International Red Book: Nā holoholona. 'O wai ka mea e alaka'i i ka puke Red International?

I ke kenekulia 20, ua unuhi mai ka mea'epekema Pelekane'o J. Darrell i ka ho'ohālikelike:'o ka honua he pīpili, a inā ua ma'alahi ka pa'i'ana, e ha'alulu nui loa ia, a'o ka'oi loa o ka hapa. No laila, ho'olālā ke kanaka a me ka holomua i ke ao holo'oko'a, e hana ana i nā lua, kahi e hiki'ole ke pani. 'O ka mea mua, kēia ka hopena o ka flora a me nā i'a o ka honua holo'oko'a: ka nui o nā holoholona, nā mea kanu, nā'ōloo e nalowale, a'o ka hapanui o nā po'e o ke ao holo'oko'a e'ike nei wale nō mai nā'oihana paleona. A pehea lā kā mākou mau keiki? Pono lākou e a'o i ka'oko'a mua o ka honua holoholona mai nā ki'i i nā encyclopedias a me nā mo'olelo o ka wā kahiko?

Pono koke nā kānaka a ma hope paha e ho'omaopopo i ka pono e ho'opuni a palekana i nā'ano a puni. 'O ka International Red Book i lilo i hopena o ka ho'ā'o'ana e mālama i ka lau a me ka i'a. 'O ka mō'aukala o kona hana'ana he nani loa.

Pehea i hana'ia ai ka Palapala Ula

Ua hala loa ia i ka makahiki 1902. Paris, he'aha'ōlelo o nā mea olaola mai nā'ō a'ō o ke ao, kahi hihia nui - ka pale o nā manu. Ma hope o nā loiloi lō'ihi, ua kau'ia ka'ōlelo ho'oholo no ka manawa mua i ka pale'ana i nā meaola like'ole o ka honua a me ka Convention International for the Protection of Birds.

Ua hala aku i nā makahiki he kanahā. Ke ola nei ke ao holo'oko'a mai ke Kaua Honua Elua. I ka makahiki 1948, ua ho'okumu'ia kekahi hui kū'oko'a, ka International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), ma lalo o nā mana o UNESCO. I kēia manawa i ka makahiki 1949, ua ho'okumu'o IUCN i kahi "mana ho'omalu" - ka Commission no nā Ola Ola.

Nā hana nui

The World heʻahahui Union ua hōʻike 'o ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ke koena laha' o ke Komikina.

• No ke a'o'ana i ke kūlana o nā'ano mea ulu'ole, nā mea kanu, a me nā holoholona;
• E hō'oia i nā'ano me kahi ki'eki'e o ka hopena o ka luku;
• E kau i nā kuikahi o ka honua, nā ka'ina;
• Nā papa helu pū'ulu o nā mea'ānai;
• E hā'awi i nā pale no ka ho'omalu'ana i nā mea'awa'awa.

Ho'opau i nā pahuhopu, nā mana'o, akā he aha ka mea e hiki mai ana? A, e like me ke'ano ma'amau, ua kau'ia kā lākou hō'ailona ma luna o ... Ua hala aku nei he 20 mau makahiki. 1963, ke po'o o ke kauoha a Peter Scott e mana'o e hana i ka papa inoa o nā holoholona i hō'ino'ia,'o ia ho'i'o ka International Red Book. Ua nīnau nā lālā o ke komisina i ka nīnau: "He aha ka mea'ula'ula?", Pane akula'o Scott iā ia: "'O ke kala'ula ke'ano o ka pō'ino,'o ia ho'i ka hiki iā mākou ke lilo i ka mea li'ili'i a mākou."

'O ka pae mua loa ma nā puke'elua, e like me ka kalena, e'ike'ia i ka mālamalama. Aia i loko o 312 mau manu a me 211 mau'ano mammina. Ua ho'ouna'ia ka puke i kekahi mau mea ho'opuka - mea'epekema a me nā luna'āina. Nā mea nāna i hana i ka folio i mua a hiki i kēlā me kēia manawa, hiki ke ho'ololi i nā'ike e pili ana i nā holoholona, no laila, ua ho'ouna hou'ia nā pepa hou i nā mea e ho'olālā ai i nā mea kahiko.

Nā ho'ololi a me nā ho'ohui: hō'ulu'ulu manawa

A hiki i ka makahiki 1980, ua pa'i hou'ia ka Red Book'ekolu mau manawa: ua ho'ololi'ia ke'ano, ua nui ka helu o nā puke,'ike'ia ka'ike e pili ana i nā'ano (i ka puka 4, 13 mau holoholona i ho'iho'i'ia), ua ho'ololi'ia ke'ano.

Mai ka makahiki 1988 a hiki i 1998 Ua pa'i'ia ka International Red Book - he papa inoa o nā holoholona i kapa'ia "Red List of Species Expected". I loko o 5 mau makahiki, ua pa'i'ia'elima mau papa inoa. Ua like lākou me ka Red Red, akā he'ano like'ole ka'ano, kahi'ano like'ole o ka'ano. No laila, aia nā papa'elua i'elua papa, a ua māhele hou'ia i'auhau. He mea'olu'olu kekahi o ka'auhau e pili ana i kēlā'ano o nā holoholona i mālama'ia i ke pio'ana.

'O nā papa'elua a me ka International Red Data Book e mālama'ia e IUCN a me ka World Conservation Monitoring Center (Cambridge, UK). Ma lalo o nā mana o ka IUCN, he nui nā kānaka o ka Commission ma nā mea li'ili'i e hana ana i ka'ike'ana i nā'ike, e mālama ana i nā'ikepili a me nā puke pa'i. Ma o kā lākou hana i'ike ai mākou i nā holoholona e pono ai ka palekana, a'o wai ho'i o ia mau mea,'a'ole loa mākou e'ike ma ka honua.

Ke'ano

He aha ka nānā'ana o ka International Red Book? 'O kēia'ano'ōpili maika'i loa,'ano'ano ke'ano o ke ānuenue: kahi uhi o ka'ula'ula'ula'ula, a me nā'āpana o nā'ano'ele'ele ('ele'ele,'ele'ele, ke'oke'o,'ōma'oma'o, melelena, hina). Nui nā po'e e nīnau e pili ana i kahi e mālama'ia ai ka Hale Red. 'O ka pōmaika'i, he ho'olaha ho'olaha ia, no laila e loa'a ana ma kekahi hale waihona puke maika'i. Makemake kekahi po'e i ke aloha i loko o kā lākou puke kiko waiwai.

No laila e kama'ilio hou a'e e pili ana i kēlā me kēia māhele. Ua māhelehele'ia nā'ike e pili ana i nā holoholona o ka International Red Book i nā māhele'eono:

• Nā'ano'oko'a;
• Nā holoholona mahuka a me nā holoholona hihiu;
• 'O nā'ōpala e lolo koke nei;
• Nā'ano li'ili'i;
• 'Ike kūpono i nā'ano;
• Nā holoholona e nele i ka pale.

No laila, ua ma'alahi ka'ike e pili ana i kēia mea ai'ole kēlā holoholona.

'O ka ho'ohui'ana o nā'ano

'O nā luna o kēlā me kēia māhele o ka Puke Lūkini i kā lākou'ōlelo iho pono'ī.

Ma nā'ao'ao'ele'ele o ka folio, ua nalowale nā holoholona (EX) a ua nalowale nā holoholona ma ke'ano (EW); Nā hua uila - ka hewa (VU) a ma ka palena o ka ho'opau'ana (CR); Nā pūnaewele pūnaewele - nā'ōpū e make ana i waho (VN); Nā palapala'ili'ula - nā i'a e kokoke kokoke ana i ka lāpuni pilikia (NT); Nā'ao'ao Gray -'ike'ole i nā'ano (CD); Nā hua'ōlelo Green - nā mea me ka li'ili'i loa o ka ho'opau'ana (LC).

He aha nā 'ike'ē a'e i komo i loko o ka International Red Data Book? 'O nā ki'i holoholona. Ma ke'ano ma'amau, ma nā'ao'ao o ka puke e pili ana i nā'ikepili koolamu, aia kekahi ki'i o ka mea i ho'ākāka'ia (koe wale no nā holoholona i pau i ka hopena, nona ka hi'ohi'ona e hana hou'ia a ma ka hō'ike graphically a ma o nā ki'i'ikepili).

'O ka mea kēia e nānā'ia ai ka International Red Book. He'oko'a nā holoholona i hō'ike'ia i loko. I ka pili'ana i ka ne'e'ana o ka'epekema, ho'onui mau'ia ka'ike, ho'onui'ia nā'ano hou, a'o kekahi mau holoholona e ho'ololi i ka kūlana no nā hana palehonua. A'o ka hau'oli wale nō ia!

Nā papa'āina o ka Red Book

Ma ka'ōlelo e pili ana i ka International Red Book, he mea pono ke ho'omaopopo he'ano like kona: no ka mea,'o ka International Red Data Book of Ukraine, a'o ka Book Red Data International o Rusia. Nā holoholona, nā'ike e pili ana i kahi o ia mau puke, ola (a i'ole i noho mua'ia) ma nā'āina i'ōlelo'ia.

E like me ka mea i hō'ike'ia, aia nā'eneke'āpana o ka Red Book i nā'ike kiko'ī e pili ana i ka'ano, me ke'ano like'ole o ka honua. 'O ka mea i'ike'ia ma muli o ke'ano o ka nānā'ana o nā'āpana'āina i ka'ike o ka nahele i loko o ka'āpana,'o ka nui a me ke'ano o kēlā me kēia'ano he'ano like'ole ia mai ka pae honua. No laila, ua hō'ano hou'ia ka'ikepili a'oi mau hou.

He'ē a'e nā puke āpau o ka'ike honua ma o ka ho'olālā'ana,'o ka uhi wale nō o nā ulaula i ho'ololi'ole'ia.

E noho mau kākou ma nā mea ko'iko'i loa o ka mō'ī holoholona, kahi e pili ana i ka luku'ana a ua helu'ia ma ka Papa Ula.

Ka Palapala Kuhi Pūnaewele International: Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)

Amur Kika (Ussuri) i loko o ka Red Book ua hōʻike ana he uuku nānaina (VU) ma ka'ākau Rusia. 'Oiai he 100 mau makahiki i hala, ua ho'ohālikelike'ia ka helu o kēia mau holoholona i nā tausani, akā, no ka hahai holoholona, ua ho'omaka ka heluna o ka heluna kanaka e emi. I kēia lā, hiki'ole i ka heluna Amur ke pi'i i 500 mau kānaka.

'O kēia'ano kekahi o nā māka'i li'ili'i o ka'ohana cat i ho'ololi'ia i ka'ano'ino o ke kiko. 'O kahi hi'ohi'ona nui o kēia mau'āpana he wahi'alima keu ka momona ma ka'ōpū, e hiki ai i ka pēpe'a ke'ae i nā mahana wela nui.

Ka Lahui'Āina Lāhui'o International: Animals - Snow Leopard (Pākahi Unia)

Snow leopadi (irbis, he hau leopadi) - he nui popoki e ola ana i loko o ka mauna wahi o Central Asia. A hiki i ka ho'omaka'ana o nā kenekulia XX, he līlū ko'iko'i ka leopadi o ka hau. I kēia lā, ua pāpā'ia ka leopadi'o ka hau,'o ka'ike e pili ana i ka holoholona i ka International Red Book. Ho'opili'ia nā leopards'o Leopards e like me kahi i'a i'ānai'ia (EN).

Visayan warty pua (Sus cebifrons)

Noho ka Visayan Warty pua i ka honua ma nā mokupuni'elua wale nō - Panay a me Negro (pae'āina Philippine). Ma muli o ka'imi'ana i ka hahai holoholona, ua emi iho ka heluna o kēia pua'a i 60 mau makahiki i ka nui o 80%! Mai ka makahiki 1998, ua mālama'ia ka pua'a Visayan e ka International Red Book. Ke nānā'ia nā holoholona he'ano'ānai (EN).

Ke kuhi kuhi marten (Dasyurus maculatus)

Quoll (tiga popoki) , loaa ae nei kona inoa no o kona similarity i ka marten a me ka popoki. I kēia mau lā, noho kēia'ano martens i nā heluna kanaka'elua o ka'āina'o Australian (ma ka'ākau - Queensland, hikina - mai ka'ao'ao'o Queensland a Tasmania). 'O ka'ike ma luna o marsup martens ka International Red Book. 'Au nā holoholona o kēia'ano i kahi kokoke i kahi wahi pilikia (NT).

Nā pulu kūkā li'ili'i (Pristis microdon)

He mea noho ka pilote pokole (ramp-pylon) ma nā kahakai kai o ka Pākīpika a me nā moana'Inia. 'O ka nānā'ana i ke ola ma nā kūlana ho'oku'u'a'ole'oi aku ma mua o 7 mau makahiki. Ma ka Palapala'Ike Lūkini, he kūlana ko ka i'a "ma ka hopena o ka luku" (CR).

Monkey Burmese snub-nosed (Rhinopithecus strykeri)

'O ka Monkey Burmese snub-nosed (rhinopitek Stryker)'oiai i'ike'ia ka'ano o nā mea'epekema e ka makahiki 2010. 'O kēia'ano'āmele e noho nei ma ka'ākau o Burma. Ua loa'a i ka primate kona inoa ma muli o ka mea nāna i'ike a me ka hanana o ka ihu - ua pi'i a'e nā puka ihu o ka'ōpiko. Ma muli o kēia hi'ohi'ona anatomical, ho'omaha'o ka monkey Burma i ka wā ua - e hā'ule ka lepo i loko o kona ihu. I kēia manawa i ka makahiki 2012, ua helu'ia ka pekey Burmese ma ka Red Book, ke kūlana - ma kahi o ka luku'ia'ana (CR). I kēia lā, aia 300 mau kānaka o Burmese snub-nosed pekey.

'O ko mākou hoahānau pili loa,'o Orangutan (Pongo)

'O'Orangutan he kēna humanoid, he mea pili loa i ka DNA kanaka. 'O'Iselate Sumatran a'o Kalimantan orangutana (ke'ano nui o ka nui -'o ke Kalimantan nui). 'O ke kumu o ka emi'ana o ka heluna kānaka ka ho'olālā'ana o nā ululā'au o ka ua (ka noho o nā haole) a me ka pāpale.

Ua helu'ia ka Panatran orangutan i ka Palapala Ula, aia ka kūlana i ka hopena o ka luku'ia (CR); Ke pani'ia nei ka'Orangutan o Kalimantan i ke kūlana o "'ano pilikino" (VU). Ho'omau ka mana'olana e mālama'ia kēia i'a ma o nā zoo a me nā mālama'āina.

Nerpa Caspian (Phoca caspica)

Seal Caspian (Caspian Seal) E neʻe i waena o ka'ākau hapa o ka Caspian Sea a me na Urals. Akā he 100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua'oi aku ka nui o nā hō'ailona i ho'okahi miliona mau kānaka, i kēia mau lā,'a'ole i hiki i kahi helu ho'okahi ke hiki i ho'okahi tausani. Nā kumu: ka poahao nui, ka pollution o nā wai wai, ka loli. Ua helu'ia'o Nerpa Caspian i loko o ka Red Book ma ke'ano o kahi i'a e pili ana i ka luku'ia.

Ma ka hopena

'O ke kanaka, he mea pono ia, akā na'e, mana'o'ole'o ia i nā pā, nā ululā'au, "ho'ohuli i nā muliwai", ka hopu, me ka huli'ana i nā mea kālepa. 'O ka hopena o kēlā'ano'ano kolohe,'o ka nalowale'ana o nā'elele o ka lau nahele a me ka'āina.

Ua puka mai ka Hale Ula i loko o ka mālamalama, a ua hāpai ka maka'āinana i ka hopena o ka pilikia a ke kanaka i lawe mai ai i ka'ōlohelohe. 'O ka'oia'i'o,'o kekahi mau'ano, e waiho'ia ma nā'ao'ao o ka mō'aukala, akā aia nō na'e kekahi mau mea e hiki ke ho'ōla no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.

Mahalo i nā pā kula āpau a me nā mālama mālama i ka waiwai nui i ka mālama'ana i nā i'a! Akā, makemake loa wau i nā po'e a puni ma ka Honua e kōkua i ka mālama'ana i ke kaiaulu, a ua ho'opiha pinepine'ia ka Red Book me nā'ao'ao'ōma'oma'o.

Ka honua! E ho'omana'o: he mea ko'iko'i loa ia no ka pale'ana i ka Honua, ke'a'a nei, mahalo a mālama i ke'ano e ho'opuni nei iā mākou, a'a'ole ho'opoina no kekahi manawa e pono ai nā mea apau ma ka honua a he mea nui ho'i! 'O nā holoholona ka po'e hoa noho ma ka honua,'a'ole ka lole a me ka'ai!