Ka iwi o ka manu. Ka mall hiʻona

Ma kēia 'atikala e kamaʻilio pū mākou e pili ana i ka mea i nā' ano o ka 'ole o ka manu, i ka lākou mau iwi. Nā manu e hana hoihoi 'no ka mea, ka mea wale pūʻulu o vertebrates (' ē aʻe ma mua o opeapea), hiki hoi ole wale e hover i loko o ka lewa, a hiki i keia mahuka. Lākou 'ole mea pono hoʻomākaukau no keia mea. E like me nā haku o ka lewa, ka mea, a māhuahua ma luna o ka honua, a ma luna o ka wai, a me kekahi o ia mau mea, e like me Duck, - i loko o nā mea a pau ekolu hana kūpono. Kēia Radio He kūlana ole wale manu iwi, akā, i hulu. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hanana, hoʻopaʻa i ka pomaikai ana o kēia mau mea i ka hooulu ana o ko lākou plumage. Nolaila, ua noonoo ole wale i ka iwi o ka manu, akā, komo hai aku oe no ia.

Like me ka hulu hipa i loko o mammals, hulu loli Hawaiʻi mua me ka wela hō'īpale uhi. Wale ma hope ka mea, i iho i loko o lawe pelane. Manu kahikoia i ka hulu, apparently, miliona o ka makahiki mua ka mea, loaa i ka hiki i ka lele.

Evolutionary loli i loko o ka 'ole o ka manu

ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana no ka holo alakai i ka ka kūkuluʻana o nā mea a pau hui, nenoai a me ka hana. Hoʻololi a me ka iwi o ka manu. Photos hoʻouna 'ia e ka luna - i ke kiʻi o ka maloko' ole o ka manu nunu la. Mall loli hoike akuʻano nui ma ka hoʻoulu Muscle ikaika ana hoemi kino ke kaumaha. Nā iwi o ka iwi i puha a me ke kelepona hele ai iho i loko o ka lahilahi uma papa, oiai e malama ana makou i ka ikaika, e hana i ko lakou manao i hana '. I wahi o ke kaumaha niho e oluolu nuku, hulu hookahi uhi - he hāpana no he lauwili, a hiki no nae ia e kaupaona oi ma mua o ka iwi. Manaʻo ma waena o ka mea na nā loko limahana ma ka ha ea mauʻeke.

Features opiopio iwi

E hāpai 'ia nei, e noonoo i au mamuli o ka iwi o ka nūnū'ōpiopio. Ua ninoieo o ka pelvic iwi, ka iwi o ka eheu, huelo vertebrae, kumu, cervical spine a me ka cranium. Ka iwi poʻo kaʻawale'ā'ī, kona pāpale aliʻi, lae, nuku, a he nui loa maka kumu. Ka nuku, Ua i nā'āpanaʻelua - he keena a me ka lalo. Ka mea, ne e kaawale mai kekahi i kekahi. Cervical ka loaʻa o ke kumu o ka'ā'ī, puʻu, a me ka'ā'ī. nūnū'ōpiopio iwi i loko o ka dorsal hapa ninoieo o ka sacral, lumbar a me thoracic vertebrae. Umauma - o ka sternum, a me 7 hui o ka iwi aoao paa i ka thoracic vertebrae. i flattened Caudal vertebrae, a pili nā pā, haku o connective'aʻaʻa. Oia, i mau hua'ōlelo, manu iwi. Noaia ka mea, ua hōʻike mai iā ia ma luna.

hoʻololi 'iwi

Hoʻololi 'iwi pili me ka neʻe manu ma diawahine ia wāwae lākou, a hana i ka alo no ka lele, ka hapanui maopopo hoikeia ma ka'ūhā mua a me ka pelvic kaei. Poʻohiwi kāʻei ua rigidly pili me ka sternum, a no ka mea, i ke kino i holo e like me ka mea kēkahi ma luna o nā'ēheu. Keia ua loaʻa i ke aloha a hiki i ka ikaika ulu coracoid iwi i e nalowale ana ma mammals.

Iwi manu Ua me ka nui loa hoʻokāʻoi pelvic kāʻei. Ke dia lala o kēia mau holoholona hoopaa pono ma luna o ka honua (ma luna o na lala ka wā e piʻi ai ka wā navigating ma luna o ka wai) a, oi importantly, pio ana pepehi i ka nui o ka awa. No ka iwi lilo lahilahi, i ko lakou ikaika ua hoʻokāʻoi 'ia e kuʻi nukeliu me kekahi i kekahi i ka wa o ka wehewehe ana oia i' ole manu iwi. Like i loko o mammals, ekolu hui kaulua pelvic iwi fused i ka spine, a hiki i kekahi i kekahi. Merged kumu vertebrae, mai ka hope thoracic a pau me ka huelo mua. lilo iho la lakou a pau hapa o ka luna 'o ka sacrum, a hooikaika aku la i ka pelvic kāʻei, hiki hope manu hana i ko lakou mau oihana me ka hōʻoni i ka hana o nā' oihana.

lala manu

a E e noʻonoʻo i ka lala, hōʻike no ka 'ole o ka manu iwi. Lakou ikaika Hoʻololi 'like i ka typical hiʻona ano o vertebrates. Penei, tarsal a me ka metatarsal iwi hooloihiia a merged pu, e lilo i ka hou Hoʻohanaʻaoʻao. 'ūhā ana hūnāʻia ma lalo o ka hulu. Ma diawahine ia lala iʻikeʻiaʻano papa hana e leie aku mālama i nā manu ma luna o nā lālā. Manamana lima flexor moe ma luna o ke kuli. Lākou mau tendons loa ana ma kaʻaoʻao o ke kuli, a laila, ka hoʻi-ʻaoʻao bobbin, a me ka haahaa ili o na manamanalima mua. Ma anuenue na manamana, i ka wa a ka manu kakaka lala tendonʻano papa hana wili ia, no laila, i ke kāʻili 'ana i' Aʻole i kona nāwaliwali, a hiki i ka hiamoe. Ma kona diawahine ia lala manu 'ole mea i like loa me ke kanaka wawae, akā, he nui no na iwi o ka'ūhā, a wāwae i loko o kona fused.

palaki

Characterizing hiʻona manu iwi, e hoailona oukou i pakahi aku la ia abrupt loli ma ka pili ana i ka ka hoʻololiʻana i ka lele i wahi i loko o ka palaki 'ole. Ke koe iwi o na forelimbs Ua ulu pu, e hana i kekahi kākoʻo no ka lele hulu iniiaiie. Malamaia mua manamana mea rudimentary kākoʻo no ka puapua i hana like me ka kekahi mea hoʻokonukonu, a ho'ēmi i kā ke peleki pāʻana'ēheu ma haʻahaʻa holo māmā holo. Secondary lele hulu pili i ka ulna. Together me ke kupaianaha mea ia iho hulu a pau, e kāinoa'ēheu - he kino, wehewehe aku ma kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻokōʻana a me ka adaptive plasticity. Aia ma lalo o ka iwi o ka mea ole i loko o ka 17th kenekulia ka Dodo manu.

eheu

Eʻalawa a me ka hooponopono i ka holo i holo a me ka huelo hulu, akā, me ko lakou aerodynamic waiwai i ole i maopopo hoomaopopo. Ma maʻamau lele, flapping eheu neʻe ia a ma laila aku, a laila, - ia i luna a me ka hope. Ma ka hopena lalo'ēheu i ka pali huina o ke kaua, i ka mea makemake e pio mämä holo ina iniiaiie hulu ole hoʻohana i keia manawa me he kuokoa lawe pelane, pale inhibition. Kēlā me kēia peni ua ke ka ao ka mai, a iho ma ke kumu, no laila, i ka ia hope aku kuhikuhi kūpono traction, kōkua a me ke kaʻawale o ko lākou mau welau. Eia hoʻi, ma ka kekahi huina o ka hoouka ana o ka vane ua hāʻawiʻia mai, mai ke alo mai o ka'ēheu. Kēiaʻano a he oki e ho'ēmi i kā ka turbulence o ka lawe pelane, a ma ia hoopio ai hoi i inhibition. Pae manu mālama 'extinguishes wikiwiki, Positioning i ke kino i loko o ka vertical plane a me ka retraction ke peleki pāʻana huelo mau'ēheu.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o kekahi mau eheu o ka manu

Bird, hiki ke lele lohi, i ka pakahi aku la ia conspicuous wahi i wāhiʻia ma waena o nā primaries. No ka laʻana, Goldenʻaeto lā (Aquilachysaetos, kiʻi ma luna)ʻanuʻu ma waena o hulu e i 40% o ka heluna'ēheu wahi. Ma na manu i loa laulā huelo hana keu ke eaʻe ka wā hoʻolahalahai ma. Other lōʻihi hoʻohālike au i na eheu o ka aeto, a manu kuahene loa a me ka ololi'ēheu o seabirds.

No ka laʻana, albatrosses (he Hawaii photo o kekahi o ia mau mea imua o luna) ua aneane e huʻa ko lākou mau'ēheu, hoʻolahalahai ma loko o ka makani, a laila, swooping, soaring i kekahi mea me. Ko lakou aoao o ka holo mea i hana kūikawā i ka laʻi ino ka mea, e literally tuko i ka honua. Hummingbird mau'ēheu i ka iniiaiie hulu, a ua hiki ke hana hou ma mua o 50 hahau ana no kekona, i ka wa a ka manu kēkahi i loko o ka lewa; ana e hele nei a hoʻi hou aʻe i loko o ka papamoe pelane.

hulu

Hulu hiki ke hoʻokō i kekahiʻano o ka hana. No laila, paakiki holo a me ka huelo hulu hana i na eheu a me ka huelo. A opaque a contour haawi i ka manu nani loa kou kino a me ka fluff mea he thermal insulator. Hilinai ana ma luna o kekahi i kekahi, e like hale nā kile, hulu ho okumu ana i laumania wahī. Paheona 'ole o ka peni a hiki i ka nui loa ma mua o kekahi' ē aʻe anatomical hiʻona, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka pomaikai o ka manu i loko o ka lewa. Kēlā me kēia vane ninoieo o ka haneri o barbs, a i ke aupuni 'ana ma kekahi pelane ma na aoao a elua o ka pūnaewele puni honua, a mai ia i loko o na aoao elua ana barbules lawe lou ma kaʻaoʻao loihi, mai ke kino mai o ka manu. Mau lou hoʻopili i laumania barbules mua lalani o barbs, e leie aku e malama i ke ano vane ua hoʻololiʻia. Ma kēlā me kēia Makhov hulu nui manu e mai i ka 1.5 miliona. Barbules.

Ka bila a me kona ano

I ka nuku o ka manu ua manipulating kino. Ma ke kumu o ka woodcock (Scolopaxrusticola, i kekahi o ia ua hoike mai ia ma ka Hawaii photo luna), e hiki ke ike pehea noho pilikia hiki ia i ka hana o ka nuku, ka manu plunges mea i loko o ka lepo, ioioie? No ka ilo. E hina ai ma luna o ka waiwai pio, manu ka ho'ēmiʻana e like Muscle höʻike anaʻahā like iwi i kekahi hapa o ka mandibular e pio. Ka poe, ma ka huli, pahu aku ai imua o ka zygomatic iwi, a i mai e flex i ke kihi o ke keena mandible, mea he'ololaha puka ma i ka subclavian Muscle tendon ua pili i kaʻaoʻao maluna o ka poohiwi. Penei, oiai e hoemi i ka subclavian Muscle eheu aei mai, oiai hoemi keiki - ua hōʻike pū 'ana.

No laila, ua holo mai i ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona o ka manu o ka iwi 'ole. Hopefully oe i ike i kekahi mea hou e pili ana i kēia mau mea kupaianaha mea.