Aupuni a kaila o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka 19th kenekulia a me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka hale, kiʻi

Ma ka hapa mua o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia e puku classicism hele mai i ka hou hema i loko o ke akamai a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone - aupuni a pau. Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone hoomaka ae la e hele mai i kona ano kailaʻae - he monumental massiveness me ka eha Nani Loa hehee wale. Aupuni a pau kaila originated i ka noho alii ana o Napoleon. Ia kekahi manaʻo i kēia mea i ka olelo i loko o ke akamai a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka ololi, a kaupalena, ia mea, aka, hilinaʻi ma ka noʻeau'āina hoʻoili o Helene archaism a me imperial Roma, unuhi aku la ia mai i ka mana a me ka nani o ka pretentious akā, nani hehee wale, no ka mea hoi kona, hoʻokomo - classicism - Ua hoʻomōhala, ʻano nui i loko oʻaeʻae a me ka harmonious hehee wale.

Ke kumu o ke kaila

Aupuni a kaila i kuhikuhipuʻuone - he triumphal e pio mai, i ka papakaukau portico me kolamu, he nui koa hōʻailona - Pohon lei .. kapa kila,ʻaeto, etc. a pau o kēia kumu, aole ia e ho ololi i na manao, akā, e aho, i ke kupa ana o kanaka. Kēia ka mea ua hoikeia mai ma kaʻahaʻaina a me ka nani o ka hale interiors, papahana e Fontaine a me Percier. Ma hope o Napoleon ka kai eʻe maʻAigupita i loko o ke aupuni a pau kaila ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone hoomaka ae la e e hoʻolauna undifferentiated pelane pa a me pylons, stylized sphinxes. No keia manawa, ke ano hiʻona mea i ke kanaka o Aigupita i waha hui me Roman organically lawa me ka hele ana i kahi lōʻihi aku ma kekahi eclecticism. Historicism - kekahi hiʻona e distinguishes ke aupuni a kaila o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, i Pono nń ka loulou me ka grandeur o ka moana i Emperor kahiko.

mika ideology

ʻoʻoleʻa ideological kohoʻia kaupalena i ka hooulu ana o ka mika, a ua i ke kumu i i ole he nui States maliu ia me "imperialism" Ua lilo i koa e kanu pūʻia Napoleon i kona mau nei no ka naʻi. No ka laʻana, ma Kelemania, a Austria i hoʻomohala i ka manawa o ka olelo o ka "Biedermeier", kekahi hapa hoʻohana aupuni a pau motifs, akā, huli kū'ē mai ana ia ia iho ia ia. Ma Enelani ua i ka "kaila o George IV», i kekahi manawa, i kapaia o "Pelekāne imperial."

Imperial Lūkini kaila

Ke wale aupuni i loko i ke aupuni a pau kaila ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, aʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ia,? Ac?, Ua Rusia. Keia ua wehewehe ia e ka mea i ka mea, ua hiki ke uhai i ka mana o Napoleon, a pela no hoi ia ia i loaa ia kona mau kiʻiona hiʻona. He ua softer a oi pliable. Ke kupuna o ka aupuni a kaila i loko o St. Petersburg kuhikuhipuʻuone o Rossi - Russian-Italian kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone, e hoʻokele i ka malimali i kona coldness a me ka rigidity. Kekahi ike kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone ma keia ala e hiki aku o Stasov. E like me ka poe akamai, kona mau okoa ke ano he "Moscow aupuni a pau" ma ke kaila o nā kua'āinaʻana, i ua i kapaʻia ke poʻo classicism.

Pau 'ana o ka panina wā

Nā kumu o ka ulu no ka makakū nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ua lilo Art o Makamua Greece ma ka Archaic wā, a me ka Roma aupuni a pau o ka hopena o wā, hui me ka moʻomeheu o Etruria, kahiko o Aigupita, a me nā maikai ana. Lula ea manaʻo o kahiko Aigupita kuhikuhipuʻuone, undifferentiated nui pā surfaces me ka nunui kolamu a me nā kia, hoolako mōakaaka i ka pau ka leo o ka geometric pololei, etc. - .. kēia mea okoa aupuni a pau. Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka 19th kenekulia ua lilo ka personification o conciseness, monumentality a me rigorous kaulike a me symmetry o na wahi. Kēia manawa au ua kapaia na ōlelo 'ia no koa nani a me ka imperial grandeur, hoʻokō ma hōʻailona lehulehu a me na hoailona.
Ma ka mea hoʻonani o interiors, a waho o ka hale, lako, like hoʻi me kona mau ipuʻaila a me nāʻoihana i hoʻohana i hōʻailona lehulehu o koa nani a me kaʻihiʻihi aie, mai ka wa kahiko Roma Nani Loa hoʻi i loko o ka palapala o Nā Kia a me Pohon, announcer ligaments a me nāʻaeto, lamaku, a pinepine hou i ka palapala N .

Oia ka mea lahaʻole hoanmike hoʻokāʻoi wale i ka moʻolelo keaka wale lewa i loko o ke Keena Kalaiaina. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o aupuni a pau kuhikuhipuʻuone, e like me ka poe akamai, ka loa ao alohilohi i emi iho i ka pololei i lawekahikiʻia o kekahi mau ano, a ano o ka Pahuhopu honua o ke kahiko. No ka laʻana, he suitably kūkulu a me ka hoʻonaniʻia e triumphal mau hoaka a me nā mea hoomanao obelisks.

I wahi o ke ano hoohanohano a me ka maalea

Me ka Hekikai o ke aupuni a pau nō ia mea nui a oi monumental. Ma keia hihia, e puku i maemae subtleties i loko o ke kaila o Louis XVI hele excessive rationality me ka hanohano a me ka hiki pathos. Ma ka ho'āʻo pono o ka bourgeoisie, ka lanakila a me ka haʻalele i ka "aliʻi" kuhikuhi, e mamuli o ke ola, a noho pono o ka Roma kahiko, ua nui loa moʻolelo keaka wale a me ka showy. Ma Europa'āina kekahi i ka aristocracy me ka nui bourgeoisie, a Palani classicism o Louis XVI i nei i malamaʻi, me he kūlana ÷, hoomaka ae la e hoike aku au ma hope o ka imperial kaila. Ma hope o ke kipi i loko o Paris hou mai kekahi mau wahi ho'ākoakoa Artists lehulehu a me nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ka poe i kohoia e hana i loko o kēia hou kaila. Ke aupuni a pau kuhikuhipuʻuone, examples o i hale i nana ole e like me ka "ohi" classicism, ma ka Akä naÿe i mua LIKE i lawa cosmopolitan ano, i ka neʻe aku ma ka mana o ka rula o ke kukuluia'na o ka kūloko kula. Naʻe, i ole ana i kēia ma hope o ka kekahi manawa o ka hanau ana o ka Lūkini wale nō o kēia kaila.

Saint Petersburg

Kēia au i loko o ka 1810-1830 biennium. hoomaka ae la e hele mai i loko o ka nui hoʻokiwikā Ensemble. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike aupuni a pau i loko o St. Petersburg kuhikuhipuʻuone - ia mea pono-ike Kazan Hale Pule Nui, a me ka Admiralty hale, ka Spaso-Preobrazhensky a me Troitsky cathedrals, Ostrovsky Square a me na Arts. Ma luna o ia hana na koʻikoʻi nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone e like K. I. Rossi a me A. Voronikhin, JB Thomas de Thomon a me A. D. Zaharov, V. P. Stasov a me na mea e ae.

Externally, ka Russian aupuni a pau i loko o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, examples no i na hale i literally hoʻopuehuʻia ma ka'ākau paukü, luku kuhikuhi hoʻohana panina palapala-nenoai, Tuscan a me Doric ole wale. Ma hope o ka au o Alexander classicism mea akaka i ka makemake no chic, nani a me ka monumentality, hui me ka masculinity. Aupuni a kaila o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, kiʻi o nā hale a hoike i ke kanana 'symmetry a me ka luuluu io no, a me ka brevity o kona ano a me militaristic symbolism ua lako hoi.

Ka hope loa "chord" o ka Russian aupuni a pau

Aupuni a kaila i kuhikuhipuʻuone, examples o ka hale o i ka loa ma Rusia hiki ke ike ia ma St. Petersburg, maopopo expresses ka naʻau i loko o ka manawa. Ke apotheosis o ka Lūkini kuhikuhi ana o ka Hale Pule Nui St. Isaac ka Hale Pule Nui. Ua Ua kūkuluʻia ma ka makahiki 1858, papahana ma Montferrand. Ua ka i lanakila ka simplest palapala: he kupa me ka huinahalike, triangle, paukūʻolokaʻa a me parabolic Dome, a, ma ka hou ana i ka nui nui, i ka ekalesia i kekahi hou monumentality, a hana i ka manaʻo o ka makahiki-kahiko imperial inviolability. Iloko o ka hana o ka Hale Pule Nui o ka holomua oaoieei-pāʻoihana hoʻohana i ka manawa: he paa slab raft kumu, i ka masonry, hoolei-hao iwi aoao ma ka Dome, kolamu o ka māpala monoliths a pau. Luku ana a me ka waiwai mawaho kāhiko me ka lei manao.

Sunset "Golden Age"

Penei, i ke au o ke aupuni a kaila i loko o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o St. Petersburg, ka honua ma ka hana o ka elua o ka loa grandiose kia hoʻomanaʻo i - i ka hale o ka Kazan a me St. Isaac ka Hale Pule Nui, pau i ke kahua i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kulanakauhale, ia ia i hana nui kūlana hana o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone. Naʻe, ina o ka "Golden Age" o Lūkini moʻokalaleo, pena a me ka mele i wale e hoomaka ana, i ka Lūkini kuhikuhipuʻuone, e huki mai i ka pau.