I ka loaʻa mai o ka South Pole. Roald Amundsen a me Robert Scott. Research AYN ma Antarctica

I ka loaʻa mai o ka South Pole - he kenekulia-kahiko moe o Polar explorers - i loko o kona mau kahua hope o ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1912ʻana i ke ano o ka mumulu mai Competition ma waena o kāna huakaʻi i o nā Hawaii - Norway, a me ka UK. No ka mea ma mua, ka mea i pau i ka lanakila, no na mea e ae - he pōʻino. Akā, manaʻo huhū i kēia, e alakai mai ia lakou i ka explorers nui Roald Amundsen a me Robert Scott mau loa i komo i ka mōʻaukala o ka ulu ana o ke ono paha o ka'āinapuniʻole.

Ka mua explorers o ka hema Polar lakikū

Naʻi aupuni o ka South Pole hoomaka ana ma o ka makahiki, i ka wa kanaka e wale vaguely lii i kahi e ma ke kae o ka hema hemisphere e e hoʻowali. I ka mua o na luina, ka mea e hoʻokele e kiʻi kokoke ia ia, ua Amerigo Vespucci, navigating i loko o ka 'Akelanika' South, a ma ka 1501 i hiki aku ai i ke kanalima lakikū.

Kēia i ke au ka wā i hana 'ia e ka nui Leeuwerikplein discoveries. Iki kakau i ko lakou noho ana i loko o kēia mua inaccessible lakikū (Vespucci i ka hoʻokele ole wale, akā, he nä känaka 'epekema), oia hou o Kaulu a hiki i na kapakai o ka hou, nei ike'āinapuniʻole - America - kona inoa e lei ana i keia la.

Ke kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana like o ka hema lakikū, me ka manao e imi i ka aina ike ole o aneane ekolu kenekulia hope Ho'āʻo ka kaulana Pelekāne Dzheyms Kuk. He ua hiki ke hoʻokokoke iā ia a hiki aku, ae hiki aku ana ma keia kanahiku-lua ia laua, akā, kona hou holomua ma ka hema Hāʻule maila lākou Ant- icebergs, a lana ka hau.

I ka weheʻana o ke ono paha o ka'āinapuniʻole

Antarctica, ka South Pole, a me ka hapanui importantly - ke kuleana i ke kapa i ka paionia a me ka trailblazer icebound aina, a me ka hai 'ole ke' nani Haunted na mea he nui. Ma ka XIX kenekulia he incessant ho'āʻo o ka naʻi aupuni o ke ono paha o ka'āinapuniʻole. Ka mea, Ua hele ia e ko kakou poe luina Mikhail Lazarev a me Faddey Bellinsgauzen, a ua hoouna mai ka Lūkini Kuʻe Huli Society, Pelekāne Klark Ross ka mea i hiki kanahiku-walu o ka laua, e like me ka pono me ka helu ana o Kelemānia, ka 'ōlelo Palani a me ka Kuekene noiʻi. Kau mau poʻe i ka pomaikai ma ka pau 'ana o ke kenekulia wale, ka wā Johann'Aukekulelia Bullu i ka hanohano o ka mua okoʻa no ka manawa wāwae ma luna o ka uka mamua aku IKE OLE IA Antarctica.

Mai keia wahi i loko o ka Ant- wai kiki ole waleʻepekema, akā, i ka whalers no a ka lawaiʻa i ke anu kai poe he ākea laulā. Makahiki ma hope o ka makahiki, E ke Kumu i ka mokuna, ka mua noiʻi noaioee, akā, no ka South Pole (kona makemakika wahi) ua nō inaccessible. Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, me ka hana oi ka ninau ku ae la: Owai la ka mea e e hiki i ka lanakila i ka Competition a me kona lahui hae mua vzovotsya ma ka hema kihi o ka Honua?

Makuakane i ke kūkulu hema Pole

I ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia, mau ho'āʻo e lanakila i ka impregnable kihi o ka Honua, a me kēlā me kēia manawa hou aku a oi Polar explorers e hoʻokele e kokoke ana i ona lā. Ke culmination o ka ia i hele mai i loko o October 1911 ka wā o ka Aha o nā huakaʻi kaua, - ka Beritania, i alakaʻiʻia e Roberta Folkona Scott a me Norewai, a i alakaiia e Roald Amundsen (South Pole no ka lōʻihi manawa, a ia i ke aloha moe o), kokoke e ka poʻe alai ae ai i na kapakai o Antarctica. Ka mea, kaʻana he mau haneri mile.

Ua akamai loa, ka mea mua Norewai huakaʻi i ole ana i ka ino, i ka South Pole. Amundsen a me kona mau luina lala i hoouna mai ai i ka Arctic. He ka'ākau kihi o ka honua i loko o ka mea kuka o ka pīhoihoi hoʻokele. Naʻe, i ke alanui, ua loaa i ka manaʻo i ka North Pole i hookuu mai ai ia i ka Americans - Kuke, a Peary. 'Aʻole i makemake e haule lākou prestige, Amundsen ho opa ao loli papa, a huli ma ka hema. Penei, la oia e konane me ka Pelekania, a me ka mea hiki ole ke ku mai ana no ka hanohano o ko lākou mau lāhui kanaka.

Kona hoa paio Robert Scott, ma mua i hoʻolaʻaʻia lā iā ia iho noiʻi hana no ka lōʻihi manawa i mālama ai i ka luna o ka Moana aliiwahine hanohano, a e lawa ka hoao ana i ka noho luna ana o battleships a me cruisers. Ma luna o kona hoʻomaha,ʻo ia lilo mau makahiki ma ka mokuna o Antarctica, lawe 'ana i loko o ka noiʻi wahi. Ka mea, a hiki i ka hoao e kiʻi ai i ka laau, akā, ua hu ae la no na malama ekolu i ka mamao loa nui, Scott i puʻe wale akula kēlā i ka huli hoʻi.

Ma ka Ewa o ke kuleana hana ino mai

Nā kaʻa mokulele e hoʻokō pahu hopu i loko o ka hoailona lahui "Amundsen - Ua Ua okoa Scott 'eiiaiaeu. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kaa o ka Beritania, he Manchurian ponies. Low-e ulu ana a me ka Hardy a, ka mea e pono hoʻomākaukau i nā rula o ka Polar lakikū. Akā, kaawale mai ia i ka hoʻolilo o ka huakaʻi, he hoi kahiko i loko o ia hihia, ilio sledding, a hiki i ka hemolele His i loko o kēlā mau makahiki - snowmobiles. Norwegians ma hilinaʻi i maopopo akau huskies, a e i nā mea a pau ma ke ala, e huki i ka sledges eha, tyazhelogruzhenyh lako a pan.

A hele mai nā o ia ma ke ala o ka lōʻihi o ewalu mile i kekahi aoao, a me ka hou (ina e ola, o ka papa). Mua o ia i kali no ka hauneneʻe, haka hohonu mawae, weliweli ke anu, pu ma blizzards a me snowstorms, a me ka loa eliminates kaʻike pono o, a me ka inevitable i loko o ia mau hihia, frostbite, poino, ka pololi, a me ka dukima o ke kālā. ʻO ia nā kumu kāki mea no kekahi o na eiiaiaeu ua e ia i ka nani o na paionia ', a me ka pono, e kau i ka hae ma luna o ka laau o kona mana. ʻAʻole hoʻi me ka Norwegians aole hoi me ka Pelekania, aohe kanalua i ka holoholona hihiu o ke kumukuai o ke kukui.

Inā Robert Scott ua oi kona mākaukau ma ka hoʻokele a me ka sophistication, ka Amundsen ua pono i oi ia ia, me ka hoao ana i ka PolarʻImi Loa. Keʻano nui nā mahele i ka laau mua overwintering ma ka Ant-'āinapuniʻole, a me ka Norewai ua hiki ke koho no ia i ka maikaʻi wahi ma mua o kona Pelekāne counterpart. Mua, kā lākou i hoʻomoana ai i ke aupuni 'aneane he haneri mile pili ana i ka hopena wahi o ka hele ana ma mua o ka Pelekania, a me ka lua, i ke ala mai ia i ka North Pole, Amundsen wālua i ke ala, oia ua hiki i ka hele i ka? Anoee kahi rampant loa loa anu i kēia manawa o ka makahiki a me ka incessantʻino a me nā blizzards.

Lanakila a me ka make

Norewai paukū ua hiki ke hele mai i ke ala a pau a me ka manaʻo e hoʻi i ka waihona ipu kahi e hoʻomoana ai, hala i ka pōkole Ant- kauwela. Mākou hiki wale mahalo i ke akamai a me ka brilliance me a Amundsen i kona pae e ku i ka mea hiki ole miomio o kona haku `ia iho o kēia mau pakuhi. Mawaena o na kanaka, ka poe i hilinai aku ia ia, uaʻaʻole wale nō i make, akā, hiki e kiʻi i kekahi nā palapū nui.

Muli o kona kulana heʻokoʻa hopena kali i ka huakaʻi o Scott. Ma mua o ka hapa heaviest o ke ala, i ka wa a ka pahu hopu i kekahi haneri a me kanalima mile, huli ae la ka mea hou i ka lālā hope o ke kākoʻo pae, a me elima Pelekāne noiʻi makaukau ia lakou iho i ka mea kaumaha sledges. Ma keia manawa i nā lio a pau, moe iho la, wawahi iho la, Hawaii sledges a me ka ilio i wale ai ma ka Polar explorers - i, e hele i ka loa ana e ola.

Eia hoi, January 17, 1912 ma ka hopena o ka weliweli pono 'ana, hiki i ka makemakika wahi o ka South Pole, akā, ma laila ka mea, i e kali ana no ka poho weliweli. A pau a puni i hanau na ko läkou 'o kipaʻaneʻi i mua o ka loaʻaʻana o lākou. Wahi i loko o ka hau, ua hiki skid sleds a me ka ilio mau kapuwai manamana, akā loa convincingly hoike ai i ko lakou make i koe ma waena o hau hale lole, ma i lele i ka Norewai hae. Eia naʻe, i nalowale i ka loaʻa mai o ka South Pole.

About hawewe i ka hoao ana i ka lālā o kona pae, Scott haʻalele i ka diary 'ikamu. Weliweli kuhi hewa ua komo 'o Beritania i loko o ka maoli kŰia. ka mea, malaila e ala i ka hope pō. Ka mea, kaupaona iho la ka manao o ke pehea e nana ka mea, i loko o na maka o ka poe kanaka, ka poe no ka haneri o ka mile o Track ma ka icy'āinapuniʻole, ke kūpaleʻana, a haule iho la ia ma na mawae, a kokua ia lakou hiki i ka hope kau o ke ala, a lawe kuleana, akā, ua Ua nele hana ino mai.

ka hewa

Eia naʻe, ma muli naʻe o na mea a pau, e hoakoakoa ia ka ikaika, a hele mai hoʻi. Ma waena o ke ola a me ka make, ua waiho ewalu mile hoʻi hele ana. Neʻe mai kekahi waena hoomoana wahie, a me nā huahana i kekahi Polar catastrophically losing ikaika. Lākou wahi me kela mea keia mea, i koʻu hele lā lilo hou Ka Ho 'Oponopono. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā o ka hele ana no ka mea mua manawa o kahi e hoʻomoana ai i kipa ma ka make -ʻo ia i make ai i ka muli loa o ia, a ua kāohi ikaika Edgar Evans. Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i kona kino i loko o ka hau, a paila kaumaha hau floes.

I kekahi luahi ua Lawrence Oates - i ka luna o ka dragoons, ka poe i hele ai i ka North Pole, kipaku ia e ka makewai no ka hoike ia. O ka noho ana o kona make e loa kamahaʻo - frostbitten mau lima a me na wawae, a ike, ua lilo i ke kaumaha i kona mau hoa, i loko o ka po me ka malu, mai kela mea keia mea haʻalele i ka wahi e noho ai, a hele aku la i loko o ka impenetrable pouli, makemake lakou hoohewa ana ia lakou iho i ka make. Kona kino i ole ua loaʻa.

Ka hapa waena hoʻomoana ai ua wale umikumamakahi mile, ka wā koke ala blizzard, loa hookaawale ia i ka manawa kūpono o ka hou holomua. Ekolu Englishmen e noho ana ma ka hau pio, oki ae la ia mai ke ao nei, nele o ka ai, a me kekahi manawa, e mahana.

Uhai aku o ka halelewa, o ka papa, hiki ole i kekahi mea e, e like me ka ike loea malumalu. Ua haule ma waho ea ana wela i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ^-40 ° C, niioaaonoaaiii, i ka wa e kaawale aku o kekahi iaia? aaaoaeuiuo, ka mea, ua iki kiʻekiʻe. Kēia insidious ka March blizzard ole, kuu ae la ia lakou, mai ko lakou embrace ...

posthumous laina

Eono mahina ma hope, i ka wa a ka lono kaumaha hope o ka huakaʻi, ua maopopo, ua hoouna mai ka hoʻopakeleʻana Amelika Huipû i ka huli ana o Polar explorers. Iwaena o impassable hau, ua hoʻokele e huli Lau Makani hau halelewa, a me na kino o ka Beritania noiʻi ekolu - Genri Bauersa, Edvarda Uilsona a me Robert Scott luna koa.

Mawaena o ka pili ana o ka mōhai i loaʻa Scott ka diaries, a me ka mea weliweli kānaka hoʻopakele, i mau aa moni o ka 'ā ina specimens ohi ia ma luna o nā kumu o nā pōhaku nei iluna, mai ka me ka hauneneʻe. Incredibly, ekolu Englishmen hoopaakiki mau iho la e kauo i ka pohaku, a hiki i ka wā uaʻaneʻane i ka manaolana o ke ola.

Ma kona mau memo, Robert Scott, ua piha a ua kālailai i nā kumu i alakai aku ai i ka lono kaumaha hoʻokūkū, hoomaikai aku la i ka pono a me ka ikaika-Ke makemake nei anei me ka hele pū ana me kona mau hoa. Ma ka hopena, e haawi ia i ka poe ma kona lima, e kiʻi i kekahi diary, ninau mai la ia i ka hana a pau ma ka mea,ʻaʻole i ka mea, ke koe haalele ia e kona ohana. Hoʻohala ai i kekahi mau laina o ke aloha i kana wahine, Scott i kauoha mai ai iā ia, e mālama pono ana i ko lakou mau keiki i loaa ia kūpono aʻo, a ua hiki ke hoʻomau i kona noiʻi.

Ma ke ala, i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, o kana keiki, Peter Scott lilo kaiapuniʻo kaulana nana i hoolilo i kona ola no ka hoomalu ana o ko ka Honua mau kumu waiwai. E hele mai ana i ke ao nei wale no kaʻike i ka lā o kona makua kāne i hele ai a hiki i ka hope i loko o kona ola huakaʻi, ua ola ia i ka oo elemakule, a make iho la i ka 1989.

Public outcry kena pōʻino

Hoomau ana i ka moʻolelo, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ka Competition o nā kaua kiʻi e kaua, i ka hopena o i i ka puka no kekahi o ka South Pole, a no ka mea 'ē aʻe - make ua loa unexpected hopena. I ka pau o ka hoʻolauleʻa o keia, o ka papa, he nui Leeuwerikplein Kaka, malie iho aloha a me ka olelo make aku applause, ua he ninau e pili ana i kaʻaoʻao pono o ka mea hiki. Aia ua i kanalua i kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe kumu o ka make ana o ka Pelekāne, ua i loko o ka hohonu kaumaha, kena ae la ia e ka lanakila o ka Amundsen.

'Aʻole wale nō i loko o Beritania akā, i loko o ka Norewai ahakanaka mea pololei e hāʻiliʻili aku e ku ei ka oi hou aku kona koʻikoʻi i uwa maila. Aʻu i hoala mai i ka ninau kupono: i ka pono akau ua hoano e, a nui hoowalewaleia mai e noiʻi i ka loa lakikū Roald Amundsen huki i adversarial hana pīhoihoi, akā, devoid o ka mea e pono ai nā mākau o Scott, a me kona mau hoa? I ka mea i oi pololei, e kono aku ia ia, e hui me ka pu, e ike i ko kakou manao?

ua nane lā Amundsen

Pehea kona reacted i keia Amundsen, a ināʻo ia hewa ia ia iho no ka mea inadvertently, kena ae la i ka make ana o kona Pelekāne nā hoapili - ka ninau, e noho mau loa unanswered. Eia naʻe, he nui no ka poe i ike i ka NorewaiʻImi Loa, koi e ua ike maopopo hoailona o kona noʻonoʻo hilahila. Ma 'ana, i ka hoike ke malama i kona ho'āʻo, e kala mai i ka lehulehu, ia mea,ʻaʻole nona i kona haaheo, a kekahi arrogant ano.

Kekahi biographers kamaʻilioʻana, e ike i na hoike Unforgiven iho hewa i loko o ka noho ana o ka make ana o ka Amundsen. Ua ua ike ia i loko o ke kauwela o 1928 kona la e hele ai i ka Arctic holo, sulivshy i kona mau make. Ka hoʻohuoiʻia e ka mea, ua wānana nō i kona mau make, lalau mai i lawe aʻo. 'Aʻole wale nō ia, Amundsen i lawe mai ai i loko o mea na mea a pau, a hookaa i kona aie, oia ua i kuai a pau o kona mau waiwai, me he mea i hele e mai hoʻi.

Eono âinapuni i keia la

Kekahi aoao ai kekahi, a me ka loaʻa o ka South Pole ua hana ia ia, a me ka hanohano o ole kekahi ia e ole lawe. I keia la, ma ka hema kihi o ka Honua alakai nui noiʻi. Ma ka loa kahi koke Norwegians kakali lanakila, a me ka Beritania - ka nui kuhi hewa i kēia lā o ka International Polar ku "Amundsen -. Scott" Kona inoa ua invisibly hui kēia mau intrepid naʻi aupuni loa lakikū. Mahalo iā ia, i ka South Pole ma o ka poepoe honua e ike i keia la e like me ka mea maʻa a me ka pono i loko o loaa ole.

Ma December 1959, ka mea i kakauinoaia he kuikahi ma Antarctica, initially kakauinoaia e he umikumamalua Hawaii. E like me keia palapala, i kekahi aupuni i nā kānaka apau e hana noiʻi ma o ka pau ana o ka'āinapuniʻole hema o ke kanaono ka latitu.

Manawa a hiki i keia i keia la, lehulehu noiʻi wahi ma Antarctica e ulu i ka loa holomua 'epekema papahana. I kēia manawa, ua oi aku mamua o ke kanalima. Ma ka hoʻolilo o nā kānakaʻepekema,ʻaʻole wale nō ano honua kahi 'ano o ka mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ka papa, akā, i mokulele a hiki ukali. Ua i kona elele i ka ono o ka'āinapuniʻole, a me ka Lūkini Kuʻe Huli Society. Mawaena o na na mea kanu, ua veterans, e like me "Bellingshausen" a me ka "launa 4", a kŘpa a hou - "Lūkini" a me "ka holomua". Pau i ka 'ia i loko o kā mākou mau lā mai i pau i ka nui Leeuwerikplein discoveries.

A manawa pōkole mōʻaukala o pehea ka koa Norewai a me Beritania kaʻahele, defying pilikia, imi iho la i ke aloha pahu hopu, akā, ma luna ke hoolilo i ka hoʻopilikia a me ka hana keaka o ia mau hanana. Hewa, e maliu mai i ko lakou kaua wale nō me ka paio o ka 'iʻini ma. Oiaio no, he nui kūlana i loko o ka mea pâʻani 'o ia ma ka makewai no ka loaʻa, a kūkulu aʻela ma luna o oiaio patriotism, me ka makemake e hoʻike i ka prestige o ka aina.