'Amino acids: ka lā'au biochemistry, ka ho'ohālikelike'ana

No ka hana holo'oko'a o ke kino o ke kanaka, ka ho'okō'ana i nā hana a pau, pono pono ke'ai i nā mea'ai i ho'onui'ia me nā protein, nā momona, nā ha'alulu. 'O nā pā'ani a me nā protein kekahi mau mea o nā pūnaewele, no laila, pono ke kanaka i nā mea'ai. He aha nā mea amino acids? 'O ka biochemistry o kēia pūnaewele he mea nui e kūpono i ka no'ono'o kūpono a me ka noi'ana.

Nā'ano o nā amino acids

Pono pono kēia mau mea no ka ho'omau'ana i nā meaola kinipona. Ma ke'ano, aia nā'onika amino ma mua o ho'okahi haneri a me kanalima, akā'a'ole lākou a pau i mea nui i ke kino o ke kanaka. He aha ka mea pono e pono ai kā mākou amino acids? 'O ke biochemistry o 20 mau mea like kēia i ho'ona'auao maika'i'ia e nā po'e'epekema home a me nā haole'ē a'e. Ua'ike'ia he'umikumamālua o lākou e hiki ke ho'ohui'ia i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, a'ewalu wale nō'elima amino i loa'a i ka mea'ai me ka'ai.

Hō'ulu'ulu

E no'ono'o i kekahi mau mea amino. Biochemistry, Maluna o kēia mau ke aloha i huiʻia komo ai i ke kaawale ana o ka nui pūʻulu ekolu:

• Kū'ole'ia, loa'a me ka'ai. 'A'ole hiki ke ho'ohui'ia nā mea i loko o ke kino kanaka;
• Ke hana ma'alahi, i hana'ia i loko o ke kino, e hā'ule ana i loko me ia me ka mea'ai la'a;
• Hiki ke pani hou'ia, hiki ke ho'opili'ia mai nā hono maika'ole.

Nā Kuleana Mea

He aha nā'ano kino a me nā kinikona o nā amino acids? 'O ka biochemistry o kēia mau pūnaewele ke hō'ike nei i ko lākou mau'ano. 'O nā amino acids he mau'ale'a ho'ohehe'e'ia, he wai'ano maika'i i ka wai, he'ano mele.

He aha hou a'e nā amino acids? 'O ke'ano'ike lā'au,'o kā lākou mau'ano e hō'ike ai i ka'ike'ia o nā'ōpona kalapona me ka'oihana opio.

Nā Huahana Hua

He mea nui ko lākou'ikepuni. 'O nā amino acids nā peptides o ka papa hana mua. 'O ia ke kūpono i ka hui'ana o nā koena amino acid i loko o ka hale linear ho'okahi i ho'ohui'ia ai kahi mole mole. Ke ho'ohana kekahi kanaka i ka glycine ma ke'ano o ka pauka a me nā papa, hiki kahi wikiwiki a melahi o ke komo'ana i nā mea ola i loko o ke koko. He mea nui ko lākou'ikepuni. 'Amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, nā mea momona i mea pono no ka hana'ana o kahi meaola ola. Me ko lākou nele, ua nui nā ma'i.

'O nā amino acids he amphoteric pūpū e hō'ike ana i nā'ano waiwai lua.

'O ke'ano pilikino

'O kēia papa o nā pūnaewele ho'ona'ia i loko o nā a'ahana ka hopohopo no ka hō'oia'ana o nā kinipona pūmua i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. I ke kumu o kona hemahema, hiki mai nā pilikia ko'iko'i me ka pūnaewele maka'u'ole. He aha hou aku nā mea amino nui no ke kino? 'O ka biochemistry o kēia pūnaewele amphoteric ke ho'ākāka nei i ka waiwai no ka biosynthesis ma ke akepa'a o ke kīpi'i. 'O kona helu'ole i alaka'i'ia i nā ma'i nui. Ma waena o nā kumu nui no ka nele o 20 amino acino nui, ua kapa'ia e nā kauka ke kīnā'ole, ka ho'omāinoino'ana i nā mea inu wai'ona, nā hana ho'onāukiuki. I mea e pale ai i ka ho'opau'ia'ana o ke kino (pale i ka pōloli o ka pala), pono pono e komo i ka la'au, ka'i'o, nā hua pua.

'O ka nui o nā waiwai

He aha nā'ano o nā amino acids? Ke wehewehe'ia ka biochemistry o kēia mau pūnaewele ma ka'ike'ana i nā molekino o nā hui'oihana'elua. 'O kēia mau mea'ele'ele he COOL ka carboxylic (acidic), a he mau amine nō ho'i. Hō'ike'ia nā'ano hana ho'ona'auao i ko lākou kūkini kino.

Ho'ohālike like me nā'āpana'enela a me nā mineral kohu i ka hanana me nā metala hana, nā'ōmole o nā kumuhana, nā konalis, a me nā pa'akai o nā'eha nāwaliwali. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā amino acids ke ho'oikaika kino me nā mea'awa'awa e lilo ai i ka esters. 'O ka hele'ana o ka hui amino e ho'ākāka i kā lākou mau pilina me nā'āmomi e ka mea ho'okomo i ka'āpono o ka palapala ho'opa'a.

Ka ho'olaha a me ka nomenclature

Ma muli o kahi o ka hui carboxyl, hiki iā ia ke māhele i kēia mau mea ho'okomo i loko o ka alpha, beta, a me ka wai amino. Ho'omaka ka helu'ana o ke kala kalapuma me ke kalapona ma hope o ka hui.

I loko o ka ho'omehana'eneka, ua ho'ohanohano'ia nā amino acids e like me ka helu o nā pū'ulu lawelawe: ke kumu, ka palewa, ka waikawa.

Ma muli o ke'ano o ka hawewe hydrocarbon, he mea ma'alahi ka ho'ohui'ia o nā mea amino a pau i loko o nā mea alima (aliphatic), heterocyclic, aromatic, a me sulfur. No ke'ano o kahi amino acino'ele'ele, hiki ke pani'ia ka waiuma aminobenzoic.

Ma ka kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana nomenclature ma lalo o ka inoa o keia ano o ke aloha i huiʻia huahelu hōʻike i ke kulana o ka'amino pae, alaila, hui aku i ka inoa o ke kalapona kaula, i ka loaʻa o ke carboxyl pae. Ho'ohana'ia ka pī'āpā Helene ke ho'ohana'ia ka inoa o ka amino acid ma hope o kahi inoa nomenclature.

Ma ke alo o'elua mau hana (amino) i ka mole, ho'ohana'ia ka inoa e koho i nā prefix: diamino, mea waiwai. No nā'āpana amino polybasic, triol a diol i ho'ohui'ia i ka inoa.

Nā'ano o ka isomerism a me ka hana'ana o nā amino acids

Ua haawiia i ke specificity o ka Nine Inch 'ole o ka elele o keia ano o ke aloha' ona, hōʻike kekahi mau ʻano o ka isomerism. Pēlā i nā acidic carboxylic, i loko o kēia pūnaewele amphoteric, aia nā isomers o ka'eke kalapona.

Hiki hiki ke kākau i nā isomers me nā'oko'a like'ole o ka hui amino mahi. 'O ka pā'ani ka'ōnaehana isomerism o kēia papa, e hiki ai ke ho'ākāka i ko lākou'ano pilikino no nā meaola ola.

E like me ka maka mea no ka hoʻololi kemikala o nylon i ka lokomaikaiia, aminocaproicʻakika. Ma ka hydrolysis, hiki i ka'aila amino nui he 25. Aia kekahi mau pilikia e pili ana i ka ho'oka'awale'ana i ka hopena hopena o nā pūpū amphoteric. Hiki i ka hydrolysis o nā meaola kinipona, hiki ke hiki ke ho'ohui'ia nā amino acids e nā pilina o nā haikoa halogenia e like me ke ka'ina o Gel-Folgard-Zelinsky.

'amino nāʻakika i hana i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka hydrolysis o nā polokina pili ana i na nå mea 'ai. 'O kēia mau mea he mau pōhaku lepo ia, no ka ho'omaika'i'ana o nā meaola a me nā mea'ai holoholona, ua ho'opiha'ia ka'ōpū me nā mea nui loa no kāna hana nui loa.

Eia kekahi la'ana, ma ke'ano o ka ho'opau'ia'ana o ke kino i hana'ia e kahi'oihana ko'iko'i, hā'awi'ia ka mea ma'i i kekahi papa'oi o nā amino acids. Me ka glutamicʻakika ua lawe mai i ka iapaau ana o ko mākou hopohopo maʻi, gastric ulcers pono e hoʻohana i ka histidine. I ka mahi'ai, ho'ohana'ia nā amino acids i mea hānai no nā holoholona, ho'onui i ka ulu a me ka ulu'ana.

Ka Hopena

'O nā amino acids he amphoteric pūpū'enehana e hana nui i ka hana nui o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. Me ka lawa'ole o kekahi o nā amino acids nui,'ike'ia nā pilikia ko'iko'i ko'iko'i. 'Oi aku ka waiwai nui o ka mea'ai waiwai'ai i ka'ōpiopio, a me nā po'e i'ike mau i ka'oihana kino, ke komo mālie i ka pā'ani.