Nā Māla: nā inoa. Nā'ano o nā'enela (photo)

Hā'awi ka'oli i kahi kanaka i ka manawa e'oli'oli ai i nā pono e loa'a ai. No laila, ola nā kānaka me ka'olu'olu a loa'a iā lākou nā mea a pau e pono ai lākou. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka wai, ka pa'akai, nā'alela, ka wahie, ka'aila a me nā mea'ē a'e - ua hana'ia nā mea a pau ma ke'ano kūlohelohe a i ka wā e hiki mai ana e lilo i mea kūpono no ke kanaka.

Ho'ohana like ia me nā huahana o ke'ano he minela. 'O kēia mau'ano kālepa crystalline'ano like'ole he mea waiwai nui ia no ka nui o nā hanana'oihana'oihana like'ole i loko o nā hana waiwai o nā kānaka. No laila, e no'ono'o e pili ana i ke'ano o nā melaki a me ka nui o kēia mau pūnaewele.

Nā Mahele: nā'oko'a

Ma ke'ano i'ae'ia i ke'ano o ka mineralogy,'o ka hua'ōlelo'o "mineral",'o ia ho'i he kino pa'a i loko o nā mea'enekini a loa'a i kahi o nā'ano physicochemicals individually. Eia kekahi, pono e hana'ia ma kahi ala maoli, ma lalo o ka mana o kekahi mau hana kūlohelohe.

Hiki ke ho'ohui'ia nā monikona e like me ka mea ma'alahi (maoli), a pa'akikī. 'O nā'ano o ke kūkulu'ana he'ano like'ole. Aia kekahi mau hana e kāko'o i ko lākou ho'okumu'ana:

• Magmatic;
• Haulele;
• Kālā;
• Kāhua Metamorphogenic;
• 'O Biogenic.

'O nā'āpana nui o nā mea'aila i hō'ili'ili'ia i nā pūnaehana i ho'ohui'ia, ua kapa'ia he pōhaku. No laila,'a'ole e ho'opili kēia mau mana'o'elua. Ho'opuka'ia nā'āmaila o ka'āpana ma o ka'oki'ana a me ka ho'onohonoho'ana i nā pōhaku āpau.

Hiki ke'oko'a ka hana mekini o nā pūpū i nīnau'ia a he nui nā'ano haumia o nā mea haumia. Eia na'e, ho'okahi mau mea nui loa e haku i ka hana. No laila'o ia ka mea ho'oholo, a'a'ole i mālama'ia nā mea'ino.

'O ke kūlana o nā kolako

'O ke'ano o nā kolamu he crystalline. Aia kekahi mau'ano like'ole o nā lattices, kahi e hiki ai ke pani'ia:

• Kuhi;
• Hexagonal;
• Rhombic;
• Ho'oma'aka;
• Monoclinic;
• 'O Trigonal;
• 'O Triclinic.

E kŘkale i kŰia mau hui e like me ke kinona o ka mea ho oholo.

Nā'ano like'ole

Hiki i kekahi ke helu i ka ho'ohui'ia'ana, e hō'ike ana i ka nui o ka hui'ana.

1. Nā mea'ōiwi a mea'ona paha. 'O kēia kekahi mau minera. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike nā: he gula, ka hao, kalapona ma o ka palapala o ke daimana, lanahu, anthracite, luaipele, kala, selenium, cobalt, keleawe, arsenic, bismuth, a he nui na mea e ae.
2. Halides, i nā chlorides, fluorides, bromides. Kēia nā minelala hao, examples o i i ike ai i kela kanaka keia kanaka: pōhaku, ka paʻakai (paʻakai koloriside) a halite, sylvite, fluorite.
3. Oxides a me hydroxides. Ho'opili'ia lākou e nā mea kaupaona o nā metala a me nā metale,'o ia ho'i, ma ka hui'ana iā lākou me ka oxygen. 'O kēia hui pū'ia nā'enela, nā inoa i'ike'ia, corundum (ruby, sapphire), magnetite, quartz, hematite, rutile, cassematite a me nā mea'ē a'e.
4. Nitrates. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: ka potasiuma a me ka paʻakai nitrate.
5. Borat:'ōnohi calcite, Eremeeva.
6. Carbonates - paʻakai o carbonicʻakika. 'O kēia nā'enela, nā inoa o ia mau mea: malachite, aragonite, magnesite, hana ku'emaka,'ōlika, marble a me nā mea'ē a'e.
7. Sulfates: gypsum, barite, selenite.
8. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphates - a pau paʻakai o ka like nāʻakika i kuahene likeʻole kanu'ōiwi nā minelala hao. 'O nā inoa he nepheline, apatite a me nā mea'ē a'e.
9. Silicates. I ka paʻakai o ka silicicʻakika, me he pūʻulu iloko olaila o SiO _4. 'O kekahi mau nā minelala hao i: berulo, feldspar, topazo, garnet, kaolinite, talc, tourmaline, zhadein, sapeiro, a me na mea e ae.

Ma waho a'e o nā pū'ulu i'ōlelo'ia i luna, aia kekahi pūnaehana pūnaewele e kūkulu ana i nā waihona pono maoli. Eia kekahi la'ana, ka pe'a, ka lāhuhu, ka pahuhopu, ka mea calcium oxalates, ka hao a me nā mea'ē a'e. A me kekahi mau kālai'a, silicids, phosphides, nitrides.

Nā mea ho'ohui'āina

'O kēia mau mea kelepila (hiki ke'ike'ia ke ki'i ma lalo), i hana'ia e ka mea li'ili'i. Eia kekahi la'ana:

• gula i loko o ka palapala o ke one a me nuggets, ingots;
• 'O ka Diamond a me ka graphite he mau ho'oponopono'āpana o ka lattice hōlani o carbon;
• Ko'o;
• 'O kālā;
• 'O ka hao;
• 'o Sulusa;
• Ka hui o nā metalauma.

I ka manawa pinepine, ua loa'a kēia mau mea i ke'ano o ka hālāwai nui me nā mea'oko'a'ē a'e, nā'āpana pōhaku a me nā'ala. Ho'ohui a ho'ohana'ia ka ho'ohana'ana i ka'oihana no nā kānaka. 'O lākou ke kumu,'o ka'enehana no ka ho'olako'ana i nā lako, kahi i lawe'ia mai ai nā mea like'ole o ka hale, nā mana'o, nā mea ho'onani, nā mea hana a pēlā aku.

Nā'ōpena, nā'āpana, nā pahu

'O kēia pū'ulu kekahi me nā pōhaku a me nā minela, kahi'oi aku ka nui loa o ka hua o ka honua,'o ia ho'i, aia lākou i nā papa waho o ka lepo o ka honua. I loko, ua ho'okumu'ia nā phosphates. 'O ka pa'akai o nā mea phosphorous, arsenic a me vanadium ka mea nui loa. Eia na'e, inā mākou e no'ono'o i ke ki'i nui, a laila, li'ili'i ka māhele o ko lākou helu i loko o ke kinona.

Hiki i kekahi ke'ike i kekahi o nā pahu kenekene like'ole i kēia pū'ulu:

• Apatite;
• 'O Vivianite;
• 'O Lindakerite;
• 'O Roenite;
• Ka'ananui;
• Pāku'i.

E like me ka mea i'ike mua'ia,'o kēia mau minoi he'ano pōhaku pōhaku nui loa.

Oxides a me hydroxides

'O kēia hui o nā kolamu,'o ia nā'ōpona a pau, nā mea ma'alahi a pa'akikī, nā mea i hana'ia e nā metala, nā mea'ole, nā intermetallides a me nā ho'ololi. 'O ka nui o ka huina o kēia mau mea i loko o ka'ōpū o ka honua he 5%. 'O ke kumu wale nō e pili ana i nā silicates,'a'ole i ka hui e no'ono'o'ia,'o ia ka silina SiO2 me nā'ano like'ole.

Hiki iā'oe ke hā'awi i kahi nui o nā hi'ohi'ona o kēlā melakila, akā e hō'ike mākou i ka mea ma'amau:

1. 'O Granite.
2. 'O ka Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. 'O Ilmenite.
5. 'O Columbite.
6. Spinel.
7. Lime.
8. Paena pūnaewele.
9. Romanesheet.
10. Holfertit.
11. 'O Corundum (ruby, sapphire).
12. 'O Bauxite.

'O Carbonates

'O kēia papa o nā kolamu e komo ana i nā'ano like'ole, he mau mea nui loa no nā kānaka. No laila, aia nā papahana ma lalo iho nei:

• Ho'opā;
• Dolomite;
• 'Aragonite;
• Malachite;
• 'Alapona'ona;
• 'O Bastnesite.

'O kēlā me kēia papahele i loko o kāna mele'ana mai nā'āpana he nui i nā hanana o nā'elele. I ka pae holo'oko'a, aia i kahi o ho'okahi mau haneri carbonate mineral. 'O ka mea ma'amau o lākou he:

• Māla;
• 'O ke kaha kau;
• Malachite;
• Apatite;
• Kani;
• Smithsonite;
• Magnesite;
• Carbonatite a me nā mea'ē a'e.

Ua mahalo'ia kekahi po'e ma ke'ano he'oihana ma'amau a he ko'iko'i nui o ka hale, a ho'ohana'ia kekahi po'e e hana i nā mea e ho'onui ai, a ho'ohana'ia kekahi ma ka ho'ona'auao. Eia na'e, he mea nui nā mea a pau, a he hana nui kā lākou unuhi'ana.

Silicates

'O ka hui nui loa o nā minelala e like me nā puka o waho a me nā helu o nā'elele. 'O kēia ho'ololi'ana ma muli o ke'ano o ka ho'ohui'ia'ana o nā'ōma'a kala ma muli o ke'ano o ke'ano o ka ho'olālā'oko'a, i ka ho'ohui'ana i nā hāmole oxygen e pili ana iā lākou iho. Penei, hiki ke hana'ia nā'ano o kēia mau'ano:

• Island;
• Chain;
• Kāpeka;
• Leaf.

'O kēia mau'enela, nā ki'i i'ike'ia ma ka'atikala, ua'ike'ia e nā mea a pau. 'O kekahi o lākou. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e like lākou me:

• 'o Topa;
• 'O Garnet;
• Keahi kila;
• Pōhaku pōhaku;
• Opal;
• Chalcedony a me nā mea'ē a'e.

Ho'ohana'ia lākou i loko o ka'oihana kū'ai, mahalo'ia lākou he mau kūkulu ikaika no ka ho'ohana'ana i ka'ikekino.

Hiki nō ho'i iā'oe ke hā'awi aku i nā hi'ohi'ona o nā mineral nona nā inoa i kaulana'ole i ka po'e kama'āina'ole i pili'ole i ka mineralogy, akā na'e, ua nui loa lākou ma ka'oihana:

1. 'O Datonite.
2. 'O Olivin.
3. 'O Murmanite.
4. 'O Chrysocola.
5. Eudialyte.
6. Beryl.