Ho'oemi i nā waiwai he ...'O nā mea ho'ohālike-ho'emi

'O nā kumu ho'ohālike o ka ho'ohāpai-ho'ohālike o nā mana pākahi, a me nā ion, kekahi mea nui i ka māmā mele hou. Hō'ike kēia'enehana i ka ho'ākāka'ana i ka hana o nā'enemene a me nā mea lā'au, e hana i kahi ho'ohālikelike kūlike o nā mea hana kino o nā mana like'ole.

He aha ka mea oxidizer

'O nā hana he nui i ka hana kelepona, e like me nā nīnau no ka ho'okolokolo'ana i ka hō'ike ma ka māhele 11 a me ka MAKE ma ka papa 9, pili i kēia mana'o. Ho'opili'ia kekahi mea oxidizer he mau apo paha, i loko o ke ka'ina hana o ka hana pilikino lawe i nā electrons mai kekahi mea'ē a'e a'ole paha. Inā mākou e kālailai i ka oxidizing waiwai o nā'ātoma Pono papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu o Mendeleev. I nā wā e waiho ana i ka papa mai ka hema a hiki i ka'ākau, hiki ke ho'onui i ka mana o nā mana,'o ia ho'i, ho'ololi e like me nā'ano nonmetallic. Ma nā pū'ulu'enehana nui, e ho'ēmi'ia kekahi ho'ohālikelike like'ole mai luna a lalo. Ma waena o nā mea ma'alahi loa loa me ka ikaika hana palekana,'o fluoride ka mea alaka'i. 'O ia ka manawa e like me "electronegativity",'o ia ho'i, ka hiki'ana o kahi atom e lawe ai i nā electron i ke'ano o ka pilina pa'a kino, hiki ke no'ono'o'ia me nā mea ho'oweliweli. Ma waena o nā mea i pa'a i loko o'elua mau māmā a'oi aku paha, e hiki ke ho'onui'ia i nā mea'alapona mālamalama: ka pāhare potassium, potassium chlorate, ozone.

He aha ka mea ho'oponopono'āpana

'O nā'āpana ho'ohālike o nā māmā he mea ia e'ike'ia i nā mea li'ili'i e hō'ike ana i nā mea kūlike. I ka papa'aina, ua nāwaliwali nā'āpana ho'oili mai ka hema a me ka'ākau, a ma nā papahana group group ('oihana) ke ulu nei lākou. 'O ke kumu o ka ho'ōla hou'ana i ka ho'opi'i'ana o nā electrons, aia ma ka māku'u o waho. 'O ka'oi aku o ka nui o nā leho'elepele (pae),'o ka ma'alahi ka hā'awi'ana i nā electrons "keu" i loko o ka pilina pa'a kino.

Loa'a nā'enehana kūpono i nā'ōpana ((alkaline, alkaline-earth). Eia kekahi,'o nā mea lā'au e hō'ike ana i nā palena ma'amau, e koho mākou i ka'ōmole sulfur (6), carbon monoxide. No ka loa'a'ana o ka helu kaulike o ka pale'ai, ua ho'okau'ia kēia mau pūnaewele e hō'ike i ka ho'oemi'ana i nā mea.

'O ke kumu hana palekana

Inā ma waena o ka pilikino pili me ka ion a i'ole ka ion i hā'awi ai i nā electrons i kekahi pahu (ion), e kama'ilio ana mākou i ke ka'ina hana palekana. No ka ho'ohālikelike'ana i ka ho'ololi'ana o nā mea kū'ai a me ka ho'ololi'ana i ka ho'ololi'ana i ka waiheue, e koi'ia kahi papa'aina o Mendeleev, a me ka'ike o nā kānāwai o ka lolokiko.

Ke ka'ina hana hou

'O nā hana hana ho'olālā e lawe i ka'ae'ia e nā ion ai'ole nā mana o electrons mai nā mea'ē a'e (ions) i ka manawa o ka pilina ma'amau. 'Oiha nā mea hō'emi kūikawā maika'i, nā'āpana'alela alkali. Ho'ololi nā mea ho'oha'aha'a i loko o ka pūnaewele o nā'enemene i kahi'ano like me nā mea kūmole o ka mea li'ili'i.

'O ka'OVP e ho'opili ana i ka algorithm

No ka mea inā i ka hopena ho'opau hope i hiki i ka haumāna ke ho'onohonoho i nā heluna, pono pono e ho'ohana i kahi algorithm pono. Ho'ololi nā kumu hana ho'ohālike-ho'oemi i ka ho'oponopono'ana i nā pilikia pilikino i loko o nā kānana, nā'enehana, nā kelekema nui. Paipai mākou i kahi kauoha no ka ho'opau'ana i kekahi pane:

1. 'O ka mea mua, he mea nui e ho'oholo i kēlā me kēia mehua e loa'a ana ke ki'eki'e o ka pale'ana, me ka ho'ohana'ana i nā rula.
2. Eia hou, ua ho'oholo'ia nā mau mana a i'ole nā ion i ho'ololi i ko lākou kūlana ho'omehana honua, e komo i ka pane.
3. Hō'ailona nā "hō'ailona" a me "more" i ka helu o nā electrons li'ili'i i lawe'ia a loa'a i loko o ka hopena kino.
4. Eia hou, ma waena o ka helu o nā electrons a pau, ua ho'oholo'ia ka māna ma'amau ma'amau,'o ia ho'i, he helu pā'oko'a i pu'unaue'ia me ka'ole o ke koena e nā mea koho a hā'awi'ia.
5. A laila ua māhele'ia i electrons i komo i ka hopena.
6. Eia hou, ke koho nei mākou i nā kini a i'ole nā polū e loa'a ai nā'āpana ho'oemi, a pēlā nō ho'i e ho'oholo i nā mea ho'ohehe'e.
7. I ka hopena hope, e kau i nā heluna i ka helu.

E ho'olālā i nā heluna i loko o ke ka'ina hana o ka ho'olālā:

NaMnO ₄ + sulfuricʻakika + hydrogen sulfide = S + HI ¶ I ₄ + ... + ...

'O Algorithm no ka ho'oponopono'ana i ka pilikia

E'ike mākou i nā mea i hana'ia ma hope o ka pilina. Ma muli o ka ho'opihapiha'ana i kahi mea ho'onalowale (he manganese ia) a ua ho'ākāka'ia ka mea ho'olālā ('o ka sulfur) ia, a ua ho'okumu'ia nā mea i hana'ole'ia ai ka ho'opunipuni'ana. Ma muli o ka hopena nui ma waena o ka pa'akai a me ka wai ikaika o ka oxygen, e lilo kekahi o nā mea hope loa i wai, a'o ka lua o ka pa'akai satelaki, nui loa ka sodium sulfate.

E kākau kākou i kahi papa no ka ho'omaopopo'ana a me ka'ae'ana i nā electron:

- HI ⁺⁷ lawe 5 E = HI ^+2.

'O ka hapa hope o ka'āpana:

- S ^-2 = S ⁰ otdaet2e

Ho'onoho mākou i nā heluna i ka manawa i hana mua'ia, me ka ho'opoina'ole e hō'ulu'ulu i nā mana sulfur a pau ma nā māhele o ka hoohalike.

2NaMnO ₄ + 5H ₂ S + 3H ₂ ¶ ₄ = 5S + 2MnSO ₄ + 8H ₂ O + Na ₂ ¶ _4.

'O ka hō'ulu'ulu'ana o ka'OBR me ke komo'ana o ka hydrogen peroxide

Ke ho'ohana nei i ka'OVP e ho'olālā i ka algorithm, hiki iā mākou ke ho'ohālike i ka ho'ohālike o ka hopena o ke ka'ina hana:

hydrogen peroxide + sulfuricʻakika + potasiuma permagnanat = HI ¶ I ₄ + oxygen ma + ... + ...

'okesaside hoʻololi i oxygen ion (hydrogen peroxide) a me ka manganese cation i potasiuma permanganate. 'O ia ke'ano o ka mea ho'oponopono, a me ka mea palekana.

E ho'olālā mākou i ke'ano o nā mea e hiki ke loa'a ma hope o ka pilina. 'O kekahi o lākou e wai,'o ia ke'ano o ka hopena ma waena o ka wai'a a me ka pa'akai. 'A'ole i hana kahi potassium i kahi waiwai hou,'o ka hua hope'elua he pa'akai pa'ūpa'a ia,'o ia ka sulphate,'oiai'o ka hopena i ka sulfuric acid.

Palena:

2O ^- 2 ^haawi huina'ine, a lilo iho la O ₂ ⁰ 5

HI ⁺⁷ 5 hookipa mai electrons, a lilo ae la ia i ka ion 2 HI ⁺²

Ho'onoho mākou i nā heluna.

5H2O2 + 3H2SO4 + 2KMnO4 = 5O2 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + K2SO4

He lā'ana o ka ho'opili IRS e pili ana i ka potassium chromate

Ma ka ho'ohana'ana i ke ala palekana'ele'ele, e kākau mākou i ka ho'ohālike me nā heluna:

FeCl ₂ + Hydrochloricʻakika + potasiuma chromate = FeCl ₃ + CrCl ₃ + ... + ...

'O nā kekelē o ka pale'ana i ka hao (i ka iron chloride) a me ka ion chromium i ka potassium dichromate.

I kēia manawa e ho'ā'o mākou e'imi i kahi mea'ē a'e i hana'ia. Ho'okahi ka pa'akai. No ka mea,'a'ole i ho'okumu'ia ka pāpona i ka mea ulu, no laila,'o ka hua hope'elua,'o ka pa'akai pāpa'a pāpa'a,'oi aku ka nui, chloride, no ka mea,'o ka hopena me ka waiuma hydrochloric.

E ho'olālā mākou:

Fe ⁺² hoʻouna e ka = Fe ⁺³ 6 reductant

2Cr ⁺⁶ 6 ke launa E = 2Cr ⁺³ 1 oxidizer.

Ho'onoho mākou i nā heluna i ka pane mua:

6K ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + FeCl ₂ + 14HCl = 7H ₂ O + 6FeCl ₃ + 2CrCl ₃ + 2KCl

He lā'ana o ka ho'opili IRS e pili ana i ka iodide

Ho'opili'ia me nā rula, e kākau mākou i ka hoohalike:

Paila pūnaehana permanganate + sulfuric acid + potassium iodide ... manganese sulfate + iodine + ... + ...

'O nā kānalua o ka palemo'ana ho'ololi'ia ka manganese a iodine. 'O ia ke'ano, he'ānō kū'oko'a a me kahi mea hana pale'ai.

I kēia manawa e'ike mākou i ka hopena o ka hopena. 'O ka pūpū i loko o ka pāhare potassium,'o ia ho'i, loa'a iā mākou ka sulfate pāpona.

Ho'omaka ka hana hana hou i loko o nā kinona iodine.

E ho'olālā mākou i ka ho'olālā ho'ololi.

- HI ⁺⁷ 5 launa E = HI ⁺² 2 o ka oxidizing Agena,

^- 2I - haawi E = I 2 ₂ ⁰ 5 o ka hoemi hope paha.

Ho'onohonoho mākou i nā heluna i ka pane mua,'a'ole mākou e poina e hō'oki i nā mana sulfur a pau i kēia hoohalike.

210KI + KMnO ₄ + 8H ₂ ¶ ₄ = 2MnSO ₄ + 5I ₂ + 6K ₂ ¶ ₄ + 8H ₂ O

He lā'ana o ka ho'opili IRS e pili ana i ka sodium sulpite

Ma ka ho'ohana'ana i ke'ano papahana, e kākau i ka ho'ohālike no ka kaapuni:

- Sulfuricʻakika + KMnO ₄ + ... paʻakai sulfite, paʻakai sulufahate, manganese sulufahate + ... + ... +

Ma hope o ka pilina pili, loa'a iā mākou ka pa'akai sodium, wai.

E ho'olālā mākou:

- HI ⁺⁷ 5 launa E = HI ⁺² 2

- S ⁺⁴ 2 e hoouna ae, e = S ⁺⁶ 5.

Ho'onoho mākou i nā heluna i loko o ke ka'ina hana i ka nānā'ia,'a'ole mākou e poina e ho'onui i ka sulfur i nā mana ke ho'onohonoho'ia nā heluna.

3H ₂ ¶ ₄ + 2KMnO ₄ + 5Na ₂ ¶ ₃ = K ₂ ¶ ₄ + 2MnSO ₄ + 5Na ₂ ¶ ₄ + 3H ₂ O.

He lā'ana o kahi hō'ike o ka'OBD e pili ana i ka hau'oli

E hana i kēia hana. Ma ka ho'ohana'ana i ka algorithm, e kākau mākou i ka ho'ohālike piha o ka pane:

- manganese nitrate + Nitricʻakika + PbO ₂ = HMnO ₄ + PB (NO _{3) 2} +

E nānā pono kākou i ka hopena o ka ho'omohala. Mai ka hopena o ka ho'omehana'ana ma waena o ka mea ikaika a me ka pa'akai,'o ia ho'i, he wai ka wai.

E hō'ike kākou i ka loli o ka helu electrons:

- HI ⁺² 5 hoouna E = HI ⁺⁷ 2 ho'āʻoʻia i nā waiwai o ka hoemi Agena,

- PB ⁺⁴ 2 launa E = PB ⁺² 5 oxidizer.

3. Ho'onohonoho mākou i nā heluna i ka pane mua, pono mākou e hō'oia i ka mea'ai ma ka'ao'ao hema o ka ho'ohālike mua:

- 2Mn (NO _{3) 2} + 6HNO ₃ + 5PbO ₂ = 2HMnO ₄ + 5Pb (NO _{3) 2} + 2H ₂ O.

Ma kēia ho'omehana'ana,'a'ole e hō'ike'ia nā mea ho'emi'ia o ka'aila.

'O ka lua o ka hopena o ka ho'ouka ho'onāukiuki-emi me ka hau'ona:

Zn + sulfuricʻakika + HNO ₃ = ZnSO ₄ + NO + ...

- Zn ⁰ 2 hoouna E = Zn ⁺² 3 e hoemi Agena,

N ⁺⁵ 3 launa E = N ⁺² 2 o ka oxidant.

Ho'onoho mākou i nā heluna i ka pane i hō'ike'ia:

3Zn + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 = 3ZnSO4 + 2NO + 4H2O.

Ka mea nui o nā hawewemo-hāpai

'O nā ho'ohālike kaulana loa o ke'ano o ke'ano o ke'ano o nā mea kanu. Pehea e ho'ololi ai nā mea ho'oemi? Hana'ia ke ka'ina hana i loko o ka biosphere, e ho'onui ana i ka ike ma o ka punahele waho. 'O kēia ikaika kēia e ho'ohana ai ke kanaka no kona pono. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka oxidizing a me ka hoemi reactions pili me Nine Inch oihana mua, i ka maikai nui hoʻololi i huiʻia o ka naikokene, kalapona, ka oxygen. Mahalo i ka pa'i ki'i, kahi'ano like'ole o ka lewa honua, kahi mea kūpono no ka ho'omohala'ana i nā meaola ola. Mahalo i ke ki'i ki'i'ole,'a'ole i ho'onui'ia ka nui o carbon dioxide i ka ea wela,'a'ole e pi'i ke ki'eki'e o ka Honua. 'A'ole e ulu wale ka mea kanu ma muli o ka hopena o ka ho'onāukiuki-hāpai, akā ke hana nei ho'i i nā mea e pono ai no ke kanaka e like me ka oxygen, glucose. Inā'ole ka hopena o ka hopena, hiki'ole ke ho'ololi piha'ana o nā mea lā'au ma ke'ano, a me ka noho'ana o ka ola ola.

Ka ho'ohana pono'ana o ka'OVR

No ka mālama'ana i ka'ili o ka mea i hana'ia, he mea pono e'ike i nā metala hana e ho'emi ana i nā mea, no laila hiki ke uhi i ka'ili me kahi pae o kahi māmā'oi aku, oiai e ho'ēmi ana i ke ka'ina hana o ka'ino'ino kino. Ma muli o ka hiki'ana o nā mea ho'onalowale-hāpai'ana, ho'oma'ema'e a me ka wehe'ana i ka wai wai. 'A'ole hiki ke ho'oholo i nā pilikia me ka ho'onoho'ole'ana i nā heluna i ka equalike. I mea e pale ai i nā hemahema, he mea nui ka loa'a'ana o kahi mana'o o nā palena ku'una a pau-ho'emi'ia.

Ka palekana i ka'ino'ino kino

'O kahi pilikia no ke ola kanaka a me ka hana'ana he corrosion. 'O ka hopena o kēia ho'ololi'ana i ka hana ma'amau ka luku'ia'ana o ke kila, e kāpae i kā lākou mau hi'ohi'ona'oihana o nā ka'a ka'a, nā mea hana pono. No ka ho'oponopono'ana i kahi'ano like'ole, ua ho'ohana'ia ka pale hana, ke uhi'ia o ka mea i ho'ohui'ia me kahi papa o ka varnish a me ka pena, ke ho'ohana'ana i nā mea le'ale'a. Eia kekahi la'ana, ua uhi'ia ka'ili hao ma kahi pae o ke alumana hana.

Ka Hopena

Hiki i nā hanana hoihoi hou i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, e mālama i ka hana ma'amau o ka'ōnaehana ho'opunipuni. 'O nā'ano papahana o ka hana nui, e like me ka fermentation, putrefaction, ka ho'omaha'ana, e pili pū ana ho'i me nā mea hō'aiho'i hou. Loa'a kēlā mau manawa like'ole i nā mea ola a pau ma luna o ka honua. Me nā'ili'ole me ka ho'iho'i a me ka'ae'ana o nā electron, hiki'ole ke lawe'ia nā mea'enela, hana'oihana'oihana amonia, alkalis, waikawa. I loko o kahi māmā kānia, ua ho'oholo'ia nā'ano a pau o ka ho'opili volumetric i nā hana ho'onalohua-hāpai. 'O ka hakakā'ana i kekahi mea hō'ano'ē a'e e like me ke kalakino kino, e pili pū ana ho'i i ka'ike o kēia mau hana.