ATP 'ole a me ka liluwelo kūlana. ATP oihana

Kela a me keia aeea i loko o mākou kino i wahi miliona o biochemical reactions. Ka mea, i catalyzed ma keʻano o nā'ūhū, a pinepine koi ikehu. Where o ka halepaahao ia ai? Kēia ninau hiki e mai la e noonoo i ka 'ole o nā nā lātoma o ATP - he nui kahi o ka ikehu.

ATP - na ao kumu o ka ikehu

ATP kū no ka adenosine, a adenosine triphosphate. I ka waiwai o kekahi o ka loa nui kumu elua o ka ikaika i loko o na halepaahao. Ke 'ole a me ka liluwelo kūlana o ATP i pili loa aku. Most biochemical reactions hiki ke lawe wahi me ke komo 'ana o nā lātoma o ka waiwai wale, o ka oi aku ma ea pūnao. Naʻe, ATP ua kākaʻikahi pili 'ole i loko o ka naoh no ka hanana ana i kekahi kaʻina pono ikehu, ka mea, ua encased i loko o ka Nine Inch mea paa o ATP.

Ka 'ole o nā nā lātoma o ka waiwai ia i ka kūpono pili ma waena o ka posapahate pūʻulu e lawe i ka nui nui o ka ikaika. Pela, ua kamaʻilio ua i kapaia kiʻekiʻe-ikehu ole makroenergeticheskimi (nunui = nui nui helu). Manawa ikehu paa ana no ka manawa mua i hoʻolauna i nä känaka 'epekema F. Lipman, a me ka mea, ua i manaoia e hana, e hoʻokohu' ia ia ̴ ikona.

He mea nui no ka halepaahao, e malama i mau kiʻekiʻe o ATP. He mea oi loa aku hoi ano o ka Muscle keena a me nā aʻalolo olona, no ka mea,ʻo ka loa e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie, a no ka hooko konaʻoihana kauoha he kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o adenosine triphosphate.

Ka 'ole o nā lātoma o ATP

ATP ninoieo o ekolu hehee wale: ribose a adenine residues o phosphoricʻakika.

Ribose - carbohydrate, a pili ia i ka pentose hui. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka haku mele' ana o ka ribose 5 kalapona nā'ātoma a i komo i loko o ka pōʻaiapuni. Ribose ua pili me ka adenine β-N-glycosidic hoopaa i ka mea mua kalapona'Ātoma. Kekahi hui i ka pentose posapahate residues ma ka 5th kalapona'Ātoma.

Adenine - he nitrogenous kumu. Ke kaumaha ma muli i ke ano o ka walaʻauʻana naikokene pili i ka ribose, like kaʻawale GTP (guanosine triphosphate), TTP (thymidine), CTP (cytidine triphosphate) a me UTP (uridine triphosphate). A pau kēia mau 'ona e like me ka' ole i ka adenosine triphosphate, a hana ka hola o ka ia hana, akā, e loaʻa ka mea, i loko o ka halepaahao ua nui emi, he pono ole.

Residues o phosphoricʻakika. E hoʻonui loa ribose e hui ekolu residues o phosphoricʻakika. Inā mau o ia paha wale kekahi, niioaaonoaaiii, he waiwai kapaia ADP (diphosphate) a AMP (monophosphate), Ua Ua manao ma waena o ka phosphorus residues makroenergeticheskie e pili ana, a ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ma luna o rupture o mai 40 a hiki i 60 kJ o ka ikehu. Inā ua uhaʻiʻia nā mea paa mau, kū 80, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa - 120 kJ o ka ikehu. Atʻoluʻolu o kamaʻilio ma waena o ka ribose moiety a me ka phosphorus ua hookuu wale 13,8 kJ, no laila,ʻelua wale nō triphosphate lātoma macroergic pilina (P ̴ ̴ F P), a ma ka lātoma o ADP - hoʻokahi (P ̴ P).

Eia nā mea i na ano o ATP 'ole. Aie i ka mea i waena o ka phosphoricʻakika residues i hana makroenergeticheskaya hoopaa 'ole a me ka ATP oihana ua hoʻopili.

Ke 'ole a me ka liluwelo kūlana o ATP nā lātoma. Additional hiʻona o adenosine triphosphate

Ma waho ikehu, ATP ke hana nui no hoi na oihana i loko o ka halepaahao. A me nā nucleotide triphosphate triphosphate komo i loko o ka hana o nukeleaʻakika. Ma ia hihia, ATP, GTP, TTP, CTP a me UTP i pūnaewele o nitrogenous kumu. Keia waiwai ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka DNA replication a me ka EKOLU.

ATP mea no hoi e pono ai no ka ion kaha. No ka laʻana, Na-K Kanal EII ni paʻakai 3 nā lātoma mai keena, a no ka EII ni potasiuma lātoma 2 i loko o ka halepaahao. Keia ion au i ua pono e malama i ka maikaʻiʻoihana ma luna o ka pā ili o kaʻili lahilahi, a wale hoʻohana ATP Kanal ke kuleana pili i pono. ʻO ia pili i ka proton a me ka kalipuna kaha.

ATP mea he precursor o nā haumāna i nāʻelele e hoʻomoana ai (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) - kahi e hoʻomoana ai,ʻaʻole wale nō? Aaeaao he hōʻailona loaa ke kelepona heleʻili lahilahi receptors, akā, i mea he allosteric effector. Allosteric effectors - nā waiwai e hoolalelale mai paha 'ūlōlohi mai ana i ka enzymatic reactions. Penei, cyclic adenosine inhibits ka'ūhū e catalyzes ka cleavage o lactose i loko o na keena o ka bacterium.

ATP lātoma iho hiki no hoi e ka allosteric effector. Eia hoʻi, i loko o ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e hana me ka hoa o ka ATP ADP ina triphosphate hōʻeleu i ke naoh, laila inhibits diphosphate, a me ka hope versa. Mau mea i ka mana, a 'ole o ka ATP.

E like me ka ATP i hanaʻia i loko o ka halepaahao

Launch a me ka 'ole o ATP ka poe hana pela i e hoʻohana koke na nā lātoma o ka waiwai, a ua lukuia lakou. No ia mea, triphosphate hoʻololi kemikala - mea nui he kaʻina o ka ikehu ho okumu i loko o ka halepaahao.

Aia he ekolu loa nui iaoia no ka hoʻololi kemikala o adenosine triphosphate:

1. ka kūpapakū phosphorylation.

2. Oxidative phosphorylation.

3. phosphorylation.

Kūpapakū phosphorylation ua nānā 'ana i mau reactions' ia i loko o ka halepaahao cytoplasm. i kapa mau reactions glycolysis - anaerobic kahua o aerobic ka hanu. E like me ka hopena, hoʻokahi kalapona o ka glycolysis mai 1 monakō koko lātoma ua synthesized ma nā nā lātoma o pyruvicʻakika e hou aku hoʻohana i ka paka ikehu, a me kekahi mau synthesized ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2c ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Oxidative phosphorylation. ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā

Oxidative phosphorylation - o ke kahua o ATP ma ka hoolilo ana o electrons i loko o ka huina'ine amo kaulahao o kaʻili lahilahi. E like me ka hopena o ia hoolilo ana o protonʻano piʻina ua i hanaʻia ma kekahiʻaoʻao o kaʻili lahilahi a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka lākou o ka kumuʻiʻo integral ATP synthase mea kūkulu nā lātoma. Ke kaʻina hana i wahi i loko o ka mitochondrialʻili lahilahi.

Ke kaʻina o nāʻanuʻu o ka glycolysis a me ka oxidative phosphorylation ma mitochondria o ka mau kaʻina kapaia hanu. Ma hope o ka piha kalapona mai 1 lātoma o ka monakō koko i loko o ka halepaahao 36 Ua hanaʻia o ATP nā lātoma.

photophosphorylation

Phosphorylation kaʻina - keia mea ka ia oxidative phosphorylation me ka hoʻokahi wale nō likeʻole: ka phosphorylation reactions ana i loko o chloroplasts keena ma lalo o ka aoao o ka malamalama. ATP hua mai la i kāʻamaʻai malamalama ke kahua - ka walaʻauʻana kaʻina hana o ka loaa ikehu mai ka uliuli mea kanu, ka līoho a me kekahi mau koʻohune.

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai no ka mea ia huina'ine-amo kaula hele electrons, kūpono ma ka protonʻano piʻina. I ka lehulehu o ka protons ma kekahiʻaoʻao o kaʻili lahilahi mea he kumu no ATP hoʻololi kemikala. E akoakoa nui ana nā lātoma lawe ia e ka'ūhū ATP synthase.

Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi e pili ana i ATP

- Ka awelike aeea he 0,04% o ka huina nui o adenosine triphosphate. Naʻe, ka meaʻano nui ua malamaia ma ka Muscle aeee: 0.2-0.5%.

- Ma o ka halepaahao, ma kahi o 1 ieeeea? Nā lātoma o ATP.

- kēlā lātoma 'aʻole e ola hou aku 1 minuke.

- One ATP lātoma ua hōʻano kela la i keia 2000-3000 manawa.

- I ka puu dala, no ka lā o kanaka kino synthesizes 40kg adenosine triphosphate, a ma kēlā me kēia manawa i ka pua paha o ka ATP He 250 g.

ka hopena

ATP 'ole a me ka liluwelo kūlana o kona nā lātoma i pili loa aku. Ka waiwai Radio he kī kūlana ma ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola, no ka mea, i loko o ka ikehu paa ma waena o ke posapahate residues komo he nui nui o ka ikaika. Hanaʻia ATP na oihana i loko o ka halepaahao, a no laila ia mea nui, e malama i ka ikaika lehulehu o ka waiwai. Hālāwai hope a me ka hoʻololi kemikala e hele i ke kiʻekiʻe wikiwiki, oa, no, ka ikehu ana i mau hoʻohana 'ia i loko o biochemical reactions. He he 'Oponopono paʻa mau o kekahi halepaahao ma ka kino. Eia, paha, a pau e hiki ke olelo mai no mea a me nā hale o ATP.