I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka iwi kanaka pilina: ke ano, a me ka papaʻaina

I ka makua ke kino 206 iwi, no ka mea i loko o ka keiki bebe o ko lākou helu kīnā 350, laila, i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ke ola ka mea, e ulu pu laua. Ka hapa nui o ia mau hui kaulua a me ka unpaired koe 33-34. Hookukeia'ku ia e ka iwi me nāʻiʻo a me tendons. Nā iwi i hana i ka iwi: spine, luna a lalo lala a me ka iwipoo. I mea e hoʻohui iā lākou i kekahi i kekahi, ua nui na ano o na iwi.

Ka mana o ke kanaka iwi

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka iwi - he kākoʻo no ka mea na nā loko, e like me ka pono me ka hoʻolako 'i kekahi kanaka i ka hiki e neʻe i loko o ka lewa. I mea e ana lawe mai i ko lakou mau iwi e loaa, ma ka kekahi lima, me ka ikaika, ka mea 'ē aʻe - ka elasticity a me ka nanea ana. Ua o kēia mau hana i hoakaka ia me ma acee? Iuo oeiia o ka iwi.

Ma waho aʻeo no ke kākoʻo mau iwi i ka hoʻopakele 'ana i ka na nā loko, e like me hematopoietic nā loko (aie i ka huahuakai i nā puke i loaʻa ka ula iwi lolo).

Ano o ka pili ana o ka iwi

Ma kānaka, loaʻa nō nāʻanoʻokoʻa o ka iwi: palahalaha, omo, i hui, pōkole a me ka lōʻihi. Aia i nāʻano o nā kanaka iwi pili 'o Randy i hoomakaukau iwi hana e hana kona oihana. Aia mea iʻaʻahu Mea Maluna o ke ano o na ami o ka iwi. Kekahi mau kumu, ua māheleʻia i loko o nā hui iwi, 'ē aʻe - i loko o ekolu ano. I kulike ai me ka mana mua, ia mea hoʻoneʻe, a paa ami. Ke kolu oʻano, i mea ole a pau wahi i ka pakiko - Ua kalaka nui-neʻe maila ami. Loa maopopo ho i nāʻano o ka iwi pili papa. Aia ma lalo e hōʻike mai iā ia i nāʻano o ka hoʻoneʻe ami.

Ana paha immobile hui

Ana pilina o ka iwi - ka poe e ole i ka lua a me ka paa. Hoʻoholo i ka paʻa pilina mea hiki, a hiki ma ka nānā aku - kōkō surfaces i ka roughness, Nick, oa ka mea, ua haoʻa.

Merge na surfaces elua ma ka mea o connective'aʻaʻa.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike, he huina lakou o ka puniu wale iwi, i mea i hanaʻia Via iwi ami.

Other i huiʻia nō fused i kekahi i kekahi, a laila cartilage UAIAaIN ma ka iwi e hāʻawi mai i ka ikaika a hiki i keia pakahi Oihana. I na ano o ka hui iwi i loko o ka spine hiki ke ike ia ma ka sacral, kahi coccyx ho elima intergrown coccygeal vertebrae.

Ano o ka malama ana immobility iwi ami

Like ike mai na hoailona, immobility i hōʻike 'ia ma naʻano likeʻole, akā naʻe, ma laila nō i ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o ka iwi pili' o Randy i loko o ke ana ano:

• E kikokiko i huiia ma kahi kokoke-na hua liiliiʻano o connective'aʻaʻa (iwi kokoke i na ami).
• Syndesmoses i nā hui na poe ma ka mea o connective'aʻaʻa (e laʻa me, forearm).
• Synchondrosises - hoʻohana cartilage (hui vertebrae i loko o ka spine).
• Synostosis, oa iwi pili 'o Randy (o ka puniu wale no iwi, ka coccyx).

Ka mua a me ka lua o ka paukū - i ke ano o kanaka iwi pili 'o Randy ka hoʻohana kekahi mau ʻano o connective'aʻaʻa, no laila ka mea, e haawiia i like fibrous i huiʻia.

Syndesmoses lawe mai lākou hana ma ka mea o ligaments, a hoi, hooikaika mai la i ka iwi.

Ka manaʻo o na ligaments

Ka mea, ho i kaula makalii hana kapili laholio a me ka collagen olona. Ke kaumaha ma muli a 'ano ka i lanakila ma ka ua laulau, ka mea, ua mahele ia i loko o laholio a me ka collagen.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka koi kamakawiwo ole ikaika hawewe iwi ligaments hiki e pōkole paha lōʻihi.

Dala i kekahi Mea Maluna auka e paa ai i pili i na ami - articular a keu-articular.

Laulau mea e pono ai, aole wale no i ka pilina o nā iwi, ka mea, i kekahi mauʻano nui i hana ':

• Wahi ponoi kekahi i hoʻomaka Muscle ligaments.
• Ka Nohona a koho pu me nā haʻawina likeʻole o nā iwi a me māhele o ke kino (sacro-bugornaya ligament).
• Me ligaments hana'ē aʻe anatomical 'ole (e laʻa me, hoʻonoho paha recess no ka hooholo ia ana o nā aʻalolo a me nā ipu koko).

Kind o connective ami

Ma waho aʻeo ia na ligaments, iwi, i ka i huiʻia hiki ke hanaʻia ma ka connective'aʻaʻa, a me ke kapaia membranes. Ko laua koena unuhi waiho i loko o ka mea ana i kaʻili lahilahi hoopiha i ka wa waena o na iwi, a me ka mamao ma waena o ia mea he nui. Ma ka hapanui o hoopii, membranes iloko o laholio olona. Eia naʻe, ma ka hana ka mea, ka lawelaweʻana i ka ia kūlana me ka ligaments.

ʻO kekahiʻano o connective'aʻaʻa pili ma waena o nā iwi o ka fontanelle. Kēiaʻano hiki ke ike i na kamalii uuku, a me na keiki i hiki i ka makahiki a fontanels i ulu. Ua ho okumu i mea uuku laholio olona, a ua hōʻike mai iā ia kuhikuhi i ka palapala mea. Kēia e pili ana apono 'i ka iwi o ka puniu wale no, e hoʻololi i ka hoʻonohonohoʻia no ka hooholo ma ka hanau ana Canal.

hiki ke loaʻa ma ka këia, no ka laʻana, i huiʻia o nā iwi i ka ulana ana o ka iwipoo. O na nakaka hiki e ana o kekahi ano, me ka like inoa - kuʻi, palahalaha, scaly.

Kuʻihao o alveolar keʻano o ka hanaʻana e pili ana me ka niho. Ke connective'aʻaʻa ma keia wahi ua kapaia "periodontal". He i He maikai koko lako a me ko mākou hopohopo innervation no i na moku a me nā aʻalolo olona, ke koko i loko o ka palapala mea. Ka haku mele 'ana i ka loaʻa o periodontal laholio a me ka collagen olona.

lawe lima naehana

ʻO kēia mau 'ano o ka iwi pili' o Randy - neʻeʻana. Mau nā ami (diarthrosis). Discontinuous kēia mau 'ano o ka hui i kapaia iwi o ka mea i loaʻa mea mau i ka wa waena o lākou surfaces. I mea e i ka hoʻoneʻe, ka mea iloko o ka articular surfaces o na ami mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku, a me ka lua.

eiiiiiaiou o

Articular ili - kēia mau mea i ka aina o na iwi, i mea e pili ana i kēlā me kēia 'ē aʻe ma ke ami mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku. e uhi lakou me ka cartilage kapa articular.

I mea no ka mea, he huina lakou mau ma ke kanaka ka ola kona hana i loko o kaʻeke, e hooko malaila mea he lua hoopihaia me ka loli, lubricating i ka ili o ka panina. Eia hou, i ka loli i depreciation oihana, ka hoʻolako 'hoomanawanui ami, a ua hoakaka no ka mea mana articular cartilage.

Articular mau surfaces eke i malama, e hana i kēia hana ka mea, he mai o kekahi mau papa e ku e poho: synovial a me ka fibrous. Kūloko synovialʻili lahilahi hoʻolako i ka waiwai koko lako.

Ma waho aʻeo i ka OAXA, a koho oihana mua i e noho i loko o ka hui: cartilage a me ligaments, bursae, sesamoid iwi a me ka synovial pā.

Mea Maluna o ka ami ma kekahi mau mea kiko'î

Nā apo i e no kekahi mau kinona: .. Globular, elliptical, i lalo, noho lio, etc. I kulike ai me keia ia inoa kaʻawale a me ami. Hoomaopopo Mea Maluna a me ka wānana o ka noi - uniaxial, biaxial a me ka multiaxial. By uniaxial nā trochlear a me ka paukūʻolokaʻa ami (e laʻa me, na puupuu wawae, interphalangeal). Two-paepae komo huila ami - ellipsoidal a noho (i ka na pulima oʻu-metacarpal, na pulima oʻu). E lawe multiaxial ami me spherical shape - poohiwi, Hip.

E like me ke ano o ke ami i ke ea, i loko o ka wahi, e ia kona ana. No ka laʻana, he poepoe-hoʻokino e kakau mai noi i loko o kekahiʻaoʻao, a laila, he mea he ekolu-axis.

Ma ka manaʻo hoomaopopo poe noonoo ole a me ka luna 'ami. Aloha he a mau iwi, eiiieaena - o ka ekolu a oi.

Ami ke hana i ka kēia mauʻano o ka neʻe: flexion-palena manawa, abduction-adduction, kuapo (maloko, a mawaho, e like me ka hoʻopoepoe).

Kalaka nui-neʻeʻana iwi e pili ana

He nui ka poe i manaoio i ka mea, ua kuokoa. Ma ke kalaka nui-e neʻe i huiʻia nā ka poe i hana cartilage, i ua, ma ka kekahi lima, ka mea,ʻaʻole e neʻe like ami, akā, i ka kekahi degere o ke kohoʻia.

Manoukian Type ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka cartilage ua manaoia me kekahi o na ano a paa e pili ana - synchondrosis, i mea ole he kalaka nui-neʻeʻana, e like me na mea he nui i manaʻo. Synchondrosises ma waena o na ami kalaka nui-e neʻe a he mea he okoa: ma ka hala he mea he uuku lua, ma muli o ia nā mea hoʻomākaukau i ka hoʻoneʻe.

Polupreryvnye hui i kapa symphysis. Ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu ka mea, ke iki diverge ma waena o lakou iho. Penei, ka pubic symphysis e leie aku ka nahunahu hanau e hōʻoia i ka hooholo ana o ka fetus ma ka hanau ana Canal.

kahi o ka hopena

No laila, ua hui mākou i ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o nāʻami o ka iwi kanaka, kā lākou mau hiʻona a me ka oihana i ka mea hana.

I ka noʻonoʻo 'ana i na kumuhana i ke ano o kanaka iwi pili' o Randy, papa a me nā nńnń e ia i ka mea maikaʻi kānaka kōkua ma, no ka mea, e ka mea e hiki ai e maopopo ike, a maopopo i ka Mea Maluna.