International Nomenclature o alkanes. Alkanes: 'ole, ka waiwai

He pono e hoʻomaka me ka wehewehena o alkanes. Ua paʻa kūhohonu loa a paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons, paraffins. E hiki no hoi ke olelo i ka mea ana o carbon ma i hui C nā'ātoma ua hana ma ka mea o ka mea pili. Ke mau haʻilula mea o ka palapala: CnH₂n + 2.

Ua ua ike ia ka lākiō o H a me C nā'ātoma i loko o kā lākou nā lātoma like hiki wā like i nā papa. Ua haawiia i i nohoia ai na valences a pau C, a H, a me Nine Inch waiwai o alkanes i olelo ia brightly lawa, no laila lākou mau lua o ka inoa protrudes hopuna'ōlelo kali a paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons.

he mea no hoi he oi kahiko inoa e pono Hōʻike 'ko lakou mau hoahanau himinertnost - paraffins, i unuhi' ia hoʻi "neleʻo Solomona".

No laila, i ke kumuhana o ko mākou i kēia lā i ka noho ana: "Alka: homologous puke, nomenclature, 'ole, isomerism". E no hoi keia ikepili e pili ana i kā lākou mau physical waiwai.

Alkanes: 'ole, nomenclature

Ma kēia mau C nā'ātoma mea i loko o ia o ka moku'āina i sp3-hybridization. No ia mea, alkane lātoma hiki ke kakaʻikahi like me ka lākou o tetrahedral hale C, i mea pili ole wale mawaena o lakou iho, aka, no hoi me H.

Ma waena o C a me H nā'ātoma i keia mau nō, loa haʻahaʻa Polar mau-hoopaa. Nā'ātoma puni hookahi makaukau na kaula paa mau ka ao ka like o kaʻilihune o alkanes nā lātoma lawe okoa ano, ai ka lōʻihi o ka pili ana, i ka huina ma waena o ia - e ia a eia i. Ano, a i lilo iho i loko o kēlā me kēia 'ē aʻe ma muli o ka kuapo o ka lātoma, a ia lŘlŘ puni ka σ-mea paa, e haawi ia ia e like me kona conformation.

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka poe mai ka H nā'ātoma o ka lātomaʻano he 1-valent (particles) kapa hydrocarbon radicals. Mau i huiʻia nō i ka hopena,ʻaʻole wale nō ke aloha i huiʻia akā, i'okanikaʻole. Inā unuhi i mau hydrogen'Ātoma mai ka hydrocarbon lātoma kali, hoʻokahi loaʻa 2-valence radicals.

Pela alkanes hiki e nomenclature:

• kahahānai (kahiko mana);
• Hakahaka (kūwaho hoʻi, kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana). Ua manao ma IUPAC.

No kahahānai nomenclature

Ma ka hihia mua i wehewehe aku nomenclature alkanes like penei:

1. Noonoo hydrocarbons me nā mea loaʻa o ka methane, a ua hookomoia ma ka 1 a oi H nā'ātoma radicals.
2. Ke kiʻekiʻe degere o ka pono ma ka hihia o ka i luna 'loa i huiʻia.

Hiʻona o ka hope nomenclature

Hakahaka nomenclature alkane i ka kēia mau hiʻona:

1. Ke kumu no ka inoa - 1 ka kalapona kaula, a me ka mea i koe hakakino hakina i manaoia like substituents.
2. Inā he mea mau'ālike radicals ma mua o ko lākou inoa Hōʻike i ka helu (pololei ma ka hua'ōlelo), a me ka'ano'ē nui kaawale ma commas.

Kemika: nomenclature o alkanes

No ka pono, 'ike ua hōʻike ma tabular palapala.

Ka luna nomenclature alkanes nā inoa Hawaiʻi nei e hana (ka mua 4 hua'ōlelo o ka hopena ua paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons).

Here nondeployed alkanes me 5 a oi C i hanaʻia, mai ka Greek numerals nā'ātoma i noonoo i ka haawiia mai ka helu o nā'ātoma C. Pela -en kau hope Hōʻike i ka waiwai o ka helu o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa i huiʻia.

Ma ka unuhi aʻe ua kauohaʻia alkanes like me ka papa kuhikuhi kaulahao ua wae i ka kekahi e paka me ka i kā mākou helu o nā'ātoma C. It Ua helu ai i na substituents i ka huna uuku helu. Ina elua a oi na kaula o ka like loa i ka papa kuhikuhi kekahi i kekahi i ka lani kiekie loa helu o substituents.

isomerism o alkanes

E like me hydrocarbon-i hoʻokumu o ka helu o nāʻoihana'ē aʻe methane CH₄. Me kēlā me kēia 'elele o ka methane puke malama i Akä naÿe i ka mua methylene pūʻulu - CH₂. Kēia kumu hiki ke Hahai I ma ka moʻo o alkanes.

German nä känaka 'epekema Schill i aku i ka hāpai' ana i ka inoa o ka helu o ke homologous. I unuhi 'ia mai ka Helene ano "like, e like."

Penei, ka homologous moʻo - he lākou o nā ke aloha i huiʻia me ka hookahi 'ano o nā hale a me ka pili himsvoystvami. Homologs - na lala o ka moʻo. Homologous koena unuhi - methylene pae ana a na nāʻokoʻa e pili homologue.

E like me ka olelo mua, i kekahi haku mele 'ana o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbon i ke kāheaʻia ma ka mau haʻilula CnH₂n + 2. Ke'ī mai, e hahai ana i ka methane mea he lâlâ' o ka homologous moʻo o ethane - C₂H₆. E ho oholo i ka 'ole o ka methane, ia mea pono e puku i ka H'Ātoma ma ka 1 CH₃ (huahelu ma lalo nei).

Ka 'ole o kēlā me kēia hope homologue hiki ke loko mai o ka luna i loko o ka oia e like. E like me ka hopena o ka ethane i hana propane - C₃H₈.

He aha nā isomers?

He waiwai i loaʻa he'ālike qualitative a laupaʻi hakakino haku mele 'ana ('ālike hakakino haʻilula) akā, kekahi Nine Inch hale a me kaʻokoʻa himsvoystvami.

Wehewehe aku ma ka hoʻoili hydrocarbons ma ia aiao e like me ka baila aʻela i mahana: -0,5 ° - butane, -10 ° - isobutane. Kēia ʻano o ka isomerism haawiia i like carbonaceous iwi isomerism, e pili ana i ka mall type.

Ka helu o mall isomers maoli he hoʻomaka koke i ka helu o ka kalapona nā'ātoma. Penei, C₁₀H₂₂ e hoʻopili like isomers 75 (ole a me ka makahiki), a no ka 4347 C₁₅H₃₂ ua ike isomers, no ka C₂₀H₄₂ - 366.319.

A ua ka mea, ua maopopo ia ia he alkanes, homologous puke, isomerism, nomenclature. Ano ka mea, Ua pono, e hele i na rula no ka IUPAC inoa.

IUPAC nomenclature: Ka inoa o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana

Mua, ka mea, he pono ke loaʻa i ka 'ole o ka hydrocarbon kalapona lei, a iloko ona i kakauia i ka loa lōʻihi, a me ka i kā mākou helu o substituents. A laila, i ka koi helu ke kaula C nā'ātoma, e hoʻomaka ana ma ka hope, i mea hea ka substituent.

Ka lua, i ke kumu - i ka inoa o ka unbranched paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbon, a hoʻopili like me ka helu ana o C nā'ātoma o ka papa kuhikuhiE kaula.

Ekolu, ma mua o ka hoʻokumu pono ke koho 'lokantov lumi, a i kahi kokoke i ka lunakanawai. Ka mea, Ua palapala hyphenated inoa koho 'ē aʻe.

Fourthly, ma ka hihia o'ālike substituents ma luna o kekahi mau nā'ātoma C lokanty pu, kahi i mua o ka inoa i Konakele. Multiplies pākuʻina kau: di Aloha -'ālike substituents elua ekolu - i ekolu, tetra - eha, penta - i elima, etc. huahelu .. ka mea, pono e kaawale ai ma kekahi comma, a mai na olelo - hyphen.

Inā kekahi, a me ka ia C'Ātoma, he pono mau substituents lokant i kākau i nā manawaʻelua.

E like me kēia mau rula, a ua hana i ka 'āina nomenclature o alkanes.

Newman ka wānana

Kēia 'Amelika nä känaka' epekema? Aaei no Kimia ÷ conformations kūikawā wānana haʻilula - Newman wānana. Ka mea, hoʻopili like i na pepa A a me B a me C e hōʻike i loko o ka huahelu ma lalo nei.

Ma ka hihia mua o A-Pu conformation, oiai o ka lua - B-inhibited. I kūlana A H nā'ātoma i aia ma ka palena iki mamao mai kekahi i kekahi. Kēia palapala hoʻopili like me ka nui waiwai o ka ikehu aie i ka mea i ka nui repulsion therebetween. He energetically noho lakou malaila moku'āina, ai ka lātoma kahakai āu e haʻalele ia, a ua neʻe i ka oi paa kulana B. Here ka H nā'ātoma o ka mea i kā mākou mamao mai kekahi i kekahi. Ke'ī mai, i ka ikehu koena unuhi o kēia mau mea i ho'ākāka '- 12 kJ / Mol, no laila, ua noa kuapo a puni ka iho (axis) o ka lātoma ethane, a hoʻohuiʻia ka meto pūʻulu loaa haoʻa. Once ma ka energetically ano kulana o ka lātoma malaila ua hoopanee, i loko o nā hua'ōlelo, ka "wawahi". I ka mea kumu ka mea, ua kapaia retarded. Hopena -. 10 tausani ethane nā lātoma i loko o ka palapala o ka inhibited conformation hoakaka mehana ea. Wale kekahi i kekahi okoa shape - Pu.

Makaukau o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons

Mai ka 'atikala ka mea i aoia i keia alkanes (' ole, nomenclature o ia mua hōʻike ma ka au mamuli). Ua makemake e hana wale, e nana i ko lakou mau ki ina hana o ka la hoomalolo. Ka mea, i loko mai o maoli kumu e like me kaʻaila, maoli kinoea, pili kinoea, lanahu. I pili kemikala ki ina hana like. No ka laʻana, H₂ 2H₂:

1. Ke kaʻina hana o ka hydrogenation o unsaturated hydrocarbons: CnH₂n (alkenes) → CnH₂n + 2 (alkanes) ← CnH₂n-2 (alkynes).
2. Monoxide mai ka läÿau, o C a me H - syngas: nCO + (2n + 1) H₂ → CnH₂n + 2 + nH₂O.
3. Mai carboxylic nāʻakika (paʻakai e pili pū): electrolysis ma ka anode i ka cathode:

• Kolbe electrolysis: 2RCOONa + 2H₂O → + 2CO₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH R-R;
• Dumas naoh (oka a me ka mekala 'åkilikai): CH₃COONa + NaOH (Halau) → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃.

1. Hi ohia o kaʻaila: CnH₂n + 2 (450-700 °) → CmH₂m + 2 + CN-mH₂ (HI).
2. Gasification o ka wahie (paa): C + 2H₂ → CH₄.
3. Hoʻololi kemikala o eiiieaena alkanes (halogenated) a i kekahi ka palena haʻahaʻa helu o nā'ātoma C: 2CH₃Cl (chloromethane) + 2Na → CH₃- CH₃ (ethane) + 2NaCl.
4. ? Anoe? Wai methanide (metala carbides): Al₄C₃ + 12H₂O → 4Al (OH₃) ↓ + 3CH₄ ↑.

Ke physical waiwai o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons

No ka pono, e Hoʻohui 'o nā' ikepili i loko o ka papaʻaina.

ka hopena

I ka 'atikala Ua noʻonoʻo e like me ka mea i alkanes (' ole, nomenclature, isomerism, homologous moʻo, a no laila, ma luna o.). Ua hai mai i ka iki e pili ana i nā hiʻona o kahahānai a me ka hakahaka nomenclatures. mea i ho'ākāka 'ia Nā Papahana no ka loaa ana alkanes.

Eia hou, i ka 'atikala helu i au mamuli a pau o ka nomenclature o alkanes (ho'āʻo ke kōkua i ka assimilate i ka' ike).