Ka 'ole o ka DNA ninoieo o ... Nine Inch haku mele' ana o ka DNA

He nui na kanaka i mau haohao o ke Alii i kekahi mau hoailona i loaʻa i ka makua e haawi i ke keiki (no ka laʻana, maka kala like 'ole, ka lauoho, maka kinona, a me na mea e ae). 'Epekema, ua maopopo i ka hoolilo ano hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka aaiaoe mea, a me ka DNA.

He aha ka DNA?

Currently, ma lalo o ka deoxyribonucleicʻakika maopopo luna 'hui i ka mea kuleana i ka EYI o hereditary ano. Kēia lātoma i loaʻa i loko o na halepaahao o ko mākou kino. Ua hanaʻia i ke kumu nui hiʻona o ko mākou kino (no ka hooulu ana i ka moʻolelo ka hoʻopili like i kekahi mau 'kumuʻiʻo).

He aha ka mea a ka mea, he poe? Ka 'ole o ka DNA ninoieo o ka luna' i huiʻia - nucleotides. By aeie mea i manaoia nucleotide a ieie hui ka i loko o kona 'ole o ka nitrogenous kumu, i ke koena o phosphoricʻakika a me ke kō (i loko o keia hihia - deoxyribose).

DNA mea he papalua ili lātoma, ai kela mea keia mea o na wahi i puhi ai pili i ka 'ē aʻe ma ka naikokene kumu o ka loina o ka complementarity.

A eia hoi, e hiki ke ea i loko o ka DNA nā nā'ōewe - 'ilepili nucleotide kaʻina kuleana no ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. He aha nō ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka 'ole o ka deoxyribonucleicʻakika mea?

nucleotide

E like me ka olelo, me ka walaʻauʻana mall pa alima o deoxyribonucleicʻakika mea he nucleotide. Kēia mea he luna 'ʻahahui. Haku mele 'ana o ka mea kēia DNA nucleotide.

I ke kikowaena o elima-ke keʻena nucleotide kō (deoxyribose ma ka DNA mea ma ka Akä naÿe, e RNA, iloko ona i kakauia ribose). No ka mea, ua hui ke nitrogenous waihona ipu, a ua kaʻawale 5 hoailona ia mea: adenine, guanine, thymine, uracil a me ka cytosine. Eia kekahi, kēlā nucleotide ua haku no a me ke koena phosphoricʻakika.

Ka 'ole o ka DNA ninoieo o wale ia mau nucleotides i i ka hōʻike mall pa alima.

All nucleotides i hoonohonoho i ke kaulahao, a hahai aku kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻohui 'ia o nā triplets (ekolu nucleotides), ka mea hana i kekahi kaʻina i loko o kēlā me kēia a triplet e like me ka kekahi'aminoʻakika. I ka hopena o ke kaulahao.

Ka mea, hui pu ma ua pili 'o ka naikokene kumu. Ke kumu o pilina ma waena o nucleotides laua wahi i puhi ai - hydrogen.

Nucleotide kaʻina i ke kumu o nā'ōewe. 'Aʻe i loko o kā lākou' ole, e alakai i ka hoʻokō 'ole' ana ma o ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina a me ka hoike ana o mutations. Ka 'ole o ka DNA ninoieo o ka ia nā'ōewe e hooholoʻaneʻane nā kanaka, a maopopo ia mai nā meaola.

hooponopono hou ana o ka nucleotide

Ma kekahi mau hoopii, no ka mea, he nui ka pilina paʻa hoolilo o ka moʻolelo ka hooponopono hou ana i nitrogenous waihona ipu ua hoʻohana 'ia. Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka DNA ua Hoʻololi' ia e IeIIeYOA o kekahi meto pūʻulu (CH3). Ua hoʻololi '(kekahi nucleotide) e leie aku e stabilize'ōewe i kona a me ka wehe' ia 'ano kaikamahine keena.

Kēia "hou" o ka hakakino 'ole' aʻole i pili i ka hui o nitrogenous kumu.

Ua hoʻololi 'Ua hoʻohana' ia me ka X-chromosome inactivation. E like me ka hopena, i hana Barr kino.

I Ina o ka mahuahua carcinogenesis DNA Ka Ikepili hōʻike i ke kaula o ka nucleotides i na hoopai ana i ka methylation ma na mea he nui substrates. Ma observational haʻawina, ka mea i ike i ke kumu o ka mutation mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO he methylated cytosine. Nō kāu iʻeho demethylation kaʻina hana hiki paipai i ka holo ana kaʻina hana, akā, ma muli o ia kona ka manaʻo pohihihi, ua i lawe mai i kēia naoh.

DNA 'ole

Ma ka 'ole o ka lātoma, he mau' ano o nā hale. Ka muaʻano - he laina kaʻina o nā nucleotides hana. Lākou? Ieoaeunoai mea paha i kekahi mau kānāwai. I hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma ka nucleotide DNA lātoma hoʻomaka me ka 5'-Ka Nalu a me 3'-Nakulukulu Ka welau. Ka lua o ka huakai kaapuni a aia ma luna o ka mea ku ole, ua kūkulu i loko o ke ano hookahi, wale i loko o nā lātoma i spatially e ku pono ana kekahi i kekahi, ai ka 5'-Ka Nalu o kekahi pae ua aia e ku pono ana i ka 3'-hope o ka lua.

helix - DNA haumāna 'ole. Kena ae la ma ke alo o ka hydrogen paa HEN ma waena o kū'ē nucleotides. Ka hydrogen hoopaa Ua hana (wale thymine, guanine a me ka Akä naÿe hiki ia no ka mea hoike, e ku pono ana i ka mua ili aku ai adenine - uracil ole cytosine) ma waena o mea manuahi nitrogenous kumu. Oia pololei mea ku pono i ka mea i ka hana o ka lua o ka huakai kaapuni i wahi ma ka kumu o ka mea mua, no laila, ma waena o ka nitrogenous kumu ma laila kekahi mau ń.

Ke hoʻololi kemikala o ka lātoma

Pehea ke ano o ka DNA lātoma i hana?

Ma ka pōʻaiapuni o kona ho okumu i ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

• Disconnection wahi i puhi ai.
• Ka piʻiʻana synthesizing huahelu i kekahi o na kaulahao.
• Ka Manaÿo Hou, mai ka lua o ka huakai kaapuni e like me ka rula o ka complementarity.

Ma ke kahua o ke kaawale ana o nā lātoma ua Kīwala'ō ma lalo nā'ūhū - DNA gyrase. Mau nā'ūhū i hoʻomōhala i ka lukuia'na o ka hydrogen paa ana ma waena o nā kaula hao.

Ma hope o divergence kaula hao e hiki mai i ka walaʻauʻana synthesizing'ūhū - DNA polymerase. Kona adherence ua malamaia ma ka paena 5 '. Next, ka'ūhū ua neʻe maila i ka 3'-hopena, ka poʻe hoʻopili i ka i koi 'nucleotides me kūpono nitrogenous kumu. Hope a hiki i ka hoʻoholo ma mua huahelu (terminator) ma ka 3 'hopena, polymerase kaulahao ua disconnected mai ke kumu.

Once i hana hui ma lalo kaapuni ma waena o nā waihona ipu he kuahene hydrogen mea paa, a me ka mea paʻa o ka lānai hou i hana DNA lātoma.

Where hiki au loaʻa i kēia lātoma?

Inā 'oe delve i loko o ka' ole o ke keena a me nā'aʻaʻa, ka mea hiki ke ike i ka DNA uaʻano nui i loaʻa i loko o ka halepaahao nucleus. Ke Kernel He kuleana no ka ho okumu ana hou nāʻaha hui iho, aeee a me kā lākou mau clones. Penei aaiaoe ike hōʻikeʻike i loko o laila, ua puʻunaueʻia ma waena o ka lānai hou i hana keena uniformly (ua loaʻa clones) a me hapa 'ia' (pinepine e like me ka kŰia malama i meiosis). I ka make ana o ka Kora naʻEsau i nā hualoaʻa ma ka 'aʻe' ana i ke kahua o ka hou'aʻaʻa, i hiki aku ai i mutations.

Eia hou kekahi, he kūikawāʻano o hereditary mea na i loko o ka mitochondria. Ka mea, DNA i kekahi mau mea okoa ia mai ia i loko o ka nucleus (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleicʻakika mai he annular shape a me ka hanaʻia kekahi mau'ē aʻe i hana ').

Lātoma iho hiki ke kaʻawale mai kekahi halepaahao o ke kino (no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka swab loa olelo hoʻohana mai o ka loko o ka papalina a me ke koko). No aaiaoe mea wale nō i loko o ka epithelium exfoliates a me kekahi koko aeee (erythrocytes).

oihana

I ka haku mele 'ana o ka DNA lātoma e hoʻoholo i ka hana ana o kona papaʻikepili EYI, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku. O ke kumu ho i ka hoʻololi kemikala o kekahi mau nā polokina e alakai ai i ka hoike ana o ka genotype (na) ole phenotypic (mawaho - no ka laʻana, ano o ka maka, a me ka lauoho) hiʻona.

Ke EYI o ka 'ike ua lawe mai ma ka manaʻo o kona aaiaoe kivila. Ma ke kumu o kaʻikepili hoʻopā'āluaʻia i loko o ka aaiaoe kivila, aia no he 'ana o kekahi' ike, ribosomal a me ka hoolilo RNA. Kēlā me kēia no ia mea kuleana no kekahi mau 'hana - elele RNA ua hoʻohana' ia e synthesize nā polokina limahana ma ribosomal kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma anaina kanaka, a me nā 'ano apau loa kekahi e like amo nā polokina.

Kekahi ole i loko o kā lākou hana a me nā hale a loli hele aku ai i ka hoʻohuikau 'o ke kuleana pili i ka hanaia, a me ka helehelena o ka atypical hiʻona (mutations).

DNA paternity ho'āʻo e hooholo i ke alo o nā symptoms iwaena o kanaka.

aaiaoe ho'āʻo ma

He aha e e hoʻohana hiki ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka aaiaoe mea?

DNA Ka Ikepili ua hoʻohana 'ia ka hoʻoholo' ana i ka helu o nā kumumea a me nā loli i loko o ka meaola.

Ka mua study, e hooholo i ke alo o congenital, ili maʻi. Oia maʻi nā Down maʻi pale, autism, Marfan maʻi pale.

E ho oholo kinship DNA hiki e? Anoee no hoi. Paternity ho'āʻo Ua lōʻihi Ua laha ma na mea he nui, kuhikuhi loio, keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ua like ua hoakaka no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka aaiaoe pilina ma waena o illegitimate keiki. Pinepine i kēia hōʻike nā kānaka noi manawaleʻa kekahi, ma luna o ka'āina hoʻoili i loko o ka hanana o pilikia a me na Aupuni.