Kyuri Per: akeakamai e piʻi like. Nobel uku no ke kālaikūlohea, Pierre a me Marii Kyuri

Per Kyuri (May 15, 1859 - April 19, 1906) ua he Palani physicist, he paionia i loko o crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity a me ka radioactivity.

ka pomaikai moʻolelo

Ma mua o ia hui i ka noiʻi o kana wahine - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Per Kyuri i mua lohe nuiʻia, a ua mahaloia ma ke ao ana o ke kālaikūlohea. Together me kona kaikaina Jacques, oia ike i ka kŰia o piezoelectricity, ma ke aniani hiki e uila polarized, a invented ka pōaka unahi. Kana hana ma ka symmetry o nā pōaka a me nā hoʻoholo 'ia ma ka pilina ma waena o magnetism a me ka wela no hoi i ua apono ia ma ka' epekema kaiāulu. He pili ana i ka Nobel lua i ka 1903 ma ke kālaikūlohea me Anri Bekkerelem a me kana wahine Mariey Kyuri.

Pierre a me kana wahine i moekolohe ke kūlana kī i loko o ka loaʻa o ka radium a me ka polonium, waiwai i loaa mai iaʻu ka he nui hopena ma manaʻo kanaka me ka mea hiki, a nukelea waiwai. Ko laua mare ana hoʻokumu 'epekemaʻana: lilo i hoʻi i nā keiki a me nā moʻopuna a kaulana physicists loa-ikeiaʻepekema.

Marie a me Per Kyuri: A Kawaihae

Pierre i hānau i loko o Paris, Farani, i loko o ka ohana o Sophie-Kler Depui, i ke kaikamahine o ka hola ona, a me Kauka Eugene Curie, freethinking kauka. Kona makua kāne kākoʻo i ka ohana o ka uku 'inikua hana, ka poʻe e māʻona i kona aloha o ka' epekema. Ezhen Kyuri ua he idealist, a me ka staunch Republican, a hoʻokumu i ka haukapila no kaʻeha i ke kamaʻilio o 1871.

Pierre loaa i kona mālama '-kulanui hoʻonaʻauao' ana ma ka hale. Ua ao mai mua ma kona makuwahine, a laila, - makua kāne a me kona kaikuaʻana, Jacques. He oi loa makemake i ka hele i ke kula, kahi Pierre ke malama, a aʻo e pili ana i mea kanu a me nā holoholona, ulu ke aloha o ka maoli, malamaia ma kona wa e ola ana, a ua i kona wale? Aaoee a me ka hoʻomaha i kou hope 'epekema' oihana. I kona makahiki 14, i hoike mai i ka welelau o ka ikaika o ke kiʻi sciences, a hoomaka ae la këia me ke Kumu o ka makemakika, ka mea i kokua ia ia, e hoʻomōhala i kona makana i loko o keia hahau, o ka oi aku māhele e hoohalike ai.

keiki Curie kiaʻi hoʻokolohua 'ana i mālamaʻia e kona makua kāne, a ua loaʻa ka penchant no ka mana haʻawina.

Of pharmacists ma ke kālaikūlohea

Pierre ike i loko o ke kahua o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika lawe mai iā ia i loko o 1875. kēkelē o Science degere ma ka makahiki o ka umikumamaono.

I kona makahiki 18, oia loaa he like paha degere ma ka Sorbonne, iʻikeʻia e like me ke Kulanui o Paris, akā,ʻaʻole koke komo i ka doctoral polokalamu ma muli o ka nele o ke kālā. Akā,ʻo ia i mālama i ke keʻena hoʻokolohua hope ma kona Alama mater i ka 1878, e lilo ana ka Hope Paul Desena, kuleana no keʻena hoʻokolohua hana o nā haumāna-physicists. Ia kona kaikaina Jacques hana i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua o mineralogy ma ka Sorbonne, a hoomaka ae la lakou i ka hoʻomāhuahua ai wā o ka elima makahiki o ka 'epekema laulima.

holomua ka mare

I ka 1894, Pierre halawai mai la me ia i kona wā e hiki mai wahine - Mariey Sklodovskoy, ka mea i aʻo ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika ma ka Sorbonne, a mare ia July 25, 1895, ua i ka mea kanawai mareʻana. Loaa like me ka ahaaina mare makana dala Maria hoʻohana no ka mea kūʻai o nā poʻe kau paikikala, a i ka hui i ka mare hele i ka Farani'āina, a me ka poe e noho ana i ko lakou iniiaiie kumu o ka? Aaoee no na makahiki. I ka makahiki 1897, ka mea, i ke kaikamahine, a he mau lā ma hope, make ihola Pierre ka makuahine. Dr. Curie hoʻoneʻe i nā'ōpio hui, a kōkua lawe mālama i kaʻu moopuna kaikamahine, Iren Kyuri.

Pierre a me Marie hoolilo ia ia iho i ka 'epekema hana. Together ka mea, hōʻike 'polonium a me ka radium, he paionia' i loko o ke ao o ka radioactivity, a ua i ka mea mua, e hoʻohana i kēia makahiki. Ma kana mau hana, a me ke kaulana doctoral ia hoʻi Maria, ka mea hoʻohanaʻikepili mai i ka 'ikepili koʻikoʻi piezoelectric electrometer, hana e Pierre a me kona kaikaina Jacques.

Per Kyuri: A Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema

I ka 1880,ʻo ia, a me kona kaikuaʻana Jacques i hōʻike ai i ka mīkini'opihia o ka uilaʻia i ke aniani, piezoelectricity. Soon hope (ma ka makahiki 1881 i ka makahiki) ua, ua hōʻike ka mea ku pono ia: na nā pōaka hiki ke ino ma ka pila nui kahua. Ua aneane pau kikohoʻe uila no i keia la hoʻohana i kēia kŰia i loko o ka palapala o ke aniani oscillators.

Prior i kona kaulana doctoral ia hoʻi ma luna o magnetism no anaʻume mākenēki coefficients Palani physicist ua ulu a ua paʻa i ka loa ikepili koʻikoʻi torsion koena. Lākou nā loli i hoʻohana ', a hahai ma ka noiʻi i loko o kēia kahua.

Pierre aʻo ferromagnetism, paramagnetism a me ka diamagnetism. He ike aku, a hōʻike i ke kaukaʻi ana o ka waiwai hiki o ka magnetized ma ka wela, i ike i keia la me ka Curie kānāwai. Ke a eia i loko o kēia kānāwai ua kapaia ka Curie a eia i. Pierre i ike i ferromagnetic waiwai i ka pilikia wela o ke hoʻololi, ma luna a lakou i kona ferromagnetic waiwai i lilo aku. O kŰia ua kapaia ka Curie wahi.

A rula a i ua kālaiʻia Per Kyuri, i ke ao ana o ka symmetry, mea i physical 'ole hiki i asymmetry, o ka nele o ka mea, e hookomo ana. No ka laʻana, huikau ka hui ana o ke one ma weightlessness asymmetryʻaʻohe (one mea isotropic). Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka umekaumaha aie a hiki i ka asymmetry o ke kula ao ao aicieeaao. Grits "i hoʻokaʻina '" ma ka pa apŘ, a maoli he i ka hohonu. Akā, i kēia hou huna kuhikuhi interposition one maoli Hōʻike 'ka asymmetry o ka gravitational kula, e kauoha ana i ke kaawale ana.

radioactivity

Pierre ¶ Marie o ka radioactivity hana i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hopena o ka X-kukuna a me Anri Bekkerelya. I ka 1898, ma hope o nui noiʻi, ka mea, kaunana polonium, a he mau mahina ma hope - radium, ka hoʻokaʻawale '1 g. O keia Nine Inch hehee ai o ka uraninite. Eia hou kekahi, ike aku la lakou i ka Hoʻokolohua kukuna i negatively kauoha (particles).

I ka puka ana o Pierre, a Marii Kyuri i kauoha mai nui ke kākoʻo 'ana. 'Aʻole lawa ka ke kālā, a me ka hoola ia ma luna o kekahi kaʻao ka koina, e hana ka mea, Bike. Aia hoʻi, ke kumu o ka uku i ka palena haʻahaʻa, akā, i ka hui i hoʻomau ai i kānakaʻepekema, e hoʻolaʻaʻia lā i ko lākou manawa a me ke kala ana i ka noiʻi 'ana.

Ka loaʻa o ka polonium

Ka malu o ko lākou lawelaweʻana ma ka ana mau eheu Curie hou iaoia o Nine Inch Ka Ikepili, ma muli o pololei ana o ka pāhawewe. Kēlā me kēia waiwai i kauʻia ma luna o kekahi o na papa o ka mea pihana, a me ka electrometer ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka piezoelectric pōaka, a ana aʻelaʻo ia ea conductivity. Kēia mea He hapaʻauhau i ka maʻiʻo o kaʻeleu waiwai e like me uranium a thorium.

Ka hui i kulana kupono mai i ka nui helu o ka pili 'o Randy oʻaneʻane i ikeia hehee wale, a ike ia wale uranium a me ka thorium mea radioactive. Aka hoi, ua hoʻoholo ihola ka mea, e ana i ka pāhawewe kinoea ma na mea e hooheheeia, mai a i extracted uranium a me ka thorium, e like me halkolit a me ka uraninite. Na mea i eliia hoike mai ha awina i ua 2,5 manawaʻoi aku ma mua ia o ka uranium. Ma hope o lapaʻau me kaʻakika koena, a me hydrogen sulfide, ka mea ike i kaʻeleu waiwai i loko o nā mea a pau reactions pu bismuth. Aka hoi, ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka hapa mahele, 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka bismuth sulfide Ua emi yiaeaiiacaaeneiie ma mua o ka sulfide mea he hou hehee ai, a lakou i ka inoa o polonium i loko o ka hanohano o Marii Kyuri'āina o Poland.

Radium, pāhawewe, a me ka Nobel uku

December 26, 1898 a me Jacques Curie Bemoni, poo o ka noiʻi i loko o ka "kulanakauhale School o Lolina ke kālaikūlohea a me kemika", ma kona hoike ana i ka Academy o Sciences hai i ka loaʻa mai o ka hou hehee ai, a lakou i ka inoa o radium.

Palani physicist, a me kekahi o kana mau haumana no ka manawa mua hoike i ka ikaika o ka'Ātoma, loaa ia makou he ana wela pāhawewe (particles) Puhi iho loaa hehee ai. He pū hoʻokolokolo i ka pāhawewe o radioactive waiwai, a me ke kōkua oʻume mākenēki mahinaʻai,ʻo ia ua hiki ke hooholo i kekahi o ka kinoea (particles) e ikaika i hoopiiia, i ka 'ē aʻe - i loko o ka io, oiai kekahi poe e ae'ākilikai. A ike ka mea, alpha, Hoʻokolohua a me ka gamma pāhawewe.

Curie pili ana i ka Nobel lua i loko o ke kālaikūlohea i ka 1903 a me kana wahine, a me Anri Bekkerelem. Ua Ua hookoia i loko o nā wahi o ka halawai hana ka mea, mamuli ma kā lākou mau ea pāhaweweʻike manaʻo loaa e Kumu Becquerel.

nā makahiki

Per Kyuri, kona discoveries initially i ole hoʻomano maliuʻia i loko o Farani, a i ole ae ia ia e lawe i ka noho ana o physical kemika a me mineralogy ma ka Sorbonne, hele aku la i Geneva. Ke neʻe aku i ka hoʻololi 'ana i na mea i hiki ke wehewehe ma kona leftist manao a me nā hoa pāonioni ma luna o nā kānāwai o ka Apana Repubalika i pili i ka' epekema. Ma hope o kona candidacy i hooleiia aku auanei oe ma ka 1902, i ka 1905 ia i hoʻokomo i ka Academy.

Ke prestige o ka Nobel lua i ua paipaiʻia o ka Palani hale kanawai i ka 1904, e hookupaa nui ae i ka hou professorship no Curie ma ka Sorbonne. Pierre olelo mai la oia i i noho i loko o ke kula o ke kālaikūlohea, oiai e haule ana e ole e maopopo uku kālā ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua me ka pono helu o nā kānaka kōkua. Kona koi i halawai, a me Maria alai ai i kona keʻena hoʻokolohua.

Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka 1906, Per Kyuri ua makaukau, ma hope, no ka manawa mua, e hoʻomaka ka hana i loko o kupono keia, a he mea la ua maʻi a me ka loa māluhiluhi.

April 19, 1906 ma Paris, i ka aina awakea wanaao ae, e hele mai i ka halawai me nā hoapili ma ka Sorbonne, maalo ae la oia pakika mai ka ua ka rue, Dauphine Curie pahee ma ke alo o ka lio kaa. Ke nä känaka 'epekema make i loko o ka ulia. Kona untimely make, naʻe lono kaumaha, nae, kokua aku la ia ia e pakele i ka make, mai ka mea e Per Kyuri ikeia - pāhawewe waiū, a me ka hope pepehi i kana wahine. Ka hui i ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o ka lua pao o ka Pantheon i loko o Palika.

I ka hoʻoilina o ka nä känaka 'epekema

Ke radioactivity o radiumʻo ia ia he paʻakikī mea pepehi Nine Inch hehee ai. Epekemaʻike ihola ia ma hope o ka hana ana o ka waiwai, e ka mālamalama hoike dekere, Panel, hangʻia, a me nā mea hana i loko o ka kakahiaka iwakālua kenekulia wale hoomaka e i ka hopena ma luna o ke ola o technicians a me nā mea kūʻai mai. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻohana 'radium koloriside ma ka lapaau no ka iapaau ana o ka maʻi' aʻai.

Polonium Ua loaa i keʻano o ka mea hiki palapala noi ma ka hanalima, a nukelea iauaeoia. Ua ua iʻikeʻia e e loaʻawahia, a hiki ke hoʻohana i ka make. Paha ka mea nui o kona hoʻohana like me ka neutron kaula hō'ā no nukelea mea kaua.

Ma ka hanohano o Pierre Curie ma ka Radiology Ahaolelo Lahui i ka 1910 ma hope o ua, ua kapaʻia ka make ana o ke kālaikūlohea pa alima o ka radioactivity like i 3.7 m October ¹⁰ disintegrations no lua 'ole 37 gigabecquerels.

Scienceʻana

Children a me ka moopuna o physicists ua lilo nō hoʻi ia koʻikoʻi ma ka noiʻi. Lākou mau kaikamahine, Irene mare Frederika Zholio i ka makahiki 1935 mamuli, hookahi ka mea loaa i ka Nobel makana i loko o kemika. Ke kaikaina kaikamahine Eva, i hanauia ma ka 1904, mare i Amelika diplomat a me ka luna hoʻokele o ka un Children ka dala. Ua o ke kumu o ka Kawaihae mai o kona makuwahine, "Madame Curie" (1938), unuhi 'ia i loko o kekahi mau' ōlelo.

Moʻopuna wahine - Helene Langevin-Joliot - lilo i Kumu o nukelea ke kālaikūlohea ma ke Kulanui o Paris, a me kana moopuna ia - Pierre Joliot-Curie, a kapaʻiaʻo ia ma ka hanohano o kona kupuna kāne - he luawai-ike biochemist.