ka radioactivity heleʻaneʻane nō i loko o ka malu o ka noiʻi o nā kānakaʻepekema. Akā, laila, i kapaʻia kēia mau kukuna pāhawewe. Ua Ua loaʻa i ole wale ka hiki o ka uranium kī ana pāhawewe o keia ano keia ano, he waiwaiʻia a me nā waiwai. I mea, ua loaʻa i kekahi o ka hiʻona'āina i loko o ke kālaikūlohea, no ka mea, o ka kŰia o radioactivity, loaa e Becquerel, paipai i ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma mai he nui loa luna '' ole.

He hana hoihoi 'ia no ka kŰia mea āna i loaa loa ai ma ka ulia, he nä känaka' epekema i i hookoia ka Nobel maluhia uku no ia mea, i ka Curies loaa ma ka lōʻihi titanic hana. Akā, i kēia mau kānakaʻepekema i kumu kāki like loiloi. Eia naʻe no nā mea a pau, i ka hana o keia ano keia ano no kaʻepekema,ʻaʻole ia ma ka makehewa. I ka 1906, make iho la o Per Kyuri, a me Becquerel ola ia ia ma nā wale nō makahiki, hehi iho la i ka makahiki o ka 57 makahiki.

Ke scientific kipi i loko o ke kālaikūlohea

I ka maʻi pūhā, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma ke kŰia o ka radioactivity, noho hamama no ka lōʻihi manawa. Ka like o keia nane i hoomau honua-kaulana chemists mare hui - Mariey Sklodovskoy a me Pierre Curie. Lakou pono aʻo i ka hou kŰia. Ka inoa "radioactivity" Ua kono ia Mariey Kyuri-Sklodowska University.

No ka nui kānakaʻepekema i ka hopena o ka noiʻi ua loa untenable ka kahiko kiʻi o ko ke ao nei. Ma hope o ka mea i manaoio aku i ka'Ātoma mea he hookahi a me ka indivisible huna ia. He aha e hana ana i ka kŰia o radioactivity, maoli? Mua o nā mea a pau, e hōʻike i ka fallacy o ka pähola 'ana o indivisible nā'ātoma. Kēia nānaina ola mai ka manawa o kahiko Greek puni hoʻonaʻauao. Aia hoʻi, ka inoa "'Ātoma" ua unuhi ia mai ka olelo Helene, o like "indivisible". No laila, radioactivity like hoike o ka luna ''ātoma' ole o ka Kora naʻEsau Hōʻike i ka'Ātoma i ka loa luna '' ole. Ma ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka hou hehee wale ia allocates acee? Iuo oeiia o ka pāhawewe: Alpha, Hoʻokolohua a me ka gamma pāhawewe.

Rutherford ka hoihoi i loko o ka pilikia o ka radioactivity

Kekahi o ka mea nui nā haʻawina a hiki i ka ike o ka radioactivity i wahahee e kānakaʻepekema Ernest Rutherford. He Ua hanau ia ma 1871 ma New Zealand mahiʻai 'ohana. I ka 1896, Rutherford ka loaʻa mai i kapa English nä känaka 'epekema. "Ka kŰia o ka radioactivity, loaa e Becquerel, Hōʻike i ka'Ātoma hiki ke maheleia i na hapa," - keia postulate mea ai hoihoi i loko o ka opiopio Rutherford, i mua i ka 1899 paʻi i kona hana mua ma ka uranium a me kona uila conductivity. Kēia like i ka hoʻomaka o ke ao o Rutherford nukelea loli 'a me ka loaʻa o ka'ātoma nucleus.

I ka like o ka loko o ke'Ātoma

I ka 1911, Rutherford o kekahi o ka loa poʻokela discoveries i i i kona kaulana ma ka honua. Epekema'ātoma nucleus i ike. Rutherford i ka mea mahuʻi i ka'Ātoma i komo ikaika i hoopiiia nucleus, a me ka mea, ua hoʻopuniʻia (particles) o ke alo kauoha. Rutherford pōpilikia oaeuiinoe ei (particles) i lele'Ātoma i hala iho nei. Ka hou ho o ke nä känaka 'epekema i' ae 'ia e ka' epekema kaiāulu i-Liloa. Eia naʻe, ua lilo iho la ia i ke kumu no ka laekahi kumumanaʻo o'ātoma 'ole.

Hope apono o Rutherford ka kuhiakau

Ke nä känaka 'epekema loa aʻo radioactivity like me ka physical kŰia. E like me ka hopena, oia kaupaona i nā i ka luna 'haku mele' ana a me ka 'ole o ka uranium loaʻa loa ikaika ka hoʻokemuʻana i nā kukuna. Lākou Rutherford kapa Alpha kukuna. ʻepekema Ua ua wehe i emi ma mua o pulu i na kukuna, a kapa aku la ia i ka Hoʻokolohua-kukuna.

Ma kana mau palapala, noiʻi hoʻomau e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma mua o ka hoao i loko o nā hana o ka Curies ka kŰia o ka radioactivity. Rutherford Experience ua hoike ia ka'ātoma radioactivity mea he kŰia i ua pu ma Nine Inch ka hoʻololi 'ana o ka waiwai. Ma ke ao mālama 'ia ma keʻano neʻepapa me ka chemist Soddy, i ka 1903, Rutherford hope hōʻoia ana i kona kuhiakau. He ua kālaiʻia i ke kānāwai o radioactive palaho, a me ka pena i ka lei o Nine Inch reactions i ka waiwai e like me uranium, radium a me ka thorium.

He aha i ka hana o Rutherford?

Nä känaka 'epekema i ka ike o ka lakou hoopuehu ana o Alpha (particles). Kā lākou mea ulana lole e hele ma waena o ka lahilahi ahu iho la ka gula pepa kini. Rutherford kohoʻia ke gula me ka kumu: ka mea, ua kaʻoi loa i kēia mea ua loa'ōlewa, a no ka mea, ua hiki ke loaa i kekahi, ahu iho mānoanoa o kūpono kou hoʻokahi'Ātoma. Iloko o ka hoʻokolohua, Rutherford loaa ke kēia mau loina. Kekahi o ka, alpha (particles) a kaahele lakou ma ka pepa kini, ho okumu i ka pale blur.

'Ē aʻe e wale kākau ma kaʻaoʻao pale. Previous noiʻi Ua hōʻike i ka maikaʻi mālama i loko o ka'Ātomaʻano nui aia i loko o kona Kora naʻEsau, kahi i hookaawale i ka kāna mau 'ōlelo a me kekahi mau nā'ātoma nunuiʻanuʻu. A kŰia ma a ka Nine Inch waiwai ka mea i kapaʻia he nui spontaneously kī ana penetrating hiki ana o na (particles) kŰia o maoli radioactivity. Ano, ua ike ia, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma ke kŰia o ka radioactivity. Ua Ua loaʻa i ke'Ātoma ka nucleus hāʻawi me ka hiki, e disintegrate spontaneously.

Fission kaula naoh

Rutherford kekahi hoike i kekahi mau kumu hoohalike o radioactive ka palaho. No ka laʻana, ka wā mokuahana kaumaha nuclei, ke'ākoʻakoʻa i ke kahua o kekahi mau noa neutrons. No laila, hiki ke i hoʻonohonoho 'ia nä känaka' epekema kapa fission kaula naoh. I ka mea noa neutrons hoʻopulapula i loko o ka meakino i he kaumaha hehee wale hoʻonāukiuki hou neutrons. Inā keia a puni, ua wehewehe aku ma ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o neutrons, ke kaʻina mea me he avalanche. A hiki i ka helu ana o neutrons Ua lawa, alaila, ke kaula naoh i nā converges i Aʻohe. Ke i hoʻomākaukauʻia, ai ka nukelea naoh ia i kākoʻo 'ia ma kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni mea, i kapaʻia ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma.