He aha ka mea i kapaia ke kino? Meaola: Definition

He aha ka mea i kapaia ke kino, a pehea ia i kekahi, mai nā mea i loko o maoli? Ma lalo o kēia manaʻo ike ola kino, i ka mea i ai iiiaanoaa o ka waiwai. Ka mea,ʻike i ka meaola mai ole-ola mea. I unuhi 'ia mai ka Roma organismus o ia hoʻi, "hai aku slender Look," "hooponopono". Ka loa ka inoa hoʻohuʻu i kekahi 'ole o kekahi meaola. Kēia noiʻi epa me ka kālaimeaola waeʻano. Ola meaola e luku mai i loko o kā lākou 'ano. Me kekahi kanaka e komo i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o? Ueo a me populations. Ma nā hua'ōlelo - ia mea he mall pa alima o ka kekahi hae o ka poʻe e ola ana. No ka maopopo i ua kapaia ke kino, ka mea e e wehe mai o kekahi, ao ke ano.

General Mea Maluna

Ka meaola i ho'ākāka 'loaʻokoʻa ma wehewehe kona o Mānoa, he o aeee. Poe akamai i kuhikuhi i na vnesistematicheskie waeʻano o nä mea:

•,? A;

• multicellular.

Ma kekahi pūʻulu kaawale o ka noho kaʻawale waena therebetween waeʻano like panalāʻau o unicellular meaola. Lākou kaʻana like i loko o ka mau hoohalike i loko o ka ole-nukelea a me ka nukelea. No ka pono o ka mea a pau kēia mau mea i haawi ma mau pūʻulu. Mahalo i kēia mahele i loko o nā waeʻano o ka meaola ola (kālaimeaola papa 6) i ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o ka nui liluwelo kahua Mea Maluna.

Ka manaʻo aeea

Ka wehewehena o "meaola" ua inseparably ua hoʻopili i ka waeʻano i ka halepaahao. He ka walaʻauʻana pa alima o ke ola. Ia aeea o ka oiaio lawe ana o na waiwai a pau o ka meaola ola. I maoli nā mea hoʻomaʻi wale i mea ole-ke kelepona hele palapala, mai i ia i loko o kona 'ole. Kēia walaʻauʻana pa alima o ke ola a me ka 'ole o ke ola meaola komo i ka totality o na waiwai a meʻano papa hana o ka pūnao. Cell Ua hiki hoi ke kuokoa ola, a me ka hooulu ana o ka hoʻoponopono-nā'ōlelo.

I ka manaʻo o ka meaola ola ka oluolu, e pono i loko o na mea he nui koʻohune a me protozoa, a i hookahi-aa? Meaola a me multicellular fungi, mea kanu, na holoholona, ec i ka ai iiiaanoaa o kēia mau huahelu o ke ola. Okoa aeee i kā lākou mau 'ole. Penei, he haku mele kikowaena prokaryotic organelle e like me ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku, plasmalemma, ke kelepona hele pa, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasmid nucleoid, flagellum, inu ana. Ma eukaryotes, ma laila nō ka hahai organelles: ka nucleus, nukeleaʻili lahilahi, ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, vacuoles, vesicles, ke kelepona heleʻili lahilahi.

Ke liluwelo ka wehewehena o "meaola" uaʻimi ana i ka pauku holoʻokoʻa o kēia 'epekema. 'Ole a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ko lākou ola pū i loko o cytology. Ma nā makahiki, ka mea, ua oi pinepine kapa aeea kālaimeaola.

,? a? meaola

Ka manaʻo o "hookahi-aa? Meaola" mea i manaoia ole-systemic waeʻano o ka mea, i ke kino, he hoʻokahi wale nō aeea. It nā:

• prokaryotes mea e ole i formalized ka halepaahao nucleus a me ka 'ē aʻe na organelles me membranes. Ka mea nele i ka nukeleaʻili lahilahi. Ka mea, i osmotrofny a me autotrophicʻano o kaʻai (kāʻamaʻai a me ka chemosynthesis).

• eukaryotes, a i aeea i loaʻa kāna mau 'ōlelo.

Ua Ua nui maliuia mai i hookahi-aa? Meaola i ka mea mua e noho ana ma luna o mākou meaola Honua. ʻepekema,ʻo ka loa kahiko o ia he archaea a me ka koʻohune. Unicellular protists i kekahi pinepine haawiia i - eukaryotic meaola, a i ole komo i loko o ka waeʻano o fungi, mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

multicellular meaola

Multicellular meaola, ua pili loa pili ka wehewehena o a me ke kahua o ka hoʻokahi a pau, Ua nui oi luna 'hookahi-aa? Mea. Kēia kaʻina ninoieo o ka differentiation o na hale a likeʻole, i loaʻa na keena, nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko. I ka ho okumu ana o ka multicellular meaola maupaʻa kaawale ana a me ka hoʻohui 'ia o kekahi mau hana i loko o ontogeny (kanaka,) a me ka phylogeny (mōʻaukala ulu).

Multicellular meaola i haku no na mea he nui keena, he nui no i oko i 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo. Nā 'ia wale nō ke kumu aeee (i loko o na holoholona) a me ka cambium aeee (ma ka mea kanu).

Multicellular a koloniala

Ke kālaimeaola distinguishes multicellular meaola a me nā panalāʻau o hookahi-aa?. I loko nō o ka kekahi similarity o kēia kanaka e noho ana, he mea pono kīvila kanakaʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou:

• multicellular meaola - mea he kaiāulu o na mea he nui kekahi mau keena e i kā lākou mau 'ole a me ka hana i hana'. Kona kino ua i mai kekahi fabrics. No keia meaola i ka nui oi aku o ka hoʻohui 'ia o aeee. Ka mea, i kapa hoʻohanohanoʻia lākouʻano.

• panalāʻau o unicellular iloko o ka ia keena. Ka mea, e kokoke ole e puunaue'aʻaʻa.

Ka palena ma waena o ka koloniala a me multicellular ka heluheluʻana. Ma ke ano maoli, he mea ola meaola e like me Volvox, i loko o kona 'ole mea he panalaau ia o ka hookahi-aa?, Akā, ka mea, i ka somatic a me ka generative keena, a oko mai kekahi i kekahi. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka mea mua multicellular meaola iʻikeʻia ma luna o mākou Honua makahiki wale 2.1 ieeeea?. Aku nei.

Oko meaola mai lifeless kino

I ka manaʻo o ka "meaola ola" pili ia i ka luna 'Nine Inch haku mele' ana o ka mea. Ua loaʻa nā polokina, a nukelea nāʻakika. Ma keia la oia i kekahi, mai ka kino o ka mea ola 'ano. Ka mea, i ka oko ao ma ka totality o kona waiwai. I loko nō o ka mea e hoi e komo i ke kino ola i ka helu o physicochemical waiwai, i ka manawa "meaola" mai nā 'oi aku ka nui' ano. Ka mea, ua ikaika nui ae like.

No ka maopopo i ua kapaia ke kino, ka mea, ua pono i ka noiʻi i kona waiwai. No ka mea, i ka i kēia 'ano:

• pūnao, i nā mana lako (hokii o ka mahuaola), koho (ia auoiaea a me nā palapala neoneo huahana), i ka neʻeʻana (loli o ke kulana o ke kino a me kona mau'āpana i loko o ka lewa).

• ka pokole a me ka aaioee o ka 'ike, i nā irritability a me ka uunu nui, hiki e ike i ka mawaho, a na lepa, a selectively pane ia ia.

• nā kūpuna mai, hiki hoolilo kā lākou poʻe keiki, na hoailona a me variability, i mea hookaawale iwaena o ke kanaka o ka mea hookahi? Ueo.

• Development (irreversible loli ma ke ola) ulu (ka hoomahuahua i ka nui a me ke kaupaonaʻana ma muli o ka biosynthesis), nā'ōlelo (pāʻani e like iho).

Mea Maluna ma ke kumu o ka halepaahao 'ole

Poe akamai i kaʻana 'ia e nāʻano o nā meaola e noho ana ma luna o 2 superkingdom:

• mālama '-nukelea (prokaryotes) - evolutionarily iniiaiie, ka loa hemahema hoiʻano o ke keena. Ka mea, ua ka mea, ka poe i ka mua ano o ola meaola ma ka Honua.

• nukelea (eukaryotes), loko mai o nā prokaryotes. He He oi holomua ʻano o ka halepaahao i ka nucleus. Most ola meaola ma luna o mākou Honua, a me kānaka, i eukaryotic.

Nukelea superkingdom, ma ka huli, ua maheleia i eha aupuni:

• protists (parafilitiechskaya hui), i nā kūpuna no nā mea a pau'ē aʻe meaola e noho ana;

• Fish;

• mea kanu;

• holoholona.

No ka prokaryotes nā:

• koʻohune me cyanobacteria (uliuli-uliuli līoho);

• archaea.

Ke ano helehelena o kēia mau meaola i:

• i emi kana hoopukaia ka nucleus;

• imua o ka flagella, vacuoles, plasmids;

• ke alo o ka hale a ma i kāʻamaʻai ia lŘlŘ;

• ke ano o ka pilikia ka pua;

• ka nui o ka ribosome.

I loko nō o ka mea i pau meaola oko i loko o ka helu o ke keena a me kā lākou specialization, e wehewehe aku nā mea a pau eukaryotic keena ma ka kekahi similarity o ka 'ole. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku ma ka hoʻomaopopo like me Kinohi, no laila, i kēia pae mea he monophyletic taxon o ka lani kiekie loa o ka huakaʻi. E like me kānakaʻepekema, eukaryotic meaola iʻikeʻia ma ka Honua ma kahi o 2 miliona. Makahiki aku nei. Ka nui a Mānoa pâʻani 'o ia i loko o ko lākouʻano symbiogenesis ia ho i ka symbiosis ma waena o ka halepaahao me ka nucleus a me ka hiki ana o phagocytosis, ia Komo a me ka koʻohune. Ka mea, ua i ka mua o kēia mau mea nui organelles like chloroplasts a me mitochondria.

Mezokarioty

Ma ke ano maoli, ma laila nō e noho meaola i nā puke ma waena o prokaryotes a me eukaryotes. Ka mea, i kapaʻia mezokariotami. Ka mea, oko mai o ia mau mea i loko o ka hoʻolālā o ka aaiaoe i hoʻomākaukauʻia. Kēia pūʻulu o meaola nā dinoflagellates (dinoflagellates). Ka mea, i ka differentiated nucleus, akā, i loko o ka 'ole o ke keena i ka malamaia hiʻona o ka primitiveness i mea hoʻomaopop' ana i loko o ka nucleoid. E kikokiko i ka hui ana o ka aaiaoe nakeke o kēia mau meaola ua ole wale ike like me ka hoʻololi, akā, no hoi me he kuokoa lālā o? Acaeoey.

meaola

Microorganisms mea he hui ola pono, uuku loa ka nui. Ka mea hiki ole ke ike i ka maka kapa ole. Ma ka hapanui o hoopii, i ko lakou nui, ua emi o 0,1 mm o. Kēia pūʻulu nā:

• anuclear prokaryotes (koʻohune a me archaea);

• eukaryotes (protists, fungi).

Ke uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o microorganisms i hoʻokahi halepaahao. I loko nō o kēia, ma ke ano maoli, he mea hookahi-aa? Meaola e oluolu e ike hiki ole i ka microscope, no kekahi laʻana, nunui polikarion Thiomargarita namibiensis (nā Gram-io bacterium). Ua huli aku i ke ola o ka meaola microbiology.

transgenic meaola

I nā manawa i kēia hopuna'ōlelo ma luna o ka lohe ana i ka transgenic meaola. He aha ka mea? He he meaola, ke genome o i artificially hoʻolauna'ōewe'ē aʻe ola mea. Ua Ua lawelawe i loko o ka palapala o ka aaiaoe? Ieoaeunoai, a mea he DNA kaʻina. Loa pinepine ia mea he mea koʻohune plasmid. Ma na manipulationsʻepekema e noho meaola me qualitatively hou waiwai. Mau keena paka i ka kumuʻiʻo'ōewe mea i wahahee i loko o ka genome.

Ka manaʻo o "kanaka meaola"

Like kekahi'ē aʻe ola mea kanaka këia 'epekema a me ka kālaimeaola. Ke kanaka kino o ka integral, Hawaiʻi nei, hōʻeuʻeu nenoaiu. Ua loaʻa he mau 'ole a me ka ulu ana. A, i ke kanaka kino o ka ikaika hui 'ana me ke kaiapuni. Like nā mea a pau e noho ana ma ka Honua, ka mea, i ke kelepona hele 'ole. Ka mea, nāna i hana i ka lole:

• epithelial, Aia ma luna o ka ili o ke kino. Ua ano o kaʻili, a me nā pā ua hoalaala ia puha nā loko, a me nā ipu koko ma loko. Nō hoʻi, i kēia mau nā'aʻaʻa a pau loa imua i loko o ka paʻa cavities o ke kino. He nui na ano o ka epithelium:ʻili, hakuʻala, intestinal, naehana hanu. Ke keena i e i ka lole, i ke kumu o ia Hoʻololi 'hale e like me kui, lauoho, niho enamel.

• Muscle me ka waiwai a me ka contractility excitability. Manawa a hiki i kēia'aʻaʻa Hawaii keʻano o ka hanaʻana i lawe i loko o ke kino a me kona holo i loko o ka lewa. Nāʻiʻo i hakuʻia o nā keena, i nā microfibrils (contractile olona,). Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o malimali a me ka striated Muscle.

• Manoukian, i nā iwi, cartilage, adipose'aʻaʻa like hoʻi me ke koko, lymph, ligaments a me tendons. A pau kona likeʻole i ka pono mesodermal ka molekumu o, eia nae kela a me keia i kona kuleana pili i a me ka mall hiʻona.

• ko mākou hopohopo i 'ano apau loa kūikawā keena - neurons (mall a me ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima) a me ka neuroglia. Ka mea, oko i loko o kā lākou 'ole. Pela ka neuron ninoieo o ke kino 2 a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana: dendrites ai manamana ai pōkole a me ka lōʻihi axons. Ke kapa komo iā ia, ka mea e i nā aʻalolo olona. Functionally, ua māheleʻia neurons i loko o Hawaii (efferent), sensory (afferent), intervening. ua kapaia o ka wahi o ka hoʻololi mai kekahi i ka mea'ē aʻe o ia i ka synapse. Ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o keia'aʻaʻa: conduction a me ka excitability.

He aha ka mea i kapaia o ka kanaka kino i loko o ka nui pono? Eha ano o fabrics hoolilo nā loko (kino kekahi me ka kekahi kinona, 'ole a me ka papa) a me kā lākou mau' oihana. Pehea e ka mea, i hana? Mai ka manaʻo o kekahi mau oihana o kekahi kino hiki ole Makuakane, ko lakou mau pono a pau o ua hana. He aha mau mea? Oia ka'ōnaehana - he huihui 'ana o kekahi mau kino i i ka like' ole, kūpono 'ana a me ka pili. I mai la lakou a pau lilo i kumu o ke kanaka kino. O nā mea nenoai:

• musculoskeletal (iwi, nāʻiʻo);

• digestive ('āpana a me ka prostate);

• naehana (maʻiʻaʻai, naehana'āpana);

• sensory nā loko (pepeiao, maka, ihu, waha, ka vestibular i hoʻomākaukauʻia, kaʻili);

• hoohanau (kane a me ka wahine moe nā loko);

• ko mākou hopohopo (Central,ʻike ākea);

• circulatory (naau, ipu koko);

• endocrine (endocrine gland);

• integumentary (ili);

• Urinary'āpana (puupaa, e alakai mai i ke ala).

Ke kanaka kino, hiki ke poe i ka manao paa o ka a me ka ohi ana i kekahi mau nā loko, a nenoai mai i ka papa kuhikuhi (ka hoomaopopo ana) ka hoʻomaka - genotype. He ka aaiaoe kumukānāwai. Ma nā hua'ōlelo - he lākou o nā'ōewe ola mea i loaa mai i ka makua. I kekahiʻano o nā microorganisms, mea kanu, na holoholona, i ke ano e genotype ia ia.