Material kumu - aha i keia? Ka maoli kumu o ka mōʻaukala. Material kumu: examples

Kanaka no na tausani o ka makahiki. A pau keia manawa ua loaa ko kākou mau kūpuna mea hiki ike a me ka hoao ana, e kāinoa maʻamau o nä mea a me masterpieces o oe. Ka mea i hewa, a i nui discoveries. Pehea kākou e maopopo ai i ka make? mea pono no au iaʻu iho, e pale aku aohe ahailono, i loko o ka manawa hiki mākou i lawe?

O ka holo ana, i kēia mea hiki. I kēia manawa, ua nui sciences këia mea kumu. E maopopo iā mākou i loko o au mamuli.

Definition a me ka Mea Maluna

Ke'ī mai, ka mea maoli kumu - a pau nā mea, i noonoo i ka spheresʻano o ke ola a me ka hana kanaka. A pau e characterizes ka mōʻaukala kaʻina lawe wahi manawa paha i loko o ka hala, ina he hana kākau, i ka iho o ka maʻamau o nä mea a kanaka i koe, hiki lawe invaluable 'ikepili no ka noiʻi.

Pela, ua hōʻike 'mākou i ka loa nui laulā o kēia manaʻo. E mākou e hana ai me ka Mea Maluna no ka nui kauoha.

Ma mua kiʻi Ua puni hoʻi lawa: ke au o ka barbarism, ka mea i auou caiaiai ma ka manawa o ka lokomaikai o, a ma hope - o ka muli o ka noho maikai ana. Eia naʻe, e like me ka manaʻo aukahi Mea Maluna o ka wāwahi maoli kumu o ka Middle Ages. Ka mea, i loa inappropriately auka ma hope nani loa heyday o kahiko Hawaii.

I kēia lā, noiʻi i oi kaʻauiʻana o ka mea e hiki mai ana mahele o ka moʻomeheu kia hoʻomanaʻo i. Aia i ekolu papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu (kela mea keia mea o ia ma laila i nā māhele o lalo):

- Material kumu, examples o i i haawiia mai ma lalo nei.

- Iconic kia hoʻomanaʻo i - kiʻi, kiʻi, hōʻailona ma luna o ka malihini a me ka ukana.

- ia hoʻi. Ka mea, ua maheleia i waha a me ka palapala. Ka mua? Anoee ethnography.

Hiʻona hana pono

Material kumu - he ākeaʻano o nā kahua, loaʻa he olelo ai, nā mele a me nā kaao. Pehea hiki ke hana me ia, a hui pu ia ma?

Oia ka hana o kēlāʻaoʻao o kekahi 'epekema a me ka pae ana o kanaka. E hoʻomōhala ia he palahalaha au i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kaiāulu i hana kekahi mau no ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana me a mākou e halawai ai oe ma.

He aha kāu kiʻina hana e hoʻohana i nā kumu maoli ka wā këia? E hoʻomaka hoohiki ke kanaka ololi. ua mau haawiia mai kekahi hopena ma ka prism o ideology kanaka noiʻi a me ka mea kākau o ka palapala palapala. Nolaila,ʻepekema pinepine mai i loaa Pahuhopu 'ike, akā, wale hoʻokūpaʻa a hōʻoleʻia kā lākou mau conjectures.

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana i loko o ka hana me nā kumu o ke kēia: na hopena a pau i i wale nō ma hope o këia o ka luna 'holoʻokoʻa loaa, hoike o nā kūʻiʻo. Ua hiki ole e kekahi mea noloko mai o kona pōʻaiapili. Ka pono kiʻi mea e like me ka Puzzle. E ka ike i ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana i komo i loko o ia noiʻi.

Archeology a Anthropology

Kēia mau no ka hoʻopaʻi 'loa a ua hoʻopili loa hana me ka makemake wai. Ka mua kekahi AIM e maopopo i ka evolution o ka ke kanaka a me ka hui, e noiʻi i nā kaʻina hana o ke kahua o ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ke ola, mai ka hoomaka ana o ka manawa a hiki i ka keia lā.

Anthropology noiʻi ana i ke kanaka ia ia iho (lāhui, loina, moʻomeheu a me ka aoao o ke ola). Eia naʻe, e like me ka palahalaha ke kahua o ka ha awina i haawiia 'epekema i koeʻano nui i loko o ka'āina o ka Western honua. Ma ka Moscow keia ike kīkoʻo kekahi mau hana. Ma waho anthropology e hoʻomau ana ethnography a me ka archeology.

Ua hōʻike hewa, ua 'epekema i ka hoomaopopo ana o ka evolution a oi hoʻomau ana i loko o ka manawa-māhele oko ao ma physicalʻano o ke kanaka. No laila, e ka loaʻa i ka mea.

Archeology - ka 'epekema e Haʻawina maoli mōʻaukala kumu. Kona mau mea hoihoi nā kekahi mau study pūʻulu:

- noho ( 'aneʻi komo a me ka hale noho). Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o ka pā (pinepine kapa puʻu,) a me ka unfortified (kauhale). Kēia i ia i ke kulanakauhale, a me ka pā, i hoʻomoana ai, a me ka mahiʻai a me ka hana noho, Hiking hoʻomoana ai na puali ona, a paʻa i nā pā kaua.

Ka hapa nui o kēia mau kahua i kūpaʻa, ka mea e mau (a me ka i) i loko o kekahi wahi. Eia naʻe, pinepine mai i i? Iaie? A'ē aʻe? Aiaiiuie noho ka ia wahi. No laila, i ko lakou ka loaʻaʻana Ua pili kēia i ka mea o ka wale.

- puʻu olelo i loaʻa ma luna o ka i koe iho o nā ramparts a me ka pā. Nui, ka hapanui o ka hana ka hana i loko o ka Archive archaeologist. Aia ka 'ike i loko o ka likeʻole ma o ka palapala kumu - mai kaao a me nā moʻolelo i ka' epekema a me ka manao hōʻike. Aoi, ma ke alanui, pāʻani i ke kūlana nui. Troy Heinrich Schliemann i ike i ke aloha i ke kanana 'adherence ia ia, "Iliad" o Homer.

- O kekahi wahi kahi maikaʻi-malamaia maoli kumu o ka moolelo, strangely lawa, i ke kanu ana. Ma lalo o ka, ahu iho o ka honua, i loko o māhele maloo o ko ke ao nei i kekahi mau 'ikamu i noho no nā tausani o ka makahiki, a malama hoi i ko lakou mau helehelena. Wetter wahi, o ka papa, e luku aku i na mea. Eia naʻe, no ka laʻana, kekahi mauʻano o ka lāʻau i loko o ka wai fossilized.

No laila, i loko o nā ilina, archaeologists i loaʻa i wale mea o ka maʻamau o ke ola ana o na kanaka kahiko, akā, i nā kumu likeʻole i olelo e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi, rituals, pili nohona o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a no laila, ma luna o.

- hoʻi, nā kia hoʻomanaʻo i ua pāpāiʻawa kahua (na luakini, na luakini) a me nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao. Inā 'oe ke hoomaopopo i ka haʻina, e mea hiki ke kiʻi i ka hailona o ka hoihoi' a me ka mea nui 'ike.

- Last akā,ʻaʻole ka liʻiliʻi loa eiiieaena i incidental nā haʻina. Na mea a pau - mai ka waiwai, e accidentally nalowale pihi - hiki ke hai aku i ka 'oihana noiʻi o ka hala.

E like me mākou i ike, ka hapanui o ka ike e pili ana i kahiko nā kaiapili - maoli. Sources o ka 'ike ma luna o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka i loaa ole o ko mākou manawa mea,ʻaʻole manawa e ola ana, no laila, na archaeologists a me anthropologists pinepine i, e imi i ke kōkua o ke hoola hou a kōkua iā lākou a hiki i ka palapala nānā aku o ka mea e hoʻihoʻi mai.

ethnography

Ma ka Soviet au, ka mea, ua he kaʻawale 'epekema, akā, i kēia lā ka mea, ua haawiia pinepine i na eiiiiiaiou o anthropology. It Haʻawina (oi kaʻoi loa ho'ākāka ka) lāhui kanaka o ke ao nei. Kēia mau hana me ka anthropology - mea ole wale maoli kumu. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka intangible kia hoʻomanaʻo i - mele a me nā moʻolelo kaʻao. I na ohana he mea wale i kākau 'ōlelo, a me keia ike ua pū i hiki mai na makua i na keiki ma ka olelo a ka waha.

Nolaila, ethnographers pinepine mai hana like noiʻi, e like me ka Waihona Noʻeau a me nā kiaʻi puka no ka mooolelo o keia apana o na kanaka a pau o ke ao nei. Inā 'oe e nānā i ka mooolelo o ka Spaniards a me ke Aloha XV - XVI kenekulia, oe e e iho. No laila, he nui nā mea a me nāʻike manaʻo i ho'ākāka 'ia hou i koe.

e luku nāʻohana, assimilated (a pela i nalowale kekahi o ka palapala moʻomeheu). Ke kaʻa poepoeʻana blurs ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā kānaka. ʻO nā 'ōlelo e nalo. A ina ka mea, i ole palapala iho, i kekahi mea e pili ana ia, a i kekahi e ae, e mau loa aku ike.

He aha mākou e kaumaha aku ethnography? He aha nō ka mea maoli kumu? Photos, nā leo mele, wikiō oihana, palapala fixation o kekahi spheres o ke ola ana o na kanaka - a pau? Anoee, a hoʻohālikelike.

Oia wehewehena hoomaka ae la e hana ai no ka lōʻihi manawa, akā, i loko o ke ao kahiko, ka mea, ua nui e like me ka poʻe hoʻokalakupua moʻolelo me ka mea hiki ole ke dala o ka speculation. Ua ua wale i loko o ka hopena o Middle Ages, aia no na noiʻi e palapala i ke ola ana o kahiko kanaka a me ke ola o ka loihiʻohana, e like me ka Indians,'Aukekulelia Aborigines, ka Bushmen, a 'ē aʻe, ka hahai holoholona-a pau.

Ua huli mai, nānā i ke ola o ka lāhui kanaka, e ku ana ma ka "predtsivilizatsii" ke kahua ma ka laekahi 'ano o ka olelo, ua hiki ke aʻo e pili ana i ka pilina ma ka pohaku, keleawe, ke keleawe a me ka hao, ao ka.

Ke nui wahi mea i loko o ke kula a me na keiki dismantle ka maoli kumu (examples). Papa 5 - ia ka manawa, e makaikai i na mooolelo o kona poe kanaka, a o ka holo hoʻololi i mau 'ike e pili ana i ke kahua o ka manaʻo kanaka.

epigraphy

Ka lua o ka nui loa nā mai a mākou i ke kikoo ma ka ike ana o kahiko kanaka - Ua palapala, a i unuhiʻia nā kumu - kiʻi,ʻoihana, memoirs, he palolo kekahi papa, petroglyphs, hieroglyphs, birch wauke.

E helu i nāʻaoʻao ma i manaʻo kanaka i loaa ia ia no ka ho'āhu 'ikepili hiki e lōʻihi. Ole ia mākou makemake ole i ka ahuoi e pili ana i nā hanana o ka hala. E hiki ke olelo me ka wiwo ole, me hulikoehana loaa pono hiki ole haawi aku i ka 'ike e like me ka ua iloko o loko o kekahi, a hiki i ka shortest'āne.

Kekahi o ka wā haʻawina, a ua i mai, Ua lohe nuiʻia no ka "History" o Herodotus. Ua nā lā mai o ka lima o ka kenekulia BC. Kekahi o na memoirs mua kakau iho la o Iulio Kaisara. Ko lakou inoa - "memo a pau ma luna o ka Gallic War."
Akā, me ka mau, biographies a me memoirs i oi ano o ka pakebona.

O ka holo ana, kākau moʻolelo, ua nui loa kona waiwai informative, nae, i kona drawbacks.

Mua, i ka ikepili ka mea, hai aku i ka elima tausani makahiki o kanaka mōʻaukala ka loa. He aha i mua kākau paha ole, a ua ole deciphered.

Mahele - pāʻewaʻewa a me ka nānā 'ana i ka strata luna me ka aneane piha' ole no ka mea, he pono ole kanaka.

Ke kolu - ka bulk o nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina kahiko ike ia iā mākou i loko o ka palapala o ka hoolilo a me ka hou-kākau kope. Ka mua pa alima. Eia hou kekahi, hou 'āpana mea i manaoia. Akā, hulikoehana mea kumu kanaka i loaʻa i kekahi mau manawa.

Ka luna 'o sciences këia palapala mooolelo, ka loaʻa o keʻano o ka hoʻopaʻi' ana. Ka mua o ka i mea kumukuai i haiia ae - paleography. Ua i kaʻohiʻana a me ka deciphering kahiko moʻolelo keaka, nā kinona hua, aoao o ke kākau 'ana. I mau, me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana o konaʻepekema makemake ole e hiki ke hana maikaʻi me nā Lyrics.

Next Science - numismatics. Ua hana ia me ka palapala ma luna o ka malihini, a banknotes (iiaciiie - Bonistics). Papyrology këia i ka 'ike i loaʻa ma ka pepa o ka papyrus.

Naʻe, i ka loa nui i manaoia wahi lulu lepili. Ka mea, ua pōkole a me ka mai ole no ke kaena a me ka exaggeration.

Nolaila, kūkā mākou me oe sciences këia maoli kumu, i ia mea, i keia ano o nā kahua noho, e hana me ia. Next, e ka kamailio e pili ana i na mea e pili ana i ka loa maikaʻi loa manawa ekolu ma ka mōʻaukala o na kanaka - kahiko Greece, Rome, a me ka Middle Ages.

Palapala kumu o kahiko Greece

E like me ka makou i olelo luna, i ka 'ike i hala hiki ke loaʻa i loko o na mea he nui o na artifacts. Naʻe, ka mea, o ka loa informative ke kākau 'ana a me ka hoʻopaʻa.

kahiko i ka nui a me ka Makamua Greece i pau ia ma ka muli o nā kānakaʻepekema, a noiʻi. Nā kumu o ka loa sciences, e ulu ana i keia la i ka uhukiia kaʻoi loa i loko o kēia'āina.

A aha i na kumu maoli o ka moolelo o Helene e ike ia iā mākou? Pono e pili ana maʻamau o na mea a mākou e olelo ana ma hope, akā,'ānō, e plunge mākou i loko o ke ao nei a kahiko Greek moʻokalaleo.

Ke kahiko mooolelo i Hecataeus o Mileto. He ua logograph, ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka mōʻaukala a me ka moʻomeheu o ke kulanakauhale, a me ka kokoke kūkulu' ia, a hele. Ka lua o nā kānakaʻimi noiʻi i ike ia mai Hellanicus Mitilensky. ua hiki mai kona palapala ia ia iā mākou i loko o fragmentary mooolelo a me ka nui mōʻaukala waiwai, aole ia i lawe aku. Ma na hana logograph pinepine kaao a me fiction intertwine me ka ike maopopo, a me ka mea, ua pilikia ke kaawale.

Ka mua ike loea moʻolelo Herodotus ua. Ma ka V kenekulia BC, i palapala mai ai i ka nunui-ka leo hana "Mōʻaukala". Ka mea, ua ho'āʻo ai e hoomaopopo aku, no ka mea, o ka mea ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ke kaua ma waena o nā Helene, a me ka poʻe Peresia. E hana i kēia,ʻo ia pili ia i ka mōʻaukala o nā mea a pau i nā kānaka a pau loa o ka 'ikepili o ka aupuni a pau.

Ka lua ma kekahi mea ua Thucydides. Ma kana mau hanaʻo ia i ho'āʻo e ho'ā i nā kumu, ala a me ka hopena o ka Peloponnesian Kaua. Ka makaʻu o ka Helene i kona i ole haawiia keia i ke "Akua malama ana", e wehewehe i nā kumu o nā hanana, Herodotus. He huakaʻi hele e Haliʻaaʻela ka manaʻoo mākou wahi, kūkulu 'ia, kamakamailio ae la oia me ka i komo a me ka hoike, i ka mea i hiki ke kākauʻana i ka oiaio scientific hana.

Ke'ī mai, i ka palapala nā kumu - mea he kuhiakau ole wale, ideological machinations a kālai'āina propaganda. I waena o ia mau ole uncommon a me ka hoʻokolokolo pono hana.

Next mākou e nānā i ka hulikoehana kahua o kēia'āina.

Na lako e moʻomeheu o Hellas

I keia la, i ke ao a kahiko Hawaii nei kekahi o na alakai mau mea o ka noiʻi i loko o archeology. Ua nui kulanui Ua hoʻomaka e makaikai i Greece ma ka pau 'ana o ke kenekulia XIX, a me ka manawa o ka pau kula hana i loko o ka Balkans komo i loko o ke ana o nā' ana i kūpono a me ka ma-ka hohonu noiʻi.

I loko o keia kenekulia ua he hana nui a me ka factual mea ma luna o ka mōʻaukala o ka Balkan kūkulu 'ia, e like me Delphi, Athens, Sparta, i ka mokupuni a me ka Malaysian kahakai (Pergamum, Troy, Mileto).

Lūkiniʻepekema, mai ka manawa o ka Russian aupuni a hopu o nā kūlanakauhale o ka'ākau Black Sea panalāʻau. Ka maikai i ike ia kūkulu 'ia me Olvia, Panticapaeum, Chersonese, Tanais a me na mea e ae.

Ma makahiki o ka noiʻi i hoʻonui i ka nui o ka mea - malihini, Jewelry, me na mea kaua, me ka palapala ma ka paa mea (pohaku, lepo, gems), i ka iho o ka hale, a no laila, ma luna o.

A pau o kēia maoli kumu ma ka mōʻaukala o kahiko Greece, e hoi i noonoo ai iā mākou i ke ala o ke ola, Hawaii, hana o na Helene. Ua ike e pili ana i holoholona a me ka lāʻahaʻaina, e like me ia, e hoohuli pinepine depicted ma luna o nā ipu. Ke dala hiki ke ike ma ka paia waho o kekahi luna, höʻailona o ke kūlanakauhale, ma waena o nā kulekele.

Sila, a me ka palapala ma luna o na moku, na hale, na mea e no hoi he wahi lihi iki o ka laua kamailio ana e pili ana i ke au.
Loaa mai i ke ao nei kahiko (ʻAigupita, kahiko moku'āina ma Mesopotamia) - kekahi o ka loa maikai. Ma hope o ka wā uʻi hooki mahalo i ka haule ana o Rome ana nou emi ka hoʻomaka ', nolaila, i ka hoʻomaka o ka Middle Ages ia coarser mea.

Next mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kekahi o na Hawaii loa ikaika loa o ko ke ao nei kahiko - ka Roma aupuni a pau.

Palapala kumu o kahiko Rome

Inā na Helene, ua oi ka makeʻe i ka kālaiʻike, noonoo ana, ao, ka Roma ho'āʻo i koa lanakila, ka hana naʻi aupuni a me ka aiiia. Ike i ka i ana "i ka berena a me ka circuses" (ʻo ia, ninau mai la lakou i na plebs mai o ka Emperor) ola a hiki i kēia lā.

No laila, i kēia hope a kaua kanaka haʻalele mākou nui o ka mea kumu. Keia kulanakauhale, a me ka alanui, ka hale 'ikamu a me nā mea kaua, a me ka malihini Jewelry. Akā, i kēia makemake e haawi aku i ka hapa-haneri o ka mea, ua ike e pili ana i Roma, ina ka mea, i ole palapala kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka moʻomeheu.

Ua ma mākou hoʻolilo keʻano o ka mea, no laila, noiʻi hiki lewa me ka hapanui facets o Roma ola.

Ka mea mua i koena mooolelo hōʻike e pili ana i ka malie keia, meakanu. Ka mea, i pihaʻi me Himeni kahuna. Nui, i ka mea e pili ana i ke kakahiaka nui mōʻaukala a me ka extant, a hooku iho la ia ma poetic palapala.

Popelio Stsivolla kākau ihola "The Great moʻolelo" ka leo kanawalu puke. Polybius a Diodor Sitsiliysky i kaulana hana kanaha puke. Akā, a pau no ka oi Tit Livy. He palapala iho la i ka mōʻaukala o Roma, mai ke kumu a hiki i kona modernity. Kēia hana kūpono i loko o 142 mau puke.

Kākā'ōlelo, a me nā haku mele, ke 'ano laulā a me ka poe akeakamai - a pau ho'āʻo e haʻalele i ka hoʻomanaʻo o ia iho no ka mamo.

I kēia lāʻoe e e hiki keʻaneʻane a pau nohona spheres wehe aʻe i ka hopena i loaa maoli Roma kumu. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike hai aku i ke kahua o ke kānāwai, lapaʻau, koa oihana e pili ana, a no laila, ma luna o.

Kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka mea moʻomeheu o kahiko Rome

No emi kupaianaha mea e hulikoehana loaa i loko o nā māhele o ka manawa, nui aupuni a pau. Ka wa mai o ka Moana 'Akelanika i ka hikina a hiki i Central Asia, Europa a me NorthʻApelika - a pau i kēia manawa, ua i loko o na palena o kekahi moku'āina.

Material kumu o ka moolelo o ka wa kahiko Roma, ua kahaki i ke au o ka nui e piʻi like, e naʻi aku ai, aʻaʻohe emi promiscuity, o ka oi aku i ka nui kulanakauhale.
Aie i ka haʻina, ia la ia mea ia Italy i ua noho hope o ka Paleolithic. Wahie e noho ai a me ka i? Iaie? Ihola me ka pōhaku i na mea paahana e i haʻalele i hookahi kulu o keia kanalua.

No emi hana hoihoi 'ahu iho la ka mālama'-Roma wā - ke au o ka Etruscans. Ua pau, kaena ulu moʻomeheu, me Media a i hope lanakila a assimilated ma ka Roma.

Golden papa me nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina hai mai ia makou i ka Etruscans e malama maluhia ana me ka Helene polis, a Carthage.

Roman Forum, alanui a me ka auwai a me keia mea breathtaking, i ke kamailio e pili ana i ka manawa ia i ka mea e noho ana ma ka wahi e pili ana?!

Kēia mea wale hapa o ka mea i ka maoli kumu wehe iā mākou e pili ana i ka hala.
Ka loa kaulana hē, o ka papa, i mai o Pompeii. koke make City no ka mea, o ka lua i ana o Vesuvius, a ua noho kokoke. Mahalo i ka nui tona o ka lehu, ua 'ike akula' epekema pono-hoola ana i koe o ka poʻe e noho ana a me ka nani loa interiors o Roma aina. Ka mea, eia wale iki mae waihoʻoluʻu! I kēia lā, e ke hele ma na alanui o ke kulanakauhale kahiko, e plunge i loko o ka lewa o ka manawa.

medieval kumu

Kēia "pouli" he kenekulia manawa i manaʻo kanaka ke hele mai i ke ola i ka emiʻana ma hope o ka haule ana o na Hawaii kahiko.

Ka maoli kumu o ka Middle Ages hiki ke maheleia i loko o kekahi mau pūʻulu.
Ka mua pūʻulu kikowaena, o ka papa, i ka nui a me ka loa pepeiaohao nui - ke kulanakauhale, pakaua, pā kaua.

Next e hele mai i nā kia hoʻomanaʻo i e lawe i ka puu o ka 'ike -ʻo ia, i ke au o ka palapala hoike. O nā nā moʻolelo,ʻoihana, Himeni, bila mai, helu, nā luna kānāwai a me ka hana i nā moʻolelo o artisans, kalepa, a pela aku.

Naʻe, ka mea maoli kumu o ka Middle Ages mea,ʻaʻole i nui me mākou makemake. Ma ka lima o ka - i ka iwa o ka kenekulia,ʻaneʻane ole palapala kūmole. Ka hapa nui o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka manawa e hele mākou mai loko mai o kaao, nā moʻolelo.

Humid aniau, ka haahaa nui o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo, ka mea maoli hoʻi a hiki i ka primitive ke kaiāulu kanaka, ua hana lākou hana. Loaa nānā ai i ka wā like i kahiko kia hoʻomanaʻo i, a me ka maoli kumu o ka Middle Ages. Photo iau ho'āʻoʻia hoʻopaʻa i kēia mea.

au hiʻona ua i na kanaka a pau i noho ma ka outskirts o ka Roman aupuni a pau, he literate. Ko lakou mau aoao, i hele mai nā kūpuna mai moopuna hōʻike waha. Records i keia manawa, heʻano nui mamo o ka maikai patricians a mōneka, pinepine ma Roma a me Helene. National ōlelo pele i loko o ka buke a hiki i ka pau ana o ka manawa.

'Aʻole mākou i nā mea a pau i ka ike e pili ana i ka nohona pilikia o ke kakahiaka nui Middle Ages ohana. enehanaʻAʻole aole nohona ola,ʻaʻohe papa 'ole, aole hoi i ke ao nei - kekahi mea hiki ke ola i loko o piha.

ʻano nui ma luna o nā kūʻiʻoa loaa i ka hana wale nō me ka hilinaʻi, koa a me ka hana mau. Wale nō ekolu o ka wahi hoomalamalamaia mai loaʻa nā kumu maoli o ka Middle Ages. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ke kula ke alakai moʻolelo, kaao, mea kaua a me na mea paahana, me ka inoa a me ke kanu ana.

Ma kēia 'atikala i hoʻokaʻina' mai mākou i loko o ia o ka pilikia manaʻo, e like me artefacts, ho'āpono ike lea i na sciences i hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i kēia mau mea, ua ulu a ua manaoia kekahi ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka mōʻaukala manawa elua.