Birch wauke - mea he nui mōʻaukala palapala

Birch wauke - e paulele i ka hoʻomana memo a me nā palapala 10-16 kenekulia, ke kikokikona o ka i i noi ai i ka birch wauke. Ua loaʻaʻia Lūkini moʻolelo ma Novgorod i ka 1951 Na ia mau palapala mua iloko o ka huakaʻi no ka kākau moʻolelo o ka archeology ma lalo o ka mana o door Artsikhovsky. Mai laila, i loko o ka hanohano o keia loaʻa kela makahiki ua hookahakaha i Novgorod Holiday - Day o ka birch wauke. Ia huakaʻi lawe eiwa hou kekahi mau mea, a me ka 1970 ka mea, i Ua loaʻa 464 mau apana. Novgorod birchbark palapala, archaeologists loaʻa ma ka lepo papa, ma na iho o kahiko mea kanu a me ka'ōpala koe.

Ka hapa nui o na palapala i birch wauke i ka palapala. Ka mea, hoopa iho la i kela waiwai, a wahi lulu nīnūnē, ho'īli kuhikuhi, a wehewehe i ke kaua. birch wauke i kekahi, ua loaʻa hapa-haole a me ka hoʻoholo ai ka maʻiʻo. Eia hou, Ua loaʻa Arkhipovskaya specimens, i pihaʻi me na palapala kue o na kauwa e ku ei ko lakou mau haku, hoopii e pili ana i kā lākou mau hoʻopaʻi, a me ka papa helu Manor misdemeanors.

Ke kikokikona ma birch wauke i kekahi mea a me ka primitive iaoia - kūikawā mai kona heʻoiʻoi metala ole iwi pisalom (kui). Mālama '-lapaau wauke i ka mea e loa mai i ka palapala. Ke kikokikona ua kau ma luna o ka birch wauke i loko o ka lalani, i loko o ka hapanui hoopii, me ka mahele ana i ka mea i loko o nā'ōlelo. Ka wā kākau aneane loa e hoʻohana i ka fragile ka inika. Birch wauke mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO pōkole a me ka pragmatic, wale ka nui loa ike na i loko o laila. Ka nui, e hoike ana i ka haumāna haʻawina kālā, a me ka mea kākau i ike, ua i oleloia i loko o laila.

Nā palapala a me ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha i palapala hou he nui a me nā palapala i kākau 'ia ma birch wauke. Loaʻa i holoʻokoʻa puke. SV Maksimov, Lūkini ethnographer a me ka mea kākau, i mai la i kona ike ana i ka puke ma Mezen birch wauke Old manaoio.

Birch wauke like me ka mea no ke kākau 'ana a me ka EYI o ka' ike, i waiho loihi ana ia ma ka 11th kenekulia, akā, ua lilo kona nui i loko o ka 15th kenekulia. Ua Ua laila, i lohe nui ia iwaena o ka heluna o Rusia loaʻa ka pepa, a ua ho'ēmi. No ka wauke Ua hoʻohana like me ka haumāna i hoʻopaʻa 'meakino. Holo nōhie ka mea i hoʻohana no ka maka'āinana pilikino mooolelo a me ka paulele i ka hoʻomana palapala, a kūhelu palapala a me ka memo o ka lahui manaʻo nui i palapala ia ma ka parchment.

I nā hae, a hele aku la mai o lakou ola. I kekahi o ka loaʻa palapala, i i palapala hoopii i ka luna, me ka noiʻi loaʻa hoʻi iaʻu ma kauoha e rewrite kahi o ka birch wauke ma parchment, a laila, hoouna aku ia i ka helu wahi.

palapala ka launa pū ia lŘlŘʻano nui stratigraphic iaoia - ma muli o ka, ahu iho i loko i ka ukana i 'akomi i. A kekahi helu o ka palapala ma birch wauke i hana ia i ke aloha i ka hoʻomanaʻo i loko o kēia mau mōʻaukala hanana a nui kanaka.

Birch wauke mea nui i kumu no ka mōʻaukala o ko mākou 'ōlelo. I ka mea, mea hiki ke hookupaa aku i ka chronology a me ke degere o ka ike ana o ka'ōlelo kŰia, e like me ka manawa o ka helehelena a me ka etymology o ka hua'ōlelo, ua nui na olelo i i loaʻa i loko o kaʻo Samuel, i ike ole ia e kahiko kumu'ē aʻe. Holo nōhie, i kēia mau mea i nā hua'ōlelo wahi lulu mea ma a uaʻaneʻane hiki ole ke noho i loko o nā hana o ka mea kākau o ka manawa.