Ke uprising ma Poland o 1830-1831: kumu, ke kaua, i ka hopena o

I ka 1830 - 1831 makahiki. komohana o ka Russian aupuni a lulu iho la ia i ka uprising ma Poland. National War ka hoʻomaka 'ana ma luna o ke kāʻei kua o ka mahuahuaʻaihue o ka pono o kona poʻe e noho ana, e like me ke kipi i loko o nā'āina o ka Old World. Ka olelo Ua uhi pū, akā, kona küpinaʻi no na makahiki, e hohola iho la ma Europa, a i ka loa mamao-hiki hopena no Rusia ka inoa maikaʻi i loko o ka International Arena.

prehistory

A nui hapa o Poland i hoohui ia e Rusia i ka 1815, e like me ka Ahaolelo o Vienna ma hope o ka Napoleonic kaua. ka hou moku'āina i hanaia no ka maemae o ka loio i hana. Puhi iho hoʻokumu aupuni o Poland ua papapau pu me ka Lūkini pilikino hui ana. E like me ka pono laila Emperor Alexander I, keia olelo ua he kuponoʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai. Ka aina, hoopaa mai la kona iho Kumukanawai, o ka poe koa, a me kaʻai hoʻi, a i ole ia ma nā wahi o ke aupuni a pau. Ano, i ka Lūkini mō'ī pūlikiʻia i ka inoa o ke Polish alii. Ma Warsaw, la oia i na poe e he kuikawa kia'āina.

Polish uprising ua wale i ka mea o ka manawa, i ka wa i nā kulekele i loko o St. Petersburg. Alexander au iʻikeʻia no kona liberalism, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka mea hiki ole hoʻoholo ma luna o ka drastic mihi i loko o Rusia, kahi he mau ikaika kulana o ka makeʻe kulana hanohano. No laila Monarch hoʻomaopopo lākou pīhoihoi papahana ma ke aupuni ala aupuni a pau - ma Poland, a Finland. Eia naʻe, au naʻauao loa kue e like me ka loa benign manao o Alexander. I ka 1815, alaila, haawi mai i ke aupuni o Poland lokomaikaʻi Kumukanawai, akā, i ho'ōpeʻa wale i ka pono o kona poe kanaka i loko o kekahi mau makahiki, i ka wa a ka mea i hoʻohana 'ana i kā lākou kū kaʻawale hoomaka ae la e waiho i kekahi i'ōlelo mai ai i loko o ka huila o ke kulekele o Lūkini Kiaaina. No laila, i loko o 1820, ka Seimas i ole hoopau jure e hookolokolo ai, ka mea a Alexander makemake.

Koke ma mua o ka ka mua censorship i hoʻolauna i loko o ke aupuni. A pau i kēia ua pono ka hookokoke ana uprising ma Poland. Makahiki o ka Polish uprising ana i loko o ke au o ka conservatism i loko o ke kulekele o ke aupuni a pau. Naoh i noho aliʻi ai ma ka moku'āina. I ka wā i loko o Poland i paio no ka Kuokoa i loko o ka'āina a Central o Rusia, he i piha cholera haunaele, kena ae la ia e ke ahulau a me ka quarantine.

i ke kokoke loa i kahi o ka ino

I ka hiki ana i ka mana o Rotehama i au i olelo hoopomaikai mai ai i nāʻauamo i kekahi indulgences. Ke hou ia Auguseto noho aliʻi ka hōʻike, hoomaka ae la ia me ka hopu ia ana a me ka hoopai ana o ka Decembrists. Ma Poland, ia manawa, uaʻoi loa patriotic a me Anati-Russian neʻeʻana. I ka makahiki 1830, ma Farani ua ka JulyʻOiʻenehana i hoʻohiolo ai Charles X, a no hoi e inu nei na poe kokua o'ano'ē hou.

Ke kiʻekiʻe, ka mea nationalists eo ke kākoʻo mai o na mea he nui kaulana tsarist luna (i waena o lakou, ua General Iosif Hlopitsky). Hohola ae la oia i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni naʻau i loko i ka hana haumāna a me ka. Akau-Bank Ukraine koe no ka nui disgruntled e hina ai. Part o ka auamo i manaoio ia mau aina no ia ia ma ka pono, ka mea, he mau hapa o ka mai Polish-Lituania mokuaina, puunaueia ma waena o Rusia, Austria, a Prussia ma ka hopena o XVIII kenekulia.

Kiaaina o ke aupuni i laila Konstantin Pavlovich -, ke kaikuaana o Rotehama I kipaku aku i ka noho aliʻi ma hope o ka make ana o Alexander I. ka poe kipi i hele aku e pepehi ia ia, a pela e haawi aku i ka hōʻailona no ke aupuni, e hoʻomaka i ka haunaele. Naʻe, i ka uprising ma Poland pinepine ae la oiaʻula a. Konstantin Pavlovich ike e pili ana i ka pilikia, a i ole waiho i kona noho ana ma Warsaw.

Manawa, ma Europe, wawahi mai kekahi kipi - keia manawa he Aaeuaeeneei. Hui Palani-e olelo ana kekahi hapa o ka Hōlani heluna kanaka i loko o ka lokomaikai o ke kūʻokoʻa. Ma Rotehama I, ka mea i kapaia o ka "gendarme o 'Eulopa" i loko o kona manifesto hai kona rejection o ka Aaeuaeeneei kekahi hanana. Ma Poland, he lono i ke alii, e hoouna aku i kona poe koa, e uhi i ka kaua kipi ma WesternʻEulopa. No ke kanalua ole i ka organizers o ka puali uprising ma Warsaw, keia lono ua i ka mauʻu hope loa. Ke uprising Ua hoʻopaʻa 'ia no November 29, 1830.

Omaka i ka haunaele

Ma 6 pm ma ka lā i'ōleloʻia ai e nā Koa pūʻulu i hao i ka Warsaw Barracks, kahi a lakou i hoʻonoho kiai Lancers. Ua hoomaka ae la i ka luku e kupaʻa i ka imperial mana o luna. I waena o ka poʻe i make i ke Kuhina o ke Kaua Mauritsiy Gauke. Konstantin Pavlovich manaoio aku i ka Pole me kona lima akau. Ke kia'āina iā ia iho i ola. Ao malu aku la ia a holo aku ia mai o kona hale alii,ʻaʻole lōʻihi ma mua ikeiaʻe la e ia ka Polish paukū, ninau mai la i kona poo. Ma hope o ka haʻalele 'Warsaw, Constantine lawe Lūkini lehulehu mawaho o ke kulanakauhale. No ka Warsaw ua loa i loko o ka lima o na kipi.

I kekahi lā, i lilo ai i loko o ka Polish aupuni reshuffle - ka Administrative Aha. Kona lima hema i ka mea e kākoʻo ana-Russian ke kula. I nā hana i ka hoa kanaka, a koa alakai o ka uprising. Kekahi o na protagonists lilo Lutanela General Iosif Hlopitsky, a pokole wae dictator. Iloko o ka confrontation holoʻokoʻa,ʻo ia ho'āʻo i pono ia i ke negotiate me ka Lūkini kalaiaina paha, e like me aʻu i ike i ka auamo hiki ole Makuakane me ka imperial poe koa a pau, i loko o ka hanana i ka mea e e hoouna aku, e uhi i ka kaua kipi. Józef Chłopicki poe i ka eheu akau o na kipi. Ua hoemiia ko lakou mau koi i kaʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai me Rotehama I, ma muli o ke Kumukanawai o 1815.

Kekahi luna ua Michael Radziwill. Kona wahi i noho like ke ku pono. More'ano'ē kipi (me ka mea)? Oaony e reconquer Poland, puunaueia ma waena o Austria, Prussia a me Rusia. Eia hou kekahi, Aole lakou i hoomanao i ko lakou kipi iho 'ano he māhele o ka' Eulopa-akea uprising (lākou ka papa kuhikuhiE wahi o kūmole ka JulyʻOiʻenehana). Ia mea ke kumu o ka auamo, ua loaa ia lakou na hui 'ana me ka Palani.

ke kūkā '

Warsaw lilo i makakoho no ke kahe ana o ka hou hooko. Ma December 4, ka uprising ma Poland haʻalele hope ano nui i milestone - ma ke Aupuni Kuikawa i hanaia, he ehiku kanaka. Kona poo lilo Adamu Czartoryski. He ua he hoaaloha maikai o Alexander I, ua he lâlâ 'o kona malu Komite, a ua mālama i like haole kuhina o Rusia i ka 1804 - 1806 makahiki.

Ma naʻe o keia i ka ia la Józef Chłopicki hai aku ia ia iho dictator. ʻai ua i ku e ia ia, akā, me ka hou alakaʻi huahelu ua like kaulana mawaena o na kanaka, nolaila, o ka hale kanawai, ua i kuemi hope. Józef Chłopicki i i kū ma luna o ka lawelaweʻia me ka poe enemi. He kia mana a pau i loko o kona mau lima. Ma hope iho o nā hanana o Nowemapa 29 i loko o St. Petersburg i hoouna negotiators. Ke Polishʻaoʻao Ua koi i kona Kumukanawai, e like me ka waiwai i loko o ka palapala o ka ewalu'āina i loko o Belarus a me Ukraine. Ma Rotehama i iʻae aku i kēia mau hua'ōlelo, wale e olelo e pili ana. Kēia pane alakai i hou escalation o ke kaua.

January 25, 1831 hoohana i ka olelo hooholo ma detronizatsii Lūkini mō'ī. E like me ia i kēia palapala, no hou i ke aupuni o Poland i Rotehama titulature. A mau lā ma mua Józef Chłopicki nalowale ka mana a me ka i koe, e lawelawe i loko o ka poe koa. He hoʻomaopopo i Europe mea,ʻaʻole he hamama kākoʻo mai o ka auamo, a me ka mea i manaoia e ka pio ana o na insurgents mea imminent. ʻai i Ua oi'ano'ē. Hale kanawai i hooholoia i ka hooko Prince Mihailu Radzivillu. Kalaiaina hana i ua kāpaeʻia. Ano, i ka Polish uprising 1830 - 1831 makahiki. Ua huli i loko o ke kulana home 'ole ma ke kue hiki e hoʻonā' ia wale nō ka ikaika o na mea kaua.

Ke koena o nā koa

By Feberuari 1831, na kipi e hoʻokele, e hea aku i ka poe koa ma kahi o 50 tausani kanaka. Kēia huahelu kokoke like ka helu o ka poʻe hao wale i hoouna aku ai i Poland Rusia. Naʻe, ka mea e like ai o ka manawaleʻai huahelu, he nui emi. A oi loa problematic kulana home 'ole ua mea kaua a me ka lio. Uhi i ka Nowemapa uprising ma St. Petersburg hoouna Kauna Ivan Dibicha-Zabalkansky. Events ma Warsaw kila aupuni a pau unexpected. I mea e noʻonoʻo i nā koa a pau kupaʻa i ke komohana, i nā'āina o ke kolamu koi 2 - 3 mahina.

Ua ua He maikai manawa, a me kaʻauamo i ole i manawa e hoʻohana. Józef Chłopicki kau ma ke poo o ka poe koa i i hoouka mua, a ua hooauheeia lakou i ko lakou mau koa ma luna o lākou loa nui alanui i loko o nā panalāʻau e noho ma lalo o kā lākou mau malama. Manawa Ivan Dibich-Zabalkansky pūʻali koa i mea hou kaua. By February la oia i ke pani o ua ma kahi o 125 tausani kanaka. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia i unforgivable hewa. Kekahi pū'ā e hana i kekahi kuleana puʻupuʻu, ka huina i i lawe i ka manawa e hoonohonoho i ka halihali ana i kaʻai a me ka ammunition i ka poe kaua ana e ho'ōla i ka hopena maikaʻi ma luna o kona ola.

Grochowski kaua

Ka mua Lūkini poʻe hao wale i kela kapa o ka Polish palena, Pepeluali 6, 1831. Māhele neʻe i loko o kekahiʻaoʻao. Ka lio ma lalo o ke kauoha o Kipriana Kreytsa hele aku la i ka Lublin panalaau. Ke Lūkini kauoha? Oaony e kuni ai i ka neʻe ikiʻana, a i manao ai i hope lūlū aku i kaʻenemi koa. Ke aupuni-liberation uprising maoli, hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala e like me ka'āina lā, pono no imperial pūkaua. Kekahi mau Polish poe hele aku i Serock a me Pultusk, ka uhaʻiʻana aku, mai ka papa kuhikuhiE koa.

Akā, Emo ole ka nana intervened i loko o ke kai eʻe. Thaw, hoomaka ae la, iʻole ai? Oaony i ka papa kuhikuhiE Lūkini poe koa, e hele aku i ke ala. Dibich i e e he ho'āʻo 'ana e. Ma Pepeluali 14, ua heʻehu poʻe kaua, a General Yuzefa Dvernitskogo Fedora Geysmara. Nāʻauamo eo. A me he mea la, aohe hana kaʻakālai nui, ka mea mua kekahi 'pomaikai hooeueuia lakou militias. Polish uprising i maopopo.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kaua o na kipi kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ku Olszynka Grochowska, e paku ana i ka hoʻokokoke mai i Warsaw. Ua uaʻaneʻi ma 25 February a ua ka mua hoʻomoana kaua. Auamo i kauoha mai ai Radzvill a me Józef Chłopicki, Lūkini - Dibich-Zabalkansky, he makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ke kai eʻe lilo i kahua ilāmuku. Ke kaua ana a pau ka lā, a pau wale lohi i loko o ke ahiahi. Nā poho i ka hola o ka ia (i ka auamo, 12 tausani kanaka, ma ka Lūkini 9000). Na kipi i haʻakoi e emi hope i Warsaw. ʻOiai ka Lūkini koa loaʻa i ka tactical lanakila, kona poho i oi a pau 'upu'. Eia hou, i ka ammunition i nininiʻia, a me ka mea hou ke eaʻe ua i hiki no i kaʻino alanui a me ka hoʻohuikau 'o ka palapala. Ma kēia mau pilikia Dibich i oleʻaʻa i ka ino Warsaw.

ʻoihana kaʻa auamo

No ka aneane i ole e hookala mai i ka kela mau mahina o ka poe koa. kela la i keia clashes lua i loko o nā outskirts o Warsaw. Ke Lūkini kaua ma muli o ke kanaka ilihune hygienic ana ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka cholera laha. I ka Ia manawa ma ka aina ua he guerrilla kaua. Ma ka papa kuhikuhi o ka ia kauoha o ka Polish Army mai Michael Radzvilla hala i General Yanu Skrzhinetskomu. He hoʻoholo ihola e hoouka aku i ka poe ma lalo o ke kauoha o ka Auguseto ka kaikuaʻana Mikhail Pavlovich a General Karl Bistrom, ka mea i loko o ka wahi o Ostrołęka.

I ka Ia manawa i hoouna aku ai i ka 8000th Regiment, e halawai me Dibich. He ua i ka lealea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE Lūkini koa. Auamo wiwo oleʻoihana kaʻa he mea haohao no ka enemi. Mikhail Pavlovich a bistros me kona poe koa kiai aku la lakou. Dibich loa na mea i manaoio i ka auamo manao e hoouka aku, a ka mea hope i loaʻa mai i ka poe pio Nur.

Ke kaua ma Ostrołęka

Ma May 12, i ka papa kuhikuhiE Lūkini koa haʻalele lākou n iaainoaoeii neo, e loaa hema Warsaw auamo. Ua lawe mai i ka hoomaau mau pule. Hope loaa mai me ka avant-garde Polish hope. Mai ka 26thʻia ihola kaua o Ostroleka, a ua ka nui loa Episode o ke kai eʻe. Auamo kaʻana Narew. Ka mea mua i oi Lūkini koa i hooukaia mai e kekahi poe ma ka pali hema. hoomaka ae la na kipi e emi hope koke. Dibicha koa i kela kapa o ka Narew Ostroleka i loko ona iho, ma hope o hope i hooakea ai i ke kulanakauhale o insurgents. Ka mea, i ho'āʻo mau, e hoouka aku i ka attackers, akā, i nā haumāna i hele mai ai i mea ole. Hele mua o kaʻauamo pinepine ae pepehi hou i kekahi poe ma lalo o ke kauoha o General Charles Mandershterna.

Me ka hoouka kaua ana o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka lā, e hui Lūkini kilo i eia nō ka hope o ke kaua. O ka 30 tausani auamo, make iho la ma kahi o 9000. Mawaena o ka poe i make i ka pūkaua Kamenski a me Heinrich Lyudvik Katsky. Ka hoouka kaua o ka pouli kōkua koena o ka hee kipi e holo i pakele ai hoʻi i ke kulanakauhale alii.

Hopu o Warsaw

Lune 25 ka hou luna o ka poe kaua Lūkini ma Poland lilo helu Ivan Paskevich. Ma kona wahi e noho ai, he 50 000 kanaka. Ma St. Petersburg, ma ke Kauna koi e ke hoʻokō 'ia i ka pio ana o ka auamo, a me ka hoʻi e hoʻonāwaliwali ai ia Warsaw. Ma ke kipi i loko o ke poʻo ua ma kahi o 40 tausani kanaka. Ka mea mua nui oʻu ho'āʻo no ka Paskevich i ka i kela kapa o ka Vistula muliwai. Ua Ua hooholoia e lanakila ma luna o ka wai ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai kokoke i ka palena me Prussia. By July 8, ka mea ma kela aoao, ua pau. Ma kēia hihia, na kipi i i waiho i kekahi nā pilikia ka hoʻokikina Lūkini, Piliwaiwai ma ka lehulehu o kona poe koa iho i loko o Warsaw.

I kakahiaka nui Augate, ma ka Polish poʻo ua kekahi reshuffle. Keia manawa, kahi i pepehiʻia e Osterlenkoy Skrzhintsekogo lilo he Alihikaua Nui la Heinrich Dembinski. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia haʻalele nō naʻe ma hope o ka lono, hele i ka Lūkini poe koa i hele mua i ka Vistula. Ma Warsaw, anarchy, a me ka anarchy. MOKUNA LXXVI perpetrated ma ka huhu Mob, ae kauoha mai, e haawi aku i ke koa kuleana no ka ona poino.

August 19, Paskevich hele mai i ke kulanakauhale. ʻO kekahi mau pule i paʻa i loko o ko lakou hoomakaukau ana no ka hana ino mai. Kanaka naehana hopuia ke kokoke kulanakauhale a hiki i ka hope hoopuni i ke kulanakauhale alii. Ke hoʻopio o Warsaw hoomaka ma September 6, i ka wa a ka Lūkini infantry hooukaia mai i ka laina o ka pakaua kukulu ia e kaohi i ka attackers. Ma ke kaua o ka hookuku kaua iʻeha ma luna Paskevich. Aka hoi, i ka Lūkini lanakila ua ahuwale. 7 o General Krukovetsky loko mai 32000th kaua, a laila holo akula ia me ka mea i ke komohana. September 8, Paskevich hele mai i Warsaw. Ke kapikala Ua pio. I ka make i koe e hele liʻiliʻi nā pūʻulu o nā poʻe kipi i lilo kekahi mea o ka manawa.

hualoaʻa

Ka hope Polish koa ho okumu holo i Prussia. October 21 hookuu mai ai ia Zamosc, a me na kipi lilo lākou hope pakaua. ʻO mua ia, ia hoomaka i ka nunui a me ka wikiwiki emigration kipi luna, i na koa, a me ko lakou mau ohana. Na tausani o kaʻohana i noho i loko o Farani a me Enelani. He nui kanaka e like Yan Skrzhinetsky holo aku la a hiki i Austria. Ma Europa, i ke aupuni liberation neʻeʻana i loko o Poland, i hoʻokipa i ka lehulehu me ka manao a me ke aloha.

Ke Polish uprising o 1830 - 1831 makahiki. Ua alakai aku ai i ka mea i ka Polish koa i hoopauia. Aupuni i mālama 'ia ka hoʻomalu mihi i loko o ke aupuni. Panalaau i ua auou caiaiai ma luna o ke kahua. ¶ A i loko o Poland he ua he nui i ka koena o na Lūkini oihana o nā paona a me nā ana, e like me ka hookahi dala. Prior ia mea, ma ka akau-pali Ukraine ua ma lalo o ka ikaika moʻomeheu a me ka haipule ole o kona palena hoalauna. ¶ A i loko o St. Petersburg ua hoʻoholo ihola mākou, e hoike mai i ka Helene-Hui Church. "He Kane Hewa '" Ukrainian parishes ua kekahi paʻa a lilo Orthodox.

No ka noho ana o ka mea komohana Huipuia, ma Rotehama I lilo nui pahuhopu nei me ke kiʻi o ka dictator a me ka despot. ʻOiaiʻaʻohe moku'āina i ole kauoha aku interceded no ka poʻe kipi, i haawi ka küpinaÿi o nā hanana Polish no na makahiki i loko o ka Old World. Auhee emigrants Ua hana nui i ka lehulehu manaoʻEulopa'āina e seamlessly hoʻomaka i ka Crimean Kaua e ku e ia ma Rotehama no Rusia ae.