He aha ka mea i hookomoia ma ka DNA kōpaʻa? Nine kumu o ka DNA 'ole

Pehea kupaianaha e kiai pehea like i kēlā me kēia 'ē aʻe nō nā mākua a me nā keiki. A i 'ole, ma ka mea ku ole, o kona kulana okoa mai, a me na kaikuaana a me na kaikaina, a mai ka makuahine a me ka makuakāne. No ke aha lā ka mea hiki mai, a mea 'aʻole ia hilinai? He aha nā hale i kuleana no ka malama ana, ka hoʻohuiʻana, hoolilo a me ka 'aoʻao o symptoms i loko o ke keiki, mai ko lakou mau makua?

Ia kūlana e pili ana i ka nukelea nāʻakika i kuahene chromosomes. I ka mea, i nā lātoma e hana i nāʻoihana a pau keʻano o ka hanaʻana e pili ana i nā kūpuna mai, a oko a. Special ae hoolei no keia no ke DNA nā lātoma.

Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o nukelea nāʻakika

No kekahi manawa lōʻihi no kēia nā lātoma ua i ikeia. Naʻe, i ka 1869, he nä känaka 'epekema mai ka noiʻi Miescher loaʻa i ka läÿau, o ka DNA a me ka RNA, a laila, ua hiki ke hookupaa aku ia mea no i nāʻakika. He hana keia ma këia keʻokeʻo koko keena ma ka pus.

No laila, hoomaka ae mālama nui study o kēia mau hui. Ua nuiʻepekema Ua ho'āʻo e hooholo i ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka DNA a me ka RNA. E ike i ko lakou ano, me nā hale a me nā 'ano o ke kūlana liluwelo. A nui na makana i keia i e ka poʻe e like me:

• A. N. Belozersky.
• Thomas Morgan.
• K. uapo.
• A. Meller.
• G. de Ka Vries.
• A. Sturtevant.
• G. A. Nadson.
• A. S. Serebrovsky.
• Np Dubinin.
• TS Filippov a me na mea e ae.

I ka wā mai ka 1900 a hiki i keia la ia ua möakäka hou ke 'ano o nukelea nāʻakika, Nine Inch kumu o ka DNA' ole, kona hiʻona a me liluwelo nui. discoveries Ua ua i, hiki mai, e noonoo i keia lātoma ao muli o nā mea a pau ke ola.

Research i loko o ka mahinaʻai o aaiaoe? I aeia e hookupaa aku i ka pilina ma waena o ka DNA, a me ka genome chromosomes, e decipher i ka aaiaoe kivila o na mea he nui e noho ana i hanaʻi. Ka mea, ua nui no ka naauao o ka wildlife mokuna, kona hana maomeka.

Nō hoʻi, i ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka chromosome i ua hōʻike'. Ua Ua loaʻa i ke kumu o ka - he nukeleaʻakika lātoma me ka maopopo 'ole.

DNA: kekahi mau ano

Full transcript ailona inoa - deoxyribonucleicʻakika. A me keia RNAʻakika pili i ka helu o ka nukelea. Loaa kona inoa no o ka DNA komo i ke kōpaʻa. Kona inoa - deoxyribose.

Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka DNA, a RNA, ua loa like, i ke koena unuhi like manawa kuhikuhi ma ka carbohydrate ho okumu i lātoma. I RNA mea ribose.

I mau, ka deoxyribonucleicʻakika lātoma mea he papalua ili luna 'macromolecule me he hakakino kaupaona ana o ke alahula mau a me ka haku mele' ana e lauwili. Nolaila, ka hapanui o na hui o Kimia ke kiʻi i ka palapala o nā kaula makalii, ka hui transverseʻanuʻu - paa.

I ka 1953, ua hiki i ka piha hōʻike i ka na 'ole a me ka haku mele' ana o ka lātoma, a ua o ka nui no o ka pau ana o hakakino kālaimeaola a me ka 'epekema ma ka nui Chargaff a me kona mau nā hoapili. Ua lilo'ē aʻe i loko o ka elima-kalapona kō nā DNA kumu (pentose), purine a me ka pyrimidine mau kumu, a orthophosphoricʻakika residues.

He hiki ole wale i ka hou aku decipher i ka loa 'ole o ka hui, akā, no hoi, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka waiwai, a me ka physical Nine Inch. Ke liluwelo kūlana a me ka manaʻo nui no ka meaola i ohiu like me ka pono kīvila kanaka, ke ao a me ka ho'ākāka 'ana no kēlā me kēia waiwai.

Nine Inch haku mele 'ana

Inā i emi iho loko'ātoma a me hakakino haku mele 'ana o ka nukeleaʻakika nā lātoma, e mea hiki ke kuhikuhi i kekahi mau walaʻauʻanaʻano o ka hui:

• pentose - deoxyribose (carbohydrate mea he monosaccharide);
• ke aloha kumu - purine (adenine a me ka guanine) pyrimidine (cytosine a me ka thymine);
• phosphoricʻakika residues me ka noa paa.

Kēia, i mau, a pau Nine Inch kumu o ka DNA 'ole. ʻO kekahi mea mea mea he huihui 'ana o nā mea a pau kēia mau eiiiiiaiou mea i oluolu, akā, i ka luna' a me ka hanana kaʻina. Penei, interconnected deoxyribose, kumu a me ka'okanikaʻoleʻakika koena a pau i hana i ka nucleotide. Ka mea, o kekahi o ka nucleotide kaʻina, a me ka hoʻomōhala ana i ka holoʻokoʻa 'ole o ka lātoma like me ka a pau.

Unique o ke kaʻina i loko i ke aloha kumu e kai piha kekahi ma hope o ka mea'ē aʻe, a me ka pili i pili kaulahao. Ke nucleotide kaʻina Ua kūkulu e like me kekahi mau kumu, ka luna o kekahi i mea complementarity (ikaika e like purine a me ka pyrimidine eiiiiiaiou). Ua apono na kanaka maoli e i kona aaiaoe kivila, he kū hoʻokahi, innate a me ka hohonu-kekahi.

Phenotype ua hoikeia mai ma ka palapala o ka succession o loa okoa ano, i loko o ia, he ole mau'ālike kanaka (koe wale'ālike mahoe), i ka hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona o ka helehelena.

Ka 'ole o ka DNA nā kekahi kōpaʻa?

Ke kumu o kekahi ke aloha mea - he kalapona kaulahao nā'ātoma. Ke DNA lātoma mea,ʻaʻole he koe. Ma hope o nā mea a pau o ka DNA komo kō,ʻo ia, ka mea, he o ke kaʻina o elima kalapona nā'ātoma, hui ma ka cyclic 'ole. Ua like lātoma ua keʻakeʻaʻia ka oxygen ma ka uwapo i loko o ka nohona ma pōʻaiapuni.

Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ke kō ua hoikeia ma ka hahai empirical haʻilula: C ₅ H ₁₀ O _4. Kēia lātoma - aldopentoza ec elima kalapona nā'ātoma, ka hoʻoluli i loko o ka loop. Eia hou kekahi, i kekahi o na nā'ātoma i loko o ke kaulahao kahi o ka hydroxyl pae wale he hydrogen, nolaila, ua laha ka pākuʻina kau e like me "deoxy" i loko o ke kō inoa, a laila, me ka oxygen.

Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ke kō, uaʻikeʻia, a aʻo Fibusom Lieven, nana i wehe i ka pau' ole a me ka Nine Inch ano o ka hui i ka 1929.

Kumu i loko o ka lātoma

Ke aloha kumu i kekahi hapa o ka DNA nukeleaʻakika hiki ke maheleia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu elua.

1. Purine - eiiieaena hale i hanaʻia e nā o ka pōʻaiapuni kalapona - he elima-Aupuni Lālā a me kaʻeono-Aupuni Lālā a. Mau nā adenine a me ka guanine, i mea mea manuahi i ka pyrimidine kumu haku o deoxyribonucleicʻakika.
2. Pyrimidine - eono-Aupuni Lālā a kalapona apo. Kēia nā thymine a me ka cytosine.

Penei, eia kahi mea akaka i ka hapa o ka DNA kō a me ke kumu i pili i kekahi i kekahi, a pili ia e loulou me ka'ano'ē o phosphoricʻakika. A pau pu ia huli nucleotide. Ke mau 'ole o ka lua-ili DNA lātoma nucleotides hoopaa ana mawaena o lakou iho e like me ka rula o ka complementarity: adenine kumu hoʻopili like i ka thymine, guanine a - cytosine.

Ano o ka paa ana ma waena o na (particles)

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka pili ma waena o ke keʻena DNA hale like penei:

• hydrogen;
• Polar covalent;
• intermolecular koa o ka attraction;
• Vahan der Waals AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.

Ua apono 'oe i mau waʻa-ili' ole nei i loko o ekolu conformations:

• iniiaiie - laina kaʻina o nā nucleotides;
• kiʻekiʻe - kēlā helically ka hoʻoluli nā huakaʻi, a elua e hiki mai ana i kekahi i kekahi;
• tertiary - eiiieaena conformational globule ikaika ka helical lātoma.

Pela ka mea ana i kekahi hapa o ka DNA komo i ke kōpaʻa, waihona ipu, a me kaʻakika residues o ke kumu o kona 'ole a me ka lepo no ka manaʻo o ka helu o nā hana kūleʻa a me ka ho okumu ana o Nine Inch paa.

DNA waiwai no ka meaola

He nui na mea nui kumu:

1. Nā lātoma noonoo nāʻakika i komo i loko o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o nā chromosomes e ho oholo i ka wahine paha, o nā mea a pau meaola e ola ana.
2. DNA - i ke kumu o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka luna 'polypeptide kaulahao kuleana no ka helu kuʻina a me EYI o hereditary kāna moʻolelo.
3. Deoxyribonucleicʻakika - kumu no EKOLU, a laila iniiaiie RNA hoʻololi kemikala, kumuʻiʻo a laila.

Ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoʻomaka ai i nā mea a pau meaola. Ua apono 'ia me nā hale i kapaʻia ao pa alima o nā mea a pau e noho ana.

Replicating nā lātoma

Kēia kaʻina pahu he a pāpālua hoʻi o ka DNA lātoma, 'ia spontaneously me ka hoolilo o ka ikehu i ka noho ana meaola. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena i loko o keia hihia - DNA polymerase, he'ūhū catalyzing a me ke kaōhiʻana i ka hoʻololi kemikala holoʻokoʻa.

Replication wahi mea i kela a me keia o na kaula makalii o ka lātoma māheleʻia, a ua pāpālua kona laina kaʻina,. Ke kūpono kaʻina produces mau hou DNA nā lātoma kēlā a iloko ona i kakauia he hookahi polypeptide lei kahiko, a me ka lua ihola ia hou, kūkulu e like me ka rula o ka complementarity.

Kaʻina Value - e hoʻolako i ka MOKUNA XXXIII o aaiaoe 'ike i loko o kona olelo e lilo.