Kaʻeleu kahua o ka'ūhū: 'ole, ka waiwai. Owai la ka mea ike i kaʻeleu paena o ka'ūhū? He aha ka mea i kapaia o kaʻeleu paena o ka'ūhū?

Mākou i nā mea a pau i lohe i nā'ūhū, akā, ia mea olelo lealea i kela mea keia mea o mākou loa ike pono ana i kēia mau waiwai i ka hooponopono ia, a me ke kumu a lakou i pono. He 'atikala e kōkua i maopopo i ka' ole a me ka mana o nā'ūhū (nā'ūhū) i mau, a me kā lākou hana-oaio? A ma pakahi.

mō'aukala noiʻi

I ka makahiki 1833, Palani chemist Anselme Payen kuhikuhi, a wehewehe i ka waiwai o ka'ūhū amylase.

A mau makahiki ma hope, Louis Pasteur, këia i ka huli ana o ke kō i loko o ka waiʻona 'ole i ka hū,'ōlelo i kēia kaʻina mea ku pono i ka Nine Inch mea e mai i ka hū.

I ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia physiologist Villi Kyune mua dala i ka makahiki "'ūhū".

German Eduard Buchner i ka 1897 hōʻike 'a ua ho'ākāka' ia ma zymase -'ūhū eiiieaena e catalyzes i ka huli ana o ka sucrose i loko o ethanol naoh. Ma maoli zymase ma ka nui i loko o ka hū.

Ua ua i ikeia ka wā a me ka mea nana i wehe i kaʻeleu paena o ka'ūhū. Kēia Kaka ua aie me Nobel laureate chemist Edaurdu Buchner, American biologist James Sumner a me nā pono-ikeiaʻepekema mea näna i hana ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o enzymatic catalysis.

General 'ike e pili ana i nā'ūhū

Hoʻomanaʻo aʻela nō i nā'ūhū - 'ona o ka kumuʻiʻo ano, i hana oihana i ola meaola catalysts o Nine Inch reactions. Ke'ūhū i wale i kaʻai i e ole pololei komo 'ana i loko o laila, i ke kahe ana o ka naoh hoʻolako kaʻeleu mawaena konu o ka'ūhū.

nō kekahi o nā waiwai o nā'ūhūʻaneʻi.

1) ka hoʻokōʻana. A uuku ka nui o ka hōʻeleu lawa e hōʻeleu i ke Nine Inch naoh o 10 ⁶ manawa.

2) Specificity. Kekahi'ūhū mea i ao hōʻeleu o kekahi naoh i loko o ka halepaahao. No ka'ūhū hōʻike specificity o ka hana: kēlā'ūhū catalyzes mau wale kekahi a like reactions me substrates (ka reactant hānai), akā, 'ē aʻe Nine Inch reagents no ka mea ia ano, ke'ūhū i mea makehewa wale. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me na substrates kūpono a me ka hou hoʻonui o ka naoh hoʻolako kaʻeleu mawaena konu o ka'ūhū.

3) Mea Activity. Ke'ūhū ha awina i loko o ka halepaahao ua mau hoʻololi mai haʻahaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe.

4) lehulehu o kekahi nā'ūhū i loko o ka halepaahao mea i mau, a hiki oko ma ka mawaho olelo. Oia nā'ūhū ma kālaimeaola kapa inducible.

Mea Maluna o nā'ūhū

Ma kona 'ole, na nā'ūhū hiki ke maheleia i na mea a me ka eiiieaena. Simple komo wale nō o'aminoʻakika residues, i luna 'ole-kumuʻiʻo pae o ka' ona. Complex kapaia coenzymes.

Byʻano o ka'ūhū catalysed reactions i māheleʻia i loko o:

1) Oxidoreductases (catalyze redox reactions).

2) Transferases (Neʻe i hoʻokaʻawale hui o nā'ātoma).

3) Lyases (hoopili Nine Inch paa ana).

4) Lipase (pili kino i loko o ka reactions aie a hiki i ka ikaika o ATP).

5) Isomerases (uchuvstvuyut reactions interconversion o isomers).

6) Hydrolases (catalyze Nine Inch reactions ma digestion me ka paa ana).

'ole'ūhū

'ūhū - he luna 'ekolu-dimensional' ole, a ua hakuʻano nui'aminoʻakika residues. No hoi he mea he prosthetic pūʻulu - i ke keʻena o ka 'ole-kumuʻiʻo ano, pili me ka'aminoʻakika residues.

Nā'ūhū -ʻano nui globular nā polokina e hiki ke hui ma luna 'nenoai. Like nā proteinaceous waiwai, e denatured ma ka hoʻoulu i ka mahana a ma ka waiū i kekahi Nine Inch nā'ūhū. Ma denaturation loli aʻe tertiary'ūhū 'ole, a pela i ka waiwai o ka hana mawaena konu o na nā'ūhū. E like me ka hopena, i ka'ūhū ha awina emi dramatically.

Catalyzed kūpapakū mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO nui uuku ma mua o ka'ūhū iho. Ke easiest'ūhū ninoieo o kanaono'aminoʻakika residues, a me konaʻeleu-oaio? A - wale elua.

Aia nō nā'ūhū catalytic paena'amino nāʻakika i mea ole poe, a me ka ke aloha prosthetic pae, 'ole (oi pinepine)'okanikaʻole me Kinohi - cofactor.

I ka manaʻo o ka mea hana paena

Wale he uuku hapa o ka'ūhū pili 'ole i loko o Nine Inch reactions. Kēia hapa o ka'ūhū kapaia kaʻeleu paena. Kaʻeleu kahua o ka'ūhū - he lipid, he mau'aminoʻakika residues a prosthetic hui, ka mea e hoopaa ai i ka kūpapakū a catalyzes ka naoh. Ke'aminoʻakika residues o kaʻeleu paena e pili ana i kekahi'amino nāʻakika - Polar, nonpolar, hoopiiia, onaona uncharged.

Kaʻeleu'ūhū oaio (keia lipid,'amino nāʻakika a me nā waiwai hiki o reacting me na reagents) - ka loa nui hapa o ka'ūhū, me kēia mau 'ona makemake e lapuwale.

Nō kāu, ka'ūhū lātoma he hoʻokahi wale nōʻeleu paena, paa ana me kekahi a oi like reagents. Ke'aminoʻakika residues o kaʻeleu waena hanaia hydrogen, hydrophobic paha covalent paa, ho okumu i ka'ūhū-kūpapakū eiiieaena.

Ka 'ole o ka hana waena

Kaʻeleu paena o nā'ūhū, noonoo ole a me ka luna 'o ka eke a kau. pono kulike geometrically a electrostatically ka kūpapakū kēia 'ole o ka hana mawaena konu o ka'ūhū, mahope mai o ka loli ma ka tertiary' ole o ka'ūhū e hoololi i kaʻeleu paena.

Paa a me ka catalytic mawaena konu - mau mea o ka hana mawaena konu o ka'ūhū. ʻae nō hoʻi, i ka pū'āʻana paena "E kaha makau i" kūpapakū hoʻokaulike, a ua pili me ia, a me ka catalytic-oaio? A ua pili 'ole i loko o ka naoh.

Ka paa ana o ka hana mawaena konu o ka kūpapakū

I mea e wehewehe ana i kaʻeleu paena o ka'ūhū pili me ka kekahi mea kemikala, mau theories i ua i manaoia. Ka loa mahalo o ia - lawaiʻa ka kumumanaʻo, ka mea, o ka pähola 'ana o "ka laka a me kī". Lawaiʻa? Aaei ia he mea he'ūhū maikaʻi loa hoʻomākaukau ai i kēlā me kēia kūpapakū i loko o kona kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai. Ma hope iho o ke kahua o kekahi ka hoʻololi 'ana, aole ia i hoʻomaka ai'ūhū-kūpapakū eiiieaena.

Kekahi Amelika haumāna - Daniel Koshland - hou lawaiʻa mea mahuʻi o ka pähola 'ana i ka hana paena o ka'ūhū ke hoʻololi lākou conformation like loa me ka mea i pono i ka ua kūpapakū.

Nā kinetics o enzymatic reactions

Hiʻona enzymatic naoh ua këia biochemistry uku kaiaulu -'ūhū kinetics. Kēia mau 'epekema haʻawina o na reactions meʻano nā hoʻohui like o nā'ūhū a me substrates, i ke kaukaʻi o ka naoh ana ma ke ana wela i loko o ka halepaahao, a me ka waiwai o ka hana paena o nā'ūhū ke kaumaha ma muli o ka kino ai a me ka Nine Inch kiko'î o ka meakino.

'ūhū kinetics hana manaÿo e like me naoh ana, ho'ā hope ikehu, ho'ā hope lâhui, hakakino haʻawina, kekahi haʻawina a me kekahi poe e ae. E noonoo i kekahi o këia mau manaÿo.

A laila, ua he liluwelo naoh, na reagents pono e hoolilo i kekahi ikehu. Kēia ikehu ua kapaia ka ho'ā hope ikehu.

Ka hou ana o ka'ūhū a hiki i ka reactants e emi i ka ho'ā hope ikehu. Kekahi waiwai pane koke ma me ke komo 'ana o nā'ūhū, mai ka ho'ā hope ikehu mea, ua kiʻekiʻe. Ke naoh equilibrium Aʻole e hoʻololi i ka hou ana o ka'ūhū.

Ke naoh ana - i ka nui o ka naoh huahanaʻIkea a nalowale i loko o ka mokuna manawa.

Kaukaʻi o ka naoh māmā holo ma kūpapakū lehulehu dimensionless physical nui characterizes - Michaelis a eia i.

Hakakino Activity - i ka helu o ka kūpapakū nā lātoma mea i hoohuliia mai i kekahi lātoma o'ūhū no pa alima manawa.