I ka rula o ka ha awina o nā'ūhū a me kā lākou mau aoao

E like me ka pa alima o ola mea, a hana like me ka lākou o ka hamama liluwelo nenoai, o ka halepaahao ua mau pü ana me ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia waiwai, a me ka ikehu. E malamaʻi i homeostasis i loko o ka mea, he mea kekahi pūʻulu o kūikawā waiwai o ke kumuʻiʻo ano - nā'ūhū. 'Ole, hana a me ka hooponopono ana o'ūhū aayoaeuiinoe study kūikawā lala biochemistry, enzymology kapa. Ma kēia 'atikala, hoʻohana pōhaku puna examples, mākou e noonoo likeʻole maomeka a me kāu kiʻina hana o ka hooponopono ana i ka ha awina o nā'ūhū hoʻomaopop' ana i loko o kiekie mammals a me nā kānaka.

Nā kūlana pono no e pono ai'ūhū ha awina

Biologically hana konohiki i selectively aloha ia na ka kaʻaluna naoh a me ka cleavage ho'āʻo kona catalytic waiwai i loko o na keena ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu. No ka laʻana, ka mea, mea nui e loaʻa mai i loko o ka hapa o ka halepaahao i kau i ka Nine Inch kaʻina hana, i komo ai nā'ūhū. Manawa compartmentation (i ka mahele o ka cytoplasm i na kahua) antagonistic reactions ana i loko o kona māhele likeʻole a me ka organelles.

Penei, kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala ua lawe mai i loko o ka ribosomes a me kā lākou cleavage - ma ka hyaloplasm. Ke kelepona hele ha awina rula o nā'ūhū i catalyze biochemical reactions alo,ʻaʻole wale hoakaka i ka e pono ai ke kahe ana o ka pūnao, akā, no hoi ua ālai 'i ke kahua o ka ikehu lapuwale metabolic mau alahele.

multienzyme eiiieaena

Mall a iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai hui o na nā'ūhū, enzymatic pepa pa alima keena. Ka hapa nui o ka Nine Inch reactions e lawe wahi i loko o ka mea e interrelated. Inā ma ka multistage Nine Inch kaʻina hana huahana o ka naoh mua o ka reactant no hou, ma keia hihia, no ka māhele hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o nā'ūhū i loko o ka halepaahao ua olelo pakahi aku la ia me ka ikaika.

Ua pono e hoomanao iho i na nā'ūhū mea ma ke ano alodio a luna 'nā polokina. A me kā lākou mau pā lonoaʻili i ke kelepona hele substrates aie kuhikuhi i ka loli i loko o kona mau māhele hoʻonohonohoʻia o tertiary a quaternary 'ole o kaʻakika'amino. Nā'ūhū a pane koke i ka loli ole wale ma ke kelepona hele kiko'î e like me Nine Inch haku mele 'ana hyaloplasm, lehulehu o reactants a me naoh huahana, i ka wela, akā, no hoi i ka loli ma ka kokoke keena paha i loko o ka extracellular loli.

No ke aha la aeea māheleʻia i loko o compartments

Kupono a me ka Logical wildlife noonoo wale, heʻe piʻoloke ihola. Ua pili loa i ke ola hoike ana ano o ka halepaahao. No nä känaka 'epekema chemist'ākeʻakeʻa i multidirectional enzymatic Nine Inch reactions, no ka laʻana hiki ole ke hoomau aku i ka hoʻololi kemikala o glycolysis a me ka monakō koko i loko o ka hookahi Tube. Pehea, laila, ke ku pono ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka naoh hyaloplasm he hookahi halepaahao, i mea no ka kūpapakū no kā lākou hana? Ua huli mai i ka ke kelepona hele Contents - ka cytosol, - kahi o ka antagonistic Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana i lawe mai spatially hoʻokaʻawaleʻia, a noho kaʻawale ano loci - compartments. Ma muli o ia kā lākou metabolic reactions o kiekie mammals a me nā pono kīvila i hooponopono ka oi aku kaʻoi loa, a ua lilo iho metabolic huahana i palapala, eaaei komo iloko ma ka paia o ka halepaahao ioauoa. Next, e hoihoi mai kona mua 'ole. Ma waho aʻeo ia ka cytosol, na nā'ūhū i kakauiaʻi ma organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, lysosomes.

Ke kūlana o nā'ūhū ma ka ikehu pūnao

E noonoo oe i ka oxidative decarboxylation o pyruvate. Hooponopono o catalytic haʻawina o nā'ūhū ka mea, ua pono? Anoee enzymology. Kēia biochemical kaʻina paa wahi i loko o ka mitochondria - dvumembrannyh organelles o eukaryotic keena - a me ka palapala kaʻina ma waena o ka anoxic splitting monakō koko, a me ka Krebs pōʻaiapuni. Pyruvate dehydrogenase eiiieaena - PDH - be ekolu'ūhū. I kiekie mammals a me nā kānaka emi kona hanaia me ka ulu lehulehu o ka acetyl-CoA a me NATH, oa ma ka hihia o ka hoʻonaʻauao kūpono nā lātoma o acetyl-CoA. Inā nele i ka halepaahao hou haʻawina o ka ikaika a me ka pono hou acceptor nā lātoma no amplification reactions tricarboxylicʻakika kalapona, na nā'ūhū i ho'ā '.

He aha ka allosteric inhibition

Rula hooponopono o ka ha awina o nā'ūhū hiki ke lawe mai me ka kūikawā waiwai - catalytic nā mea kūpale. Ka mea, i ke covalently ua hoʻopili i kekahi loci'ūhū, piliwaiwai konaʻeleu paena. Ua hiki aku i ka māhele deformation o ka hōʻeleu 'ole, a' akomi entails i ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o kona enzymatic waiwai. Ma na olelo e ae, he mea allosteric hooponopono o'ūhū haʻawina. pū mākou hui i keia palapala o catalytic hana hoʻomaopop 'ana i oligomeric nā'ūhū, a laila poe nona nā lātoma komo o ka elua a oi polymeric kumuʻiʻo subunits. PDH-eiiieaena kūkākūkā i loko o ka mua inoa ua pololei be ekolu oligomeric'ūhū: pyruvate dehydrogenase, he dehydrogenase a degidrolipoil gidrolipoil transatsetilazu.

hoʻokonukonu nā'ūhū

Research ma Enzymology hoʻokumu mea i ka uku o Nine Inch reactions hilinaʻi nui nā ma o ka lehulehu a me ka mama no hoi o ka hōʻeleu. Loa pinepine, i ka nui metabolic mau alahele pihaʻi me nā'ūhū e hooponopono i ka naoh ana ma nā mea a pau kona hoʻopunipuni.

Ka mea, i kapaʻia hoʻokonukonu a i hookuu pili i ka loiloi mua naoh o ka luna ', a ua hiki ke komo i loko o ka hapanui o na mea Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka irreversible naoh, a hui mai i ka reactants i lala houʻai i loko o ka metabolic alahele.

Pehea o kaʻakika'amino AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN

Kekahi hana ma i ka rula o ka'ūhū aayoaeuiinoe ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka halepaahao o ke kumuʻiʻo-kumuʻiʻo AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. He aha ka mea? Hoʻokonukonu nā polokina ua merged i ka'ūhū lātoma, a ma kā lākou ho'ā hope. No ka laʻana, ka mea adenylate cyclase'ūhū aia ma luna o ka pā ili o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, a e pāʻani aku me na hale a me hōmona mea loaʻa, a me kaʻakika'amino manaʻo ma waena o ka mea a me ka'ūhū. Mai ka kūpono hui hōmona mea loaʻa hoʻololi kona kumuʻiʻo waena māhele e hooiaio ai, ua kapaia keia hana ana o 'ō ka catalytic waiwai o ka adenylate cyclase ma ka biochemistry "ho'ā hope ma muli o ka piʻiʻana hoʻokonukonu nā polokina."

Protomers a me kā lākou kūlana ma ka biochemistry

Kēia hui o nā waiwai, i ole ia kapa kumuʻiʻo kinases, hōʻeleu i ka hoolilo ana o ka anion PO ₄ ^3- gidroksogrupp'aminoʻakika no i kaʻakika'amino macromolecule. Rula hooponopono o ka ha awina o nā'ūhū protomers e e noʻonoʻoʻia mākou me he kumu hoohalike o ke kumuʻiʻo kinase A. It lātoma - tetramer ua haku o elua catalytic a me nā hoʻokonukonu subunits a me kaʻakika'amino 'aʻole e hana like me ka hōʻeleu like loa me ka hoʻokonukonu māhele no ka protomer pili ana i ka eha i hoomoanaʻi lātoma. He kumu hou 'o ka māhele' ole o hoʻokonukonu nā polokina, e hiki aku ai i ke kala ana o elua catalytic ho'ā 'kumuʻiʻo (particles), a laila dissociation protomers. Inā hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka hoʻokonukonu subunits o kahi e hoʻomoana ai lātoma, hou hoihoi hou i ka tetramer kumuʻiʻo kinase AEeOEXAaI eiiieaen, e like me ia lŘlŘ Ahahui catalytic a hoʻokonukonuʻakika'amino (particles). Penei, i ke ala i ka rula o ka'ūhū ha awina kūkākūkā luna i kā lākou reversible ano.

Nine hooponopono o'ūhū ha awina

Biochemistry a aʻo mau maomeka o ka hooponopono ana o'ūhū haʻawina, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation. Keʻano papa hana o ka hooponopono ana o'ūhū ha awina ma keia hihia i ka kēia palapala:'aminoʻakika residues o ka'ūhū he OH ^-, hoʻololi 'ana i kā lākou Nine Inch hooponopono hou ma muli o ka waiū e fosfoproteinfosfataz. Ma keia hihia,? Iaea amenable i kaʻeleu paena o ka'ūhū, kahi o nā nā'ūhū no kekahi kumu ka mea, ua ho'ā 'ia ia, a no kekahi poe e ae - inhibitory. fosfoproteinfosfataz catalytic waiwai ia lakou iho e hooponopono ma hormones ma ka huli. No ka laʻana, holoholona pia - glycogen - a me ka momona ma waena oʻai i hoʻohioloʻia i loko o ka gastrointestinal'āpana, a oi kaʻoi loa, ma ka duodenum ma lalo o ka aoao o ka glucagon - pancreatic'ūhū.

Kēia kaʻina ua hoʻokāʻoi ma phosphorylation o trophic gastrointestinal nā'ūhū. Ma kaʻeleu wā o ka digestion wā ai komo mai ka'ōpū i loko o ka duodenum, glucagon hoʻololi kemikala ua hoʻokāʻoi '. Insulina - kekahi pancreatic'ūhū hua mai la ia e ka, alpha keena o na islets o Langerhans, - E hoʻolauna me ka mea loaʻa, me phosphorylation o ka iaʻano papa hana o ka digestive nā'ūhū.

hapa proteolysis

E like me 'oe ke ike, pae o ka hooponopono ana o'ūhū haʻawina i loko o ka halepaahao e lauwili. No nā'ūhū i mea mawaho o ke cytosol paha organelles (i loko o ke koko, wai koko paha ma ka gastrointestinal'āpana), i ke ano o ka ho'ā hope o ke kaʻina hana o ka hydrolysis o kaʻakika'amino paa CO-NH. Ua Ua koi, no ka mea, synthesized ia nā'ūhū i loko o ka AEeOEXAaI palapala. Lātoma ua pipili ma ka'ūhūʻakika'amino kuleana a me ke koena mea malalo o ka hooponopono hou ana i ka 'ole o ka hana paena. Ua hiki aku i ka mea i ka'ūhū "ka loaʻa o ka hana ana",ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hiki ke ho ololi i ka papa o ka Nine Inch kaʻina. No ka laʻana, ka mea AEeOEXAaI'ūhū pancreatic trypsinogen i pili mai nā polokina ai komo i ka duodenum. Ua lawe wahi ma lalo o ka hana o enteropeptidase proteolysis. A ma hope iho i ka'ūhū ua ho'ā 'ia paha, a ua manawa kapa trypsin. Hapa proteolysis - ke kaʻina mea reversible. Ua lŘlŘ ma ka hihia e like me ka ho'ā hope o nā'ūhū e hoohiolo no ia i polypeptides i loko o ke koko clotting.

Kūlana o ka lehulehu o ka hoʻomaka mea i loko o ka halepaahao pūnao

Rula hooponopono o ka ha awina o ka'ūhū kūpapakū loaʻa nui nānā akula au i kekahi ma ka papa Lepe Unuhi 'ia "multienzyme eiiieaena." I ka uku o ka catalytic reactions lawe wahi i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka hoomaikai kalele iho ma ka helu o nā lātoma o ka hoʻomaka nā mea i loko o hyaloplasm keena a me organelles. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka nui, e hoike ana i ka mämä holo o ka metabolic alahele mea pololei hapaʻauhau i ka lehulehu o ka ho mea. Ka nui reactant nā lātoma aia i loko o ka cytosol, ka mea kiʻekiʻe i ka mämä holo o nā mea a pau i ka hope Nine Inch reactions.

allosteric hooponopono

Nā'ūhū nona ka ha awina ua lāʻau ole wale ma ka lehulehu o ka hoʻomaka pono hana, reagents, akā, i ka effector waiwai, wehewehe aku ma ka no laila, i kapaʻia allosteric hooponopono. Ka hapa nui o kēia mau nā'ūhū i hōʻike mai iā ia me ka waena huahana o pūnao i loko o ka halepaahao. Aie i ka effectors a hoʻokō i ka rula o'ūhū haʻawina. Biochemistry i hōʻike ai i kēia mau i huiʻia, i kapaʻia allosteric nā'ūhū, ua nui loa no ka pūnao o keena, e like me ka mea, i ka loa kiʻekiʻe pā lonoaʻili i ka loli i loko o kona homeostasis. Inā ka'ūhū inhibits ka Nine Inch naoh, oa ia ho'ēmi i kā kona māmā holo - ka mea, ua kapaʻia he hopena maikaʻi effector (inhibitor). I ka mea e ku pono hihia, ka wā he mea ka ulu i loko o ka naoh ana, ka mea hele mai i ke activator - he maikaʻi effector. Ma ka hapanui o na hihia i ka hoʻomaka mea, a laila ka reactants komo i loko o Nine Inch hana kūleʻa pāʻani he kūlana activators. O na papa, na nā huahana i hanaʻia ma ka multistage reactions hoi me nā mea kūpale. Kēiaʻano o ka hooponopono kūkulu ma luna o ka pilina o ka lehulehu o reactants a me nā huahana, kapa heterotrophic.