I ka mea kākau o ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia. Ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia A. M. Butlerova

Kemika - o ka 'epekema mea i haawi mai i keʻano o ka mea a me ka hale' ikamu, a mākou i ole kānalua i ka hoʻohana i kēlā lā. Akā, e hele mai i ka puka o ia keʻano o ka hui, a ua ikeia i keia la, i na mea he nui chemists, e hele aku ma o ka luna 'epekema ala.

A hailona o ka hana, he nuiʻana a me ka pomaikai ole oe ia mea, colossalʻimi naʻauao ike kumu - a pau i kēia alakaʻi i ke kahua o kekahi mau mea o ka hanalima kemika i 'ae' ia synthesize a hoʻohana kēia mea: laholio, Ka lula ea Ke, Ka lula ea Ke, kēpau, oka a pau, na makaaniani, silicones, a no laila, ma luna o.

Kekahi o ka loa kaulana, hoʻohanohano chemists, ka mea i ka invaluable na makana no ke kūpono 'ana o ke aloha kemika ka mea, ua ka Lūkini kanaka Butlerov NŌ kana mau hana, e piʻi like a me ka hopena o ka hana, ua noonoo iki i loko o kēia' atikala.

maʻamau vitae

Ka lā o ka hanau ana o ke nä känaka 'epekema - ma September 1828, i ka helu ana o kekahi mau kumu mea iʻaʻahu. He ua i ke keiki a Lutanela Colonel Michael Butlerova makuwahine lilo i kakahiaka nui nui iho la ia. A pau kamaliʻi noho ma luna o ka ohana waiwai o kona kupuna kāne i loko o ka kauhale Podlesnaya Shentala (e ke Aupuni Lepupalika o Tatarstan wahi).

He aʻo i loko o kekahi wahi, mua i loko o ka paʻa kekahi kula, laila, i loko o ke kula kiʻekiʻe. Ma hope,ʻo ia i komo i ke Kulanui o Kazan i loko o ka oihana o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika. Naʻe, hoʻowahāwahā kēia loa hoihoi i loko o kemika. i koe ma hope o ka puka o ka wā e hiki mai mea kākau o ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia ma wahi me ke kumu.

1851 - hoomalu ana o ka mea mua kālaiʻike ia hoʻi ma luna o "'okesaside o ke aloha i huiʻia". Ma hope o ka maikaʻi loa hanaʻo ia i haawiia mai i ka manawa e kahu ai i ka kemika holoʻokoʻa ma ke kulanui.

I ka mea kākau o ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia ua lōʻihi 'oihana hulili, a i ka 1874 lilo kekahi o ka maikai kula St. Petersburg Halau o Sciences.

Nä känaka 'epekema make i ka 1886, i kona wahi i lilo i kona wā kamaliʻi i loko o ka ohana waiwai o kona kupuna kāne. Ma kaʻohana o ka kūloko Chapel, aʻo ia i kanu.

Nä känaka 'epekema ka makana i ka hooulu ana o Nine Inch ike

Ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia Butlerov - ia mea io no kana papa hana. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole hoʻokahi wale. Ka mea, ua i kēia nä känaka 'epekema i ka mua Lūkini kula o chemists hana.

A mai kona mau pā, he mau kānakaʻepekema, ka mea hope i ke kaumaha nui i loko o ka ulu ana o ka a pau o ka 'epekema. Mau mea i kēia kanaka:

• Markovnikov;
• hare hoi;
• Kondakov;
• Tabora;
• Konovalov;
• Liona a me na mea e ae.

Kākau o ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia i hana mai i ka helu ana o na hana ma ka sciences maoli, me kemika. Oi loa aku hoi i ka puu o ka noiʻi i ua laʻa ia ia ke aloha i huiʻia.

E hana ana ma ke aloha kemika

O ia hana hiki ke kapaia he hailona. Ma hope o Butlerof kokoke i ka noa manawa lilo i loko o kona keʻena hoʻokolohua kulanui, e hali ana mai likeʻole hoʻokolohua, e i loaʻaa me nā hoʻoholo '. Pono no laila, ka mea i hanau i ka kumumanaʻo o ka Nine Inch 'ole o ke aloha i huiʻia.

Aia nō kekahi pakahi aku la ia mālama nui hana o ke nä känaka 'epekema.

• ka mea i hanaia ma ka hoike ana o ka hālāwai kūkā ma ka theme like "Ma ka Nine Inch 'ole o ka mea";
• dissertation hana "Ma ka nui mea kāhinu, ';
• mua scientific hana "ka'okesaside o ke aloha i huiʻia".

Prior i kona mau hua'ōlelo, a me ka hanaia'na o ka mea kākau o ka pähola 'o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi këia i ka hana o nā kānakaʻepekema, mai kekahi'āina, aʻu i nānā aku ka lakou mau hana, me ka ke kahu moku. Wale laila, e generalize a systematize i ka loaa ka ike, oia lewa a pau hopena a ma ka hua'ōlelo o kona palena iki kumumanaʻo.

Ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia A. M. Butlerova

XIX kenekulia ua koho ia e ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o ke aneane pau sciences, me kemika. Ma kekahi, hoʻomau i loaa nui discoveries o kalapona a me kona hui, ke aloha 'ona lakou aloha ia i kona' ano. Akā,ʻaʻohe kekahiʻaʻa ana nō e hoonohonoho a hooponopono i keia factual mea, e alakai i kekahi mau denominator, a, e kuhikuhi i na lauana, ma i na mea a pau, ua hanaia ia.

Ka mua ua i Butlerov A. M. E ka mea, he maikaʻi loa pähola 'ana o ka Nine Inch' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia, nā mea i ho'ākāka 'o ka i mai la ia nuipa ma kaʻaha kūkā Kelemānia o chemists. Kēia i ka hoʻomaka o ke au hou i loko o ka ulu ana o ka 'epekema, ke aloha kemika ma luna o ke ala o ka mālama nui? Acaeoey.

Ke nä känaka 'epekema hele akula ia mea i nā. He lilo ka hailonaʻana o nā hoʻokolohua, a wānana i ke ola o ka mea i hoʻoholo ma mua ka waiwai, 'ike akula i kekahi mauʻano o nā reactions, a ike aku la ma hope o ia i ka wā e hiki mai. He nui na aʻo i nā hana a pau o ko lākou nā hoapili a me kā lākou mau discoveries. Wale aku i keia ma ka manao a me ka painstaking hanaʻo ia nō e hoʻokele i ka ho okumu ana i kona masterpiece. A, ano, i ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia ma keia pauku kemika - kokoke i ka like me ia o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu i loko o'okanikaʻole.

Wehe i nä känaka 'epekema ma mua o ka hanaia'na o ke kumumanaʻo

He aha discoveries Ua i, a haawi ʻimi naʻauao e hoaponoia ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao ma mua ua i ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia A. M. Butlerova?

1. Wahi lulu ano akamai synthesized mua ke aloha 'ona e like me methenamine, formaldehyde, methylene iodide a me na mea e ae.
2. Synthesized mai kōpaʻa-'okanikaʻole mea (tertiary waiʻona), ma laila e kauoha ana i ka pili loa i ka vitalism kumumanaʻo.
3. He wānana i ka wā e hiki mai no ka polymerization reactions, e hea ana ia ia i ka mea maikai a me ka olelo mua iaʻi.
4. Isomerism i mua wehewehe iā ia wale nō.

O ka holo ana, i kēia mea wale nō ka nui milestones o kana hana. I ka mea, hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma na makahiki o ka hana i ka hana ma ke nä känaka' epekema no ka lōʻihi manawa. Naʻe, i ka loa nui o ka i keia la ua lilo i ka hookahi pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia, a me nā kūlana hana a me ka'ōlelo hou aku.

Ka mua kulana o ke kumumanaʻo

I ka 1861, o ka nui Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema ma ka Ahaolelo o chemists i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Speyer kaʻana me nā hoapili lākou mau manao ma luna o ka' ole o nā kumu a me nā 'ano o ke aloha i huiʻia, ka haʻiʻana i kēia i loko o ka palapala o ke kumumanaʻo.

Ke'ikamu mua o nā kēia: a pau nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma i pili ma ka kaʻina, ka mea, ua nānā 'ia e lākou valency. A hiki keia i carbon'Ātoma ho'āʻoʻia anakahi valence like i eha. Oxygen ma i ka waiwai o keia anakahi mea like i elua, hydrogen - ke kuʻikahi.

He laila'ōlelo akula i ka like hiʻona i kapaia ka Nine Inch 'ole o ka waiwai. Hope i hoʻokohu 'ia ua hoopioia'ku kona poe, ka' aoʻao ma luna o ka pepa me ka Kimia piha mall, Punk a me hakakino nā papakuhikuhi.

'O kēia kekahi o ka kŰia o ka kalapona (particles) pili i kekahi i kekahi, i loko o ka lei pau ole o kekahi' ole (laina, cyclic, ai manamana).

I mau, ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia Butlerova kona kulana mua i ho'ākāka 'manaʻo nui valency a me hoʻokahi haʻilula no kēlā me kēia hui, me ka waiwai a me ka hōʻikeʻana hana o ka waiwai i na reactions.

I ka lua o kaʻoihana o ke kumumanaʻo

I keia wahi mea i wehewehe i ke 'ano o ke aloha i huiʻia i loko o ke ao nei. Ma muli o ka pilina o ke kalapona i loko o ke kaula, ka mea nä känaka 'epekema? Aaeaaaaony i loko o ke ao nei, aole i dissimilar i huiʻia me ka waiwai, akā, e mea pono'ālike hakakino haku mele' ana. Ma na olelo e ae, he mea ka kŰia o ka isomerism.

Kēia hoʻolako 'pähola' ana o ka 'ole o ke aloha i huiʻia A. M. Butlerova wehewehe ole wale no ka i loko o isomers, a me isomers, akā, i ka mea hiki nä känaka' epekema ua hoano e ia e nā mea a pau hookupaa iho la ia.

No ka laʻana, oia synthesized isomer butane - isobutane. A laila, i wānana pentane e nei ua ole kekahi akā,ʻekolu isomers, ma muli o ka 'ole o ka hui. A synthesize ia a pau, ka hooiaio ana i kona hewa.

'Ana o ke kolu o ka kulana

I kekahi ikamu i ka kumumanaʻo mai nei i na nā'ātoma a pau a me nā lātoma loko o ka ia hui e loli i ka waiwai o kekahi i kekahi. Mai keia a e hilinaʻi ma luna o ka hana o ka waiwai i loko o nāʻano o nā reactions, hoikeia ma ka Nine Inch a me nā waiwai.

Penei, ma lalo o kēia io kuhikuhi i kekahi mau papa o ke aloha i huiʻia pu ole, i ka nānā aku, a me nā hale wā ooieoeiiaeuiiai hui.

Ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia A. M. Butlerova ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o Aneane pau puke ma luna o ke aloha kemika. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ia mea - i ke kumu o keia pauku, he hoakaka o na kanawai a pau, a ua kukuluia lātoma.

Ke kumukuai no ka mea kēia kumumanaʻo

O ka holo ana, ia mea nui. Kēia kumumanaʻo i mea e hiki ai.

1. e hui, a hoonohonoho i ke factual mea loaa ma ka manawa o kona hanaia'na;
2. wehewehe i ka 'ole o nā lauana, waiwai o na hui likeʻole;
3. e haawi aku i ka piha ho'ākāka o na kumu o iaʻano he nui o ka hui ma ka kemika;
4. Haawi mai la oia i ka hoʻomaka 'no syntheses lehulehu o hou waiwai, ma muli o nā mea i ho'ākāka' o ke kumumanaʻo;
5. ae e neʻe manao, e kūkulu i kekahi'ātoma-hakakino kumumanaʻo.

Nolaila, e olelo aku i ka mea kākau o ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia, he Hawaii photo a oe ke ike ma lalo nei, i ka nui - ka mea, aole ia i olelo i kekahi mea. Butlerova hiki pono ke noʻonoʻo pono i ka makua kāne o ke aloha kemika, i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o kaʻimi naʻauao kumu.

Kona scientific hihiʻo o ke ao nei, i ke ano akamai o ka noʻonoʻoloi, pâʻani 'o ia i ka hiki i ka mua mai i ka hopena o ke kūlana i loko o ka lōʻihi holo. Ke kanaka i kekahi, alahula nona iho no ka hana, ke ahonui, a mau experimenting, synthesizing, hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Hewa, akā, mau aʻo haʻawina a me ka hana i ka pono lōʻihi-manawa hopena a.

Wale ia he lākou o nā ano a me ka pāʻoihana acumen, tenacity ae e kū ai i ka makemake hopena.

Ka like ana o ke aloha kemika ma ke kula

I ka holo ana o ka haumāna i loko o ka hoʻonaʻauao i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ke aloha kumu ua haawi mai i ka nui o ka manawa. Wale kekahi hapaha o ka papa 9 a me ka piha-makahiki 10 'ilikai (ka polokalamu Gabrielyan OS). Naʻe, i kēia manawa, ua nui na keiki i hiki ke makaikai i nā mea a pau i ka papa kuhikuhiE papa o ka hui, o ka oi aku kā lākou 'ole a me ka nomenclature, he mea hiki manaʻo nui ia.

Ke kumu no ka hoʻomaka o ka papa - ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ke aloha i huiʻia A. M. Butlerova. Grade 10 Hoolaa piha noonoo o kona wahi, a a laila - heʻimi naʻauao a me ka mea hiki e hooiaio ai i loko o ke ao ana i kela a me keia ano o ka waiwai.