Hoʻonaʻauao'aʻaʻa: ho'āʻo a me ka 'ole

Evolution o flora a? Aaoa i nā alakaʻi i ka complication o ko lākou mau hui. No laila, i ka he? Ueo 'ano mea ai nui i ka pono, heʻe piʻoloke ihola. Ka ulu ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka mea maloko 'ole i lewa i loko o kēlā evolutionary lala.

He mea oi loa aku hoi hopena ma luna o nā mea kanu i ka i kauoha aku e hoʻololi ia, mai ka lalo? Ueo e papa anuʻu loa kai noho a puni ka poepoe honua i ka lani kiekie loa ka poeikohoia, i ka luna 'kūloko ma, a mawaho' ole. Nui kūlana ma keia i pâʻani 'o ia ma ka hooulu ana o kūikawā hale - na nā'aʻaʻa mea e mai i ka bulk o na holoholona o ke aupuni.

Meristem: ho'ākāka 'ana a me ka manaʻo

Ka lōʻihi o ia, elima ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o nā'aʻaʻa o ke kanu meaola. Iwaena o lakou i na penei:

• meristem, hoʻonaʻauao paha'aʻaʻa;
• i ka na holoholona;
• lawelawe;
• mechanical;
• walaʻauʻana.

Kēlā me kēia no ia i ka kūikawā 'ole, kekahi mau ʻano o nā keena, a ua hanaʻia he nui hana i loko o ke ola o ka mea kanu. Special noonoo E e hoʻonaʻauao lole, ma ka mea e haawi ala i ka aneane na mea e ae a pau, a me ka hoakaka i ka papa kuhikuhiE kiʻiona hiʻona o na mea kanu, mai nā meaola - kona palena ulu ma ke ola.

Inā 'oe e haawi hou pololei liluwelo ka wehewehena o keia ano o ka lole, ka mea, e kani e like keia: hoʻonaʻauao lole, a meristem - he nōhie inoa no kekahi mauʻano o ka'aʻaʻa, a iloko o ka hana ma ke ola ana o aeee, e mau okioki a hōʻoia i ka ulu a me ka hooulu ana o ka mea kanu i ka mau.

Eia hou kekahi, ia meristems haawi ala i na mea he nui nāʻano o nā'aʻaʻa i loko o ke kino. No ka laʻana, me mechanical, lawelawe, a me ka 'ē aʻe ka penaʻana. Ma muli o ia kā lākou hoola mākaukau kaua paha ma hōʻeha 'ō a ma luna o ke kino o ka mea kanu, ka kokololio loaa o ka nalowale nā hale (lau, na apana o ke kumu, kumu). kekahi o ka mea nui, e leie mea kanu e nei - me ka wiwo ole i ka hoʻonaʻauao lole mākou hiki ke olelo aku. Nolaila, kona 'ole a me ka oihana o ka kokoke nānā.

Keena hoʻonaʻauao'aʻaʻa. kekahi mau 'ike

Elua papa kuhikuhiE ano o aeee hiki ke hōʻike ', a e i ka meristem:

1. Polygonal, a izodiametricheskie. Ua loaʻa he nui loa nucleus, a ninoaaeyao aneane a pau o ka mea maloko a puni. Ua ribosomes, mitochondria, liʻiliʻi vacuoles hoʻopuehuʻia ma ka cytoplasm. Ka iwi Ua lahilahi nui iho la ia. Ma waena o lākou iho loosely hoolilo. Oia keena kuahene eumeristemy. Ka mea, e haawi ala i nā mea a pau ano o fabrics, ma ka hou ia e mālama nei.
2. Prozenhimnye keena. Ka mea, i, ma ka mea ku ole, nui loa vacuoles piha me ke kelepona hele SAP. Ma waena o lakou iho pili aku densely, i ke kinona o ka elongate, cubic paha prismatic. Hoʻonaʻauao lole kūkulu o ka ia, oia ke ala a hiki i ka conduction'ōnaehana, Kambia a me procambium mea kanu.

Pela, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ke keena ho okumu i lole me ka nānā' a ua hana kona kuleana pili i.

E hiki no hoi koho i nā 'ano o ka meristem aeee:

1. Initially - 'Imi ka mahele ana i keena ma ke ola, e hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka huina nui o ka hoʻonaʻauao lole. Lakou i haawi ala i kekahi hui.
2. Nā mea loaʻa keena - i e okoa mai ka mua kinona, ka nui, ka helu o vacuoles, a me nā mea kiko'î.

hiki nui kēia mauʻano o ka hale i loko o kekahi mau mea kanu? ueony e indistinguishable, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa morphologically.

I mau, me ka 'ole o ka hoʻonaʻauao lole e leie aku oe, e koho i kekahi mau ano e e i kona Mea Maluna.

Mea Maluna o meristems

Ke kumu ke hoʻokomo i kekahi mauʻano hoailona. I ka mua o ia mau mea - o ka morphology o na keena hana i ka'aʻaʻa. No keia mau olelo:

• lau meristem - ka cubic palapala me ka monolayer aeeaʻili lahilahi, ho okumu i ka penaʻana lole;
• hoʻonaʻauao columnar lole - ho okumu i kekahi kāna mau 'ōlelo kumu a me ka laau nui ilpko o, prismatic keena me ka anuanu iwi;
• papakaukau meristem - e ala, e kūkulu-i ma ka mānoanoa, na poe ma ka polygonal keena.

Kēia mau hoailona no ka Mea Maluna - o ka hiki e differentiate i loko o nā hale. Ma keia kumu a pau o ka meristem hiki ke maheleia i eono pūʻulu:

1. Embryonic hoʻonaʻauao lole. Kona inoa olelo no ka iho. Ua 'ano apau loa o ka iniiaiie fetal'aʻaʻa.
2. Apical meristem, iʻikeʻia me apical. Palapala: procambium, epidermis, lawelawe'aʻaʻa parenchyma.
3. Ke hooeha hoʻonaʻauao lole. I hana ma ka ino paena, a hoomakaukau i kokololio hou ana o ka nalowale hui, a me ke kali ole eha.
4. Intercalary - i intercalary ulu o nā mea kanu ma ka kiʻekiʻe a me ka laula.
5. ʻaoʻao a kīloi paʻewa - i hanaʻia naʻe iho hale o ke kino ma ka palapala moʻopane o ka cambium a phellogen.
6. Marginal meristem - i ia 'ano apau loa o ka pepa pūnaewele.

Ka hope Mea Maluna, ma a oe ke kaʻana like a pau o ka meristem i loko o nā pūʻulu - aaiaoe. E like me ia, ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o:

• iniiaiie - i pili me ka apical a me ka embryonic nā'aʻaʻa;
• Secondary - cambium, procambium a me na mea e ae.

Ua akaka no i ka likeʻole hiʻona o ka Mea Maluna hōʻoia ana i ka nui o kēia mau hale, o ka oi aku kā lākou kūlana ma ke kanu ola.

ka lau meristem

Kēia hoʻonaʻauao lole, ko lakou mau oihana i loko o ke kahua o nā epidermis o ka mea kanu. It lamellar meristem e kāinoa coverslips'aʻaʻa e hoʻopale ai i ke kino, mai mawaho ciia, kākoʻo i ka maikai shape a me ka 'ole.

Keena papa hoʻonaʻauao lole e hoonohonoho i loko o kekahi lalani i mokuahana loa, pili, a me p ÷ haku i ka hana kino. E like me ka hopena, ka mea ma waho epidermis hana kanu.

columnar'aʻaʻa

Kekahi inoa no kēia mau fabrics - Rod. Ka mea, e loaʻa iā ia no ka elongated prismatic eiiiiiaiou o ke kelepona hele 'ole, a i ke aupuni' kokoke i kekahi i kekahi, a i ka manoanoa lawa ili.

Columnar'aʻaʻa haawi ala, e hoopau ai i ke ano o ka 'ōlelo o nā lalo iho a me kona kino, o ka mea kanu. Maheleia i keena o ka'aʻaʻa mea i ÷ haku i ka iho nā loko.

Papakaukau meristem. pōkole hōʻikeʻano o ka

Hiʻona o ka hoʻonaʻauao lole kapa nunui i ia mau hiʻohiʻona nō i ka mea kanu, e loaa i ka nui o undifferentiated keena, a alakai ai i ka hanaʻia naʻe, a mahuahua ma ke kaupaonaʻana. Ka wā keia hana ia mea he kōā kaulike.

I ka wā e hiki mai, kela mea keia mea o ka halepaahao nuipa a ua hoohuliia mai i kekahi a me kekahi lole i ka hana kūikawā a me ka e hana kona kuleana pili i. Pela i hana, no ka laʻana,'aʻaʻa a me nā sporangium.

Hoʻonaʻauao hana o ke kanu'aʻaʻa

O ka hana hoʻokani ma ka meristem, Ua alahula mau. Oe ke hoailona kekahi mau walaʻauʻana loa nui oihana hana 'ia e ka'aʻaʻa ma lalo o noonoo.

1. I nā mea kanu a me kona palena ulu ma ke ola.
2. E haawi ala i ka differentiation a me ka specialization o nā mea a pau'ē aʻe ano o nā'aʻaʻa i loko o ke kino.
3. Hōʻoia i ka maʻamau kūpono 'ana o nā mea kanu.
4. Hoʻopau poino, a hoihoi nalowale 'ole.

Naʻe, i ka papa kuhikuhiE papa hana ma ka hoʻonaʻauao lole - o ka hai mahele o aeee a me ka hoʻomāhuahua o ke kaumaha nui a hiki i ka manawa kūpono o ka paʻa pono o ka hapa o ka mea kanu, a, no laila, malama i kona ulu a me ka mama no hoi ma ke ola. Ia mea no keia mea, i loko o ke kino o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka e like me'aʻaʻa mea ole. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka mea ulu wale i ka genetically nānā '(mua hoohui i loko o ka genome) nui like' ole.

apical meristem

Kēia hoʻonaʻauao lole, hana a me ka 'ole o ka a mākou i noonoo ia e kekahi o ka loa nui o kela ano keia ano o ka meristems. E hana i kēia, ma laila nō ka nui o nā kumu.

1. Ua ua i kapa'aʻaʻa apical a me ka apical, mai ma hope o ke kūpono 'ana o ke embryo, ka mea i koe i loko o ka ulu wahi (apex o ka pana).
2. Ke apical meristem kumu a me na aa e leie aku e mahuahua ma ka lōʻihi.
3. Over manawa, ka mea, ua hoohuliia mai i loko o ka apical'aʻaʻa o Floral a me ka inflorescence meristem, hiki i nā pua, e lilo a me nā mea a pau kona wahi.
4. Ua haawi ala i nā mea a pau'ē aʻe ano o ka hoonaauao nā'aʻaʻa.

Nolaila, ua e kamailio ana i ka degere kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka apical meristems i kanu ola.

Ma kēiaʻano o nā'aʻaʻa i kekahi mau nā mea loaʻa i ia 'ano apau loa i loko o ke kanu kino. Ka mea, e like penei:

• ka pale lole;
• protoderma;
• procambium;
• lawelawe lole;
• walaʻauʻana;
• nunui.

A me ka apical i meaningfully a kīloi paʻewa, a kīloi paʻewa meristems. Ka mea, e haawi ala Kambia fellogenu a me ka hana i ka ai-kapaia makahiki apo, i mea maopopo hiki i kea pauku o ke kumu a me ka nui ilpko o.

Helu hoʻonaʻauao lole

Kēia nā poʻe mea i mua waiho i loko o ke kino o ka embryo. Kuhikuhi, ka mea, o ka apical meristem o ka embryo, a me ka (apical). Kekahi o ia mea i ka malamaia no ke ola, oiai kekahi poe make, ho okumu i ka iniiaiie kino o ka mea kanu.

Mai ka apical meristem, mākou i kūkākūkā nei i loko o hou au mamuli luna, aole he pono e oe a hou na mea a pau. Helu'aʻaʻa - keia mea i ka apical hoʻonaʻauao hale.

haumāna meristem

Kēia pūʻulu nā papakaukau meristem, e leie aku ka mea kanu ma hope kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? Acaeoey e kūkulu nuipa a. Kēia hoʻonaʻauao lole, o kona mau oihana iʻano nui i loko o ke kahua o nodules o iho nā loko o nā mea kanu.

A kūikawā kūlana ma keia hula a me ka cambium phellogen. Loa pinepine hoʻohana haumāna meristem hele mai ma hope o ka pau ana o ka apical ka ulu ana o ka mea kanu, akā, ma laila nō 'ia. Me lakou i mea hoike, ma ka hihia o ka cambium.

I nui'ōwili meristems, a alakai ai i ke kahua o ka callus - aeea nuipa a. Ka mea, tighten he wahi o ka ino a me ka poho i ka mea kanu.