Kumuʻiʻo: 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo. waiwai o nā polokina

E like me uaʻike, nā polokina - ke kumu o ke kumu o ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua. E like me ke kumumanaʻo o Oparin-Haldane ua coacervate kulu, oia o nā lātoma o peptides, ka mea, ua lilo ia i ke kumu o ke kumu o na mea ola a pau hoi. Kēia mea i kanalua, no ka mea Ikepili o ka maloko 'ole o kekahi lala o ka biomass hōʻike i kēia mau waiwai i na mea a pau: kanu, holoholona, microorganisms, fungi, nā mea hoʻomaʻi. A ka mea, ua nui loa nā ma ka ano a me ka macromolecular.

Nā inoa o kēia mau eha hale, ka mea i synonymous:

• nā polokina;
• nā polokina;
• polypeptides;
• peptides.

kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma

Lākou helu mea oiaio incalculable. Ma keia hihia, a pau o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma hiki ke maheleia i mau nui pūʻulu:

• Simple - komo wale o ka'aminoʻakika kaʻina hui ma kaʻakika'amino paa;
• eiiieaena - 'ole a me ka' ole o ka kumuʻiʻo i wehewehe aku e ka mea hou protolytic (prosthetic) pūʻulu, i kapaʻia cofactors.

Ma kēia hihia, na ka luna 'nā lātoma no hoi i ko lakou mau Mea Maluna.

Gradation eiiieaena peptides

1. Glycoproteins - i pili loa kumuʻiʻo a me ka carbohydrate i huiʻia. Ka 'ole o ka lātoma ulana prosthetic pūʻulu mucopolysaccharides.
2. Lipoproteins - he luna 'huina lakou o ke kumuʻiʻo a me ka lipid.
3. Metalloproteins - like me ka prosthetic pūʻulu nō ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia Ion (hao, manganese, keleawe, a me na mea e ae).
4. Nucleoproteins - Manaʻo Kōkua kumuʻiʻo a nukelea nāʻakika (DNA, RNA).
5. Fosfoproteidy - conformation o ke kumuʻiʻo a me ke koena o phosphoricʻakika.
6. Chromoproteids - mea i like loa me metalloproteins, akā, he hehee ai i ka hapa o ka prosthetic pūʻulu mea he pōpō luna '(ʻulaʻula - hemoglobin, omaomao - chlorophyll, a no laila, ma luna).

Kēlā me kēia pūʻulu ana no ka 'ole a me ka waiwai o nā polokina eʻokoʻa. I ka mana i ka mea hana, a me E oko ma ke 'ano o ka lātoma.

Ke Nine Inch 'ole o nā polokina

Mai keia viewpoint nā polokina - he lōʻihi, nunui lei o ka'aminoʻakika residues interconnected kekahi mea paʻa kapaʻakika'amino. Mai kaʻaoʻao hale a nāʻakika haalele lālā - radicals. Kēia 'ole o ka lātoma i loaa e E. Fischer i ka hoʻomaka o ka XXI kenekulia.

Ma hope, nā polokina, 'ole a me ka hana ana o nā polokina i ua aʻo i loko o nui au mamuli. Ua lilo i mea akaka i ka'amino nāʻakika aha kaʻakika'amino 'ole, i ka huina o ka 20, akā, e hiki pela e hui ma naʻano likeʻole. Nolaila ke 'ano o ka polypeptide hale. Eia hou, ma ke kaʻina hana o ke ola, a me ka hana ana o kona oihana e hiki ke undergo i ka moʻo o Nine Inch loli 'nā polokina. E like me ka hopena, e hoʻololi i ka 'ole, a me he mea hala loa he houʻano o ka pili ana.

E uhai i kaʻakika'amino paa, 'o ia hoʻi, ma loko kumuʻiʻo' ole o nā kaula hao pono e koho loa ikaika rula (kiʻekiʻe mahana,ʻakika a me kona'ākilikai hōʻeleu). O ke kumu ho i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe o ka covalent paa ana i loko o ka lātoma, o, ma o kaʻakika'amino pae.

Ka loaʻaʻana o ke kumuʻiʻo 'ole i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana' ana i ka biuret naoh - kanawai ma polypeptide freshly precipitated hydroxide, keleawe (II). I ka luna 'o kaʻakika'amino pae a me ke keleawe Ion hoʻolako he ao alohilohi i lila waihoʻoluʻu.

Aia mau eha walaʻauʻana mall hoʻolālā, kela mea keia mea o ka i i kona ano iho no ka 'ole o nā polokina.

Pae o ka hui: ka iniiaiie 'ole

I haiia ae maluna,, kaʻakika'amino - he kaʻina o ka'aminoʻakika residues me inclusions, ke kākoʻo '-nā'ūhū, a me ka ia. No laila, kapa aku keia i ka iniiaiie 'ole o ka lātoma, i mea maoli, o ka papa, ia mea no ka oiaio'amino nāʻakika hui ma kaʻakika'amino mea paa, a me ka mea e ae. Ia mea, ke polypeptide laina 'ole. Ma kēia mau 'ole o nā nā polokina o keia ano keia ano - i loko o ia keia me ka hui pu ana o nāʻakika meaʻano nui no ka hana o ka oihana o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma. Mahalo i kēia mau hiʻona mea hiki ole wale e hōʻikeʻakika'amino akā, no hoi, e wńnana i ka waiwai a me ke kūlana o ka loa hou, i keia manawa undiscovered. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka peptides me maoli iniiaiie 'ole, - insulina, pepsin, chymotrypsin, a me na mea e ae.

haumāna conformation

'Ole a me ka waiwai o nā polokina i loko o kēia waeʻano ĸokoĸa ana nä pane i kekahi mau mea. Oia ka 'ole hiki ke hana initially ma ke ano a me ka wā malalo i iniiaiie hydrolysisʻoʻoleʻa, ke ana wela a me nā ana.

Kēia conformation eiaaoʻekoluʻano likeʻole:

1. I laumania, regular, stereoregular coils kūkulu mai i ka'aminoʻakika residues mea i haika a puni ka Kora naʻEsau pilina iho (axis). Wale paʻa pu ma ka hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa 'ia ma waena o oxygen pae o kekahiʻakika'amino, a me ka' ē aʻe hydrogen. Ma ke aha ka mea kanu'ōiwi nā mea pololei no ia i ka mea ana i nā 'ana e haʻalele kōā kaulike hai kela 4ʻilikai. Oia ka 'ole hiki e nā hema-hema a me ka pravozakruchennoy. Akā, ma ka hapanui o ikeia nā polokina dextrorotatory isomer predominates. Oia conformation ua kapaia Alpha-hale.
2. I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka mea kēiaʻano kumuʻiʻo ÿokoÿa mai ka mua kekahi i loko o ia ka hydrogen paa ana iʻaʻole i hanaʻia ma waena o ka mea e ku anaʻaoʻao ma kaʻaoʻao ma kekahiʻaoʻao o ke koena o ka lātoma, a ma waena o kūpono kou wehe 'ia, ma kahi a ma ka loihi o ka pono nui. No keia kumu, ke 'ole holoʻokoʻa lilo oi undulating, convoluted nahesa polypeptide mau kaula. Aia i kekahi hiʻona i e e kumuʻiʻo. Ka 'ole o ka'amino nāʻakika o nā lālā e e like pōkole me ia o ka glycine a alanine, no ka laʻana. Kēiaʻano o ka haumāna conformation ua kapaia Hoʻokolohua-a lahilahi no kā lākou hana e pili pu ina ke kahua o ka pono 'ole.
3. Pili ana i ke kolu o ka type kumuʻiʻo 'ole e like me ka kālaimeaola Kû luna' raznorazbrosannye, unordered koena ai ka ole stereoregularity a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka 'ole ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mawaho aku ana.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike no nā polokina me haumāna 'ole ma ke ano maoli, ua i hōʻike.

Tertiary ka hoʻonaʻauao

He He 'ano luna' conformation, me ka inoa "globule". He aha mea he kumuʻiʻo? Ka 'ole o ka mea, ua nānā' ana ma luna o ka haumāna 'ole, akā, i hoʻohuiʻia houʻano o nā hana kūleʻa ma waena o nā nā'ātoma o nā pūʻulu, a me ka mea a pau lātoma nā pā e like, alakaʻi ai, i ka mea i ka hydrophilic pūʻulu i ua kuhikuhi i globules a me hydrophobic - mai.

Kēia wehewehe i kaʻoihana o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma i loko o ka wai colloidal pāʻoihana. He aha nō i nāʻano o nā hana kūleʻa i laila?

1. Hydrogen paa - noho kŰlń ma waena o ka ia māhele like i loko o ka haumāna 'ole.
2. Ke hydrophobic (hydrophilic) AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN - kū mai ka wā mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai polypeptide.
3. Ionic attraction - raznozaryazhennymi i hanaʻia ma waena o'aminoʻakika residues ('ano'ē) pūʻulu.
4. Covalent hana kūleʻa - hiki ke hanaʻia ma waena o ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ʻakika ioauoa - cysteine nā lātoma, a aho, i ko lakou huelo.

Penei, hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka haku mele' ana a me ka 'ole o nā polokina me kekahi tertiary' ole e like me ka'ōwili i loko o globules polypeptide kaulahao, mālama a hoʻolilo 'a stabilizing kona conformation ma muli o ke acee? Iuo oeiia o Nine Inch hana kūleʻa. 'O kekahi mau peptides: fosfoglitseratkenaza, tRNA, alpha-keratin, silika fibroin, a me na mea e ae.

Ka quaternary 'ole

'O kēia kekahi o ka loa paʻakikī o ka globules, a hana nā polokina. Ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o nā polokina o ia i ke kumumanao o loa versatile a me kekahi.

He aha ka keia conformation? He He mau (kekahi manawa ōlaʻi i) o ka nui a me ka uuku polypeptide kaulahao, a i hanaʻia, ke kū kaʻawale o kekahi i kekahi. Akā, laila, ma muli o ia i ka mea hana kūleʻa mākou mea i noʻonoʻo no ka mea tertiary 'ole o kēia mau peptides i ka hoʻoluli a intertwined. Pela i loaa eiiieaena conformational globules i i pihaʻi me metala nā'ātoma, a me ka lipid pūʻulu, a me ka carbohydrate. 'O kekahi mau nā polokina: DNA polymerase, paka mea hoʻomaʻi wahī kumuʻiʻo, hemoglobin, a me na mea e ae.

A pauʻakika'amino hale a mākou i kūkākūkā i kā lākou mau ki ina hana like o ka 'ike i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, ma muli ma ka papa nā papaha o ka hoʻohana chromatography, centrifugation, huina'ine a me ka'ōnohi microscopy, a kiʻekiʻe kamepiula loea.

oihana

Ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o nā polokina ua pili loa correlated i kekahi i kekahi. Ia mea, kēlāʻakika'amino Radio he kūlana i mea kū hoʻokahi a me ka maopopo. He nui no hoi ka poe i hiki ke hana i loko o ka halepaahao ola, kekahi mau nui hana. Akā, ka mea hiki ke ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo like i ka hoike i ka walaʻauʻana mana o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma i loko o na kino o ka poʻe e ola ana mea:

1. E hoomanao e kalepa. ,? A? Meaola a organelles, a me kekahi mauʻano o ke keena i hiki ke neʻe,ʻoki, ka neʻe 'ana. Kēia kumuʻiʻo ua hoʻolako, ho okumu i kauwahi o ko lākou 'ole o ka Hawaii nakeke: cilia, flagella, cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka hikiʻole i ka pohupani hale o na keena, na nā polokina e hoʻonui i kā lākou ka ho'ēmiʻana (myosin Muscle).
2. 'aiaola a eiiet kuleana pili i. He he hoʻomāhuahua o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma ma oocytes, embryos a kanu anoano no ka mea hou hoopiha nalowale ka mahuaola. Ma cleavage o na peptides paka'amino nāʻakika a biologically hana waiwai, i mea e pono ai no ka maʻamau kūpono 'ana o ke ola meaola.
3. Ka ikehu kuleana pili i. Kaawale mai carbohydrates poe koa i ke kino ke paka a me nā polokina. Ma ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o 1 g. O kaʻakika'amino oku u 17,6 kJ maikaʻi kēia ikehu i loko o ka palapala o ka adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a ua hoolilo i nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana.
4. Peahi ana a me ka hoʻokonukonu kuleana pili i. Ua ninoieo i ka hooko ana mai akahele ka mālamaʻana o ka hoʻomauʻana keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me ka EYI o ka lepa mai aeea e'aʻaʻa, mai ia mau mea a hiki i na Aupuni, mai ka polokalamu a hiki i ka'ōnaehana, a no laila, ma luna o. A typical laʻana ka insulina, a ua ikaika mooolelo o ka helu o ke koko monakō koko.
5. Mea loaʻa kuleana pili i. Ua Ua loaʻa ma ka hoololi ana i ka conformation o kaʻakika'amino me kekahiʻaoʻao o kaʻili lahilahi, a ka hana 'o ka' ē aʻe hope o ka kūkuluʻana. Ia lŘlŘ a me keia i ka hōʻailona EYI, a me ka 'ike koi. Ka hapa nui o kēia mau nā polokina i i loko iho i loko o kaʻili lahilahi cytoplasmic o keena, a lawe mai i ka hooponopono ana ikaika ma luna o nā mea a pau o ka mea hele therethrough. I Alert oe i ka Nine Inch, a physical loli ma ke kaiapuni.
6. Amo hana o na peptides. Ua ua lawe mai i hanai nā polokina, a transporter nā polokina. Ko lākou kūlana ua maopopo - transporting kupono nā lātoma i na kahua me ka haʻahaʻa lehulehu o nā wahi kiʻekiʻe. A typical kumu hoʻohālike o ka amo ana o o oxygen, a i carbon dioxide mai na nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa o ke kumuʻiʻo hemoglobin. Ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka haawi ana o i huiʻia me ka haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha ma kaʻili lahilahi i loko o ka halepaahao.
7. 'Ole kuleana pili i. Kekahi o ka mea nui o ka poe i hanaʻia kumuʻiʻo. Ka 'ole o ke keena a me kā lākou mau organelles ua hoakaka ia peptides. Ka mea, e like me ka wahi ponoi hoakaka shape a me ka 'ole. Eia hou kekahi, ka mea i hanai ia, a me ka hoʻololi 'ana inā he pono. No laila, no ka mea, ka mea ulu a me ka hoʻomohala o nā meaola ola nui nā polokina i loko o kaʻai. Oia peptides nā elastin, tubulin, collagen, actin, a me nā keratin.
8. Ke catalytic kuleana pili i. Ia ae hana i nā'ūhū. He nui a me ka e lauwili, e hōʻeleu i pau i ka Nine Inch, a biochemical reactions i loko o ke kino. Me kā lākou komo, ano o kii onohi i loko o ka'ōpū, ina e hiki, e hōʻuluʻulu wale no mau lā, e hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha, e lena i ka ia manawa. Ma lalo o ka hana o catalase, peroxidase a me nā nā'ūhū, kēia kaʻina paa wahi i loko o nā hola. Ma mau, ia mea i ke aloha a hiki i kēia kūlana, kumuʻiʻo anabolism, a ua lawe mai catabolism, i mea, ea a me ka ikehu pūnao.

Ka aiiay a Mānoa

He nui na ano o ka olelo hooweliweli, mai i nā polokina i ke hoʻololi e hoomalu iho i ke kino.

Mua, Nine Inch pepehi traumatic reagents, kinoea, nā lātoma, waiwai kekahi pae o ka hana. e hiki ke komo me ia i loko o ka Nine Inch naoh, hoʻololi 'ana i loko o ka noho malie hoi e palapala paha wale neutralizing Peptides.

ʻO ka lua, ka mea kino make māinoino mai kaʻeha - ina ua ole iho me ke kumuʻiʻo fibrinogen i ka manawa i loko o fibrin ma ke kahua o ka poino, i ke koko, aole ia i curdle, a me keia wahi aku blockage e kānāwai. A laila, ma ka mea ku ole, ka mea nele plasminʻakika'amino hiki ia oe i omo i clot, a hoʻihoʻi hou patency o ka moku.

Ke kolu, o ka make māinoino o ka e hoʻonele. 'Ole a me ka waiwai o na nā polokina e hana i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea pale aku ia lakou, i'āina nui. Nā mea'aʻaʻa, immunoglobulins, interferons - nō nā mea a pau nui a me ka nui oihana mua o ka lymphatic a me ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoai. Kekahi haole (particles), malicious lātoma, make keena a me kekahi hapa o ka pau 'ole ua malalo i koke i ka hoʻokolokolo' ana ma kaʻakika'amino hui. Ia mea ke kumu he kanaka hiki ponoi, me ke kōkua o nā ai 'i kela lā, e mālama lākou iā lākou iho mai ka maʻiʻaʻai a me ka hemahema hoi nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

physical waiwai

Ka 'ole o ka kumuʻiʻo aeee ka loa kekahi, a hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke kuleana pili i. Akā, i ke kino ai 'waiwai o peptides e like me ka hiki ke hoemi i ka kēia mau' ano.

1. Weight nā lātoma - i 1000000 Daltons.
2. Ma koʻana koko pāʻoihana hana i ka colloidal nenoaiu. Aia 'ole loaʻa iā ia kekahi kauoha aku hiki ia oe oko ma kaʻakika o ka meakino.
3. e hiki ke neʻe i nā pae conformations, a laila denature ka wā paku ole ia i hoʻohalahala rula (pāhawewe,ʻakika a mekala 'åkilikai, wela, etc.). Ke kaʻina hana i loko o 90% o ka hihia irreversible. Eia naʻe, aia no he nana e hoole naeaeaa - renaturation.

Kēia walaʻauʻana waiwai o physical ano o na peptides.