International anatomical nomenclature: hōʻike, walaʻauʻana hua'ōlelo a me nā hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Me kēlā hui, i loko o ke kanaka kino i ka inoa. Ua ike no ia, akā, mau poʻe'ē aʻe ma mua o lapaau, ike i kuleana i na dimple, kuapuʻu, recess a Groove "kapakapa o". I ka hoʻomaka o ke ala'anatomia ua he ho'ākāka 'epekema no ka hopena ua "I ike, I mele", no laila, kēlā me kēia haule ma lalo o ka lima ke keʻena o nā kauka kapa i ka hou inoa.

Hawaiʻi nei, i ka 'ōlelo i kohoʻia e kamaʻilio ma ka' oihana 'inikua' ia ua lilo ka Roma. ole e pono e hoomaopopo aku, akā, no ke aha la i noho ai i kona loihi ana i loko o ka 'epekema honua - - No ke aha la i keia hana pohihihi, a hiki i ka "mana mea hoʻohana"' inikua 'ia. Paha mai o ka maʻa.

ka wehewehena

Nomenclature - ua loko mai o ka Roma hua'ōlelo "papa". I mea, i kēia poʻe o nā hua'ōlelo, nā inoa a me ka walaʻauʻana manaÿo i i hoʻohana i loko o kekahi lālā o ka ike. I mea e pono e ka mea pono e hoʻohana i ka Mea Maluna nenoaiu.

Anatomical nomenclature mea he nenoaiu o nā hua'ōlelo ma Roma, i hoʻokohu 'ia i ke kino na hapa, nā loko a me ke koena o ia mea. Līkaia no na nomenclature, a ua ana i ma luna o nā aupuni 'ōlelo, i loko o mākou hihia - ka Lūkini a me ka hoʻonohonoho', i ma Roma.

Ka muli o anatomical nomenclature

Anatomical nomenclature Ua i waho me kaʻilihune o ka hoʻomāhuahua o kanaka ike e pili ana i kā lākou mau kino. Ma kekahi wahi, he mea i pono, e systematize a pau i loaʻa 'ike i ia manawa. ʻOiai ka nomenclature i kākauʻia i loko o Roma, he nui na hua'ōlelo i nā Helene a me ka Apapika aa. Keia mea aie a hiki i ke kūpono 'ana o ke lapaau i loko o ka Hikina.

I ka ho'ākāka 'ana loa mua,ʻikeʻia ma kahi o elima tausani makahiki aku nei i loko o kahiko Greece. Ka mea,ʻikeʻia sporadically a kaukaʻi wale ma luna o ka manaʻo a me ka kilo anatomist. I ia manawa, kauka ike e pili ana i na haneri ehiku inoa. A hiki i ka Roma naʻi Greece, a huli i ka pau 'āpana i loko o ka aupuni a pau, e hoohana i ka moʻomeheu a me ka' epekema e piʻi like, ohui i ka lākou o ka hua'ōlelo ma Roma.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE wai auau o këia mau manaÿo, e like me kā lākou iniiaiie Mea Maluna i manaoia anatomist a kauka Kelaudio Gallen. Aie i ka ka hoʻonuiʻana o nā hua'ōlelo i loko o Central a me 'Eulopa, hou hua'ōlelo ano, hybrids a me barbarisms e noonoo i ka'ōlelo hiʻona o ka wahi. A ulu helu o synonyms iwaena o anatomical inoa i ala e chaos, a ua i ke kumu o ka hewa.

Ka hooulu ana i loko o ka XIX kenekulia nomenclature

Anatomical nomenclature ulu Mahea like ma Florence i loko o ka XV kenekulia uaʻaʻole he maikaʻi loa artist Leonardo ka Vinci. He i ka hoao e systematize i nā inoa o nāʻiʻo o ke kanaka kino, e like me ka Mea Maluna hoʻohana 'ana i kā lākou kuleana pili i. A iki ma hope, ma hope o ka make ana o ka Vinci, Vesalius ho'āʻo e haawi i ka sequencing Mix, a lawe mai ia i ka wehewehena o ka ¶ʻO'Araba, a laila 'o ia i nā hua'ōlelo haole i loko o panina Roma.

I loko nō a pau i kēia, ma ka hopena o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia, ua oi aku mamua o kanakolu tausani pôhili. O ka holo ana, i ko lakou helu i e e hoemiia. Henle a me Owen i kā lākou mau loli ma ka terminology a me ka manaÿo i hoʻolaunaʻia e like me Kekoa a me nā koʻi lipi. Ma ka hopena, he kūikawā Komisina, a ma ka hopena o umikumamaiwa kenekulia i alana pono, i loko o ko lakou manao, i hanaia i ka papa inoa o nā hua'ōlelo i loko o Germany. He loaa kekahi inoa kūpono - Basel anatomical nomenclature.

Key hua'ōlelo

International anatomical nomenclature ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka kŘpa a uuku pūʻulu o nā hua'ōlelo i i loa pinepine i hoʻohana. Kēia mau noun nā i ka puka, wahi, lapa outgrowth auwahaʻilikai like ana, palena a me ka mea e like. Ka mea i pono, e wehewehe mai i ke ano o ka hui, a me ka 'ole. Me ka hoohalike ana o ka olelo hui haʻiʻano e like me nui, liʻiliʻi, ka'ololaha, a, ololi, ka laula, he ahalike, a no laila, ma luna o. D. lākou kōkua i maopopo maikaʻi ka anatomical hale.

i nā hua'ōlelo hoʻohana 'ia e hōʻike i ka pilikia.

• kīloi paʻewa (ke aupuni 'aku, mai ka waena);
• medial (ma kahi o ka waena);
• cranial (kokoke i ka poo);
• caudal (kokoke i ka lalo);
• proximal (ma kahi o ka waena);
• distal (i ka periphery).

Aia hoi, o ka papa, i ka hailona o nā hua'ōlelo i au wale pono e aʻo, no ka mea, hiki ole oe rationalize ke kumu ka mea i kapaʻia e ia alanui a me ka ole ole.

Axis a me ka pelane

Ma 'Aukake 1997, i aponoia i ka hope loa ka lā anatomical nomenclature. Axis a me ka pelane, a wehewehe i ke kulana o na kino, ua hoʻoholo ihola e hoʻohana i ka ia me ia ma ka Cartesian i kahi kūlike o ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele.

Aia he ekolu (axis) o ke kino.

• vertical;
• sagittal;
• papamoe.

Ka mea, e p ÷ haku i kekahi i kekahi. Ke vertical (axis) hele ma ke kanaka kino, a haawi i ka mea i loko o ke alo a me ka hope'āpana. Sagittal mai i mua hoʻi kuhikuhi, a haawi i ke kino i loko o ka pono a me ka haʻalele aoao. Ke papamoe pelane mea ia laua i ke kākoʻo. Sagittal a transverse koʻi lipi e pana aku au i kekahi, a me ka vertical - wale kekahi.

Paris, a Basel anatomical nomenclature

Paris anatomical nomenclature mea pili i ka keia lā lahui mea kani. Aponoia ma ka hapalua like-iwakalua kenekulia, ma ka Eono International Ahaolelo Lahui o Anatomists. Ua? Ac? Ma ke kumu o ka mua nomenclature. Ka palapala Ua ia e like me ke kumu no ka unuhi aku la ia i ke aupuni terminology.

Mua, i aponoia i ka nomenclature mua i ka 1895, ma ka Kelemānia anatomical malu hoʻonā i loko o Basel, i i loaa lahui iaia. Ma ka mea, i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o hua'ōlelo i hōʻike i ka olelo ana o nā koʻi lipi, a Kekoa.

Lūkini anatomical nomenclature

E like me ua i ka hihia i loko o Rusia? Anatomical nomenclature kanaka i loko o mākou aupuni hana i ke kumu a hiki i ka waena o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia. Ua ua i ia manawa ma ke aupuni, hoomaka ae la e ka nuʻu mua 'inikua paʻi puke ma Russian. He hoʻonui i ke kūpono 'ana o ke terminology e e na koʻikoʻi anatomists me Zybelin, Ambodik - Maksimovic, Zagorski a me na mea e ae. Ke kūikawā kānaka apau i mākaukau i ka paepaeʻana lahui nomenclature no Shein, ka poe i unuhi i ka Kelemānia paiia i loko o kā lākou 'ōlelo makuahine.

He hiki ke hoʻolauna i ka hailona o Lūkini hua'ōlelo i loko o maʻamau o 'inikua hua'ōlelo. Ka mea, uaʻokoʻa mai Roma i ka poe nui a me ka maopopo Logical. A keu aku, ka mea i koi 'ike o Roma, e maopopo i nā kumu o ke o ka'anatomia. Nui wahi i loko o ka paipai 'hula nomenclature "Glossary o anatomical hua'ōlelo," paʻi i ka 1928.

I Soviet manawa ka anatomical nomenclature i aponoia ma ka 1949 i ka All-Union Ahaolelo Lahui o Anatomists. A i ka makahiki 1956, ka mea i aponoia ma ka maʻamau o ke ola, a me ka Paris nomenclature.

Eponyms a me atavism

Lakina - he make 'ōlelo, no laila, ka mea i loaʻa i nā anachronisms a me ka atavism. Mea i koe, a me ka anatomical nomenclature. Key hua'ōlelo mea hiki ke hanaia ka hoʻohana pu ana o ka haʻiinoa me ka haʻiʻano, e like me likeʻole o kēia mau manao ma luna o hihia. Huina helu o nā hua'ōlelo - ma kahi o ehiku tausani. Kekahi o ia ana wale kekahi manawa, e like me "ua weluwelu puka", "keel", "filtrum". Akā, i kēia mea wale nō ke hoʻomaka. E hoʻomanaʻo i nā inoa o nā kino a me ko lakou mau eiiiiiaiou - wale ka hapalua o ke kaua, e pono e maopopo pehea ka mea, e hoʻonoho i pili i kekahi i kekahi, a me ka mea kuleana pili i ua hana. Ma ka nomenclature o na nā palapala kuhikuhi mai i palapala aku.

I loko nō o ka mea i ka terminology hiki ke ike ma ka regular 'aelike, a mai ka mea, lawe akula ia i ka hoʻokali kūpono' e kukulu, ka mea, ua nō i kekahi manawa, loaʻa kupanaha hoʻohui pū i hiki uninitiated aʻe. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike i hiki ke kapaia "He Muscle ka haʻaheo" vagus nā aʻalolo ephippium a me na mea e ae.

wahi

Anatomical nomenclature, e like me ka rula, hoopukaia ma ka palapala o ka buke, a me Mākua, ma i nā hua'ōlelo i haawi mai ai i loko o kekahi mau 'ōlelo. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ia mea he Roma, a na 'ōlelo, e like me Russian. Palapala, mai haʻalele i ka Classic hoʻonohonoho 'olelo, a me ka pono o ko lākou mauʻia kekahi mau mea i loko o kekahi' ōlelo. Eia hou, i ka hoʻomaka o ka puke mea he papa inoa o na kumu a me kā lākou mau hua h ÷ ailona, e hana ia maʻalahi e hoʻokele.

All hua'ōlelo a me nä hopuna i hooponopono ma ka pūʻulu, hōʻikeʻana i ko lakou hierarchical hoʻomoana. Initially e hui 'oihana, a laila, kēlā me kēia nenoaiu i loko o ke poʻomanaʻo iiaciiie-pūʻulu, a laila uhai i nā hua'ōlelo o kēlā me kēia ho okumu. Kēia luna kiʻekiʻe hiki ke hōʻike Font loli, laulā a alphabetic ciphers, a me ka loli ma kulana o ka manawa ma ka lālani.

Aia nō a paʻi o na anatomical nomenclature, i ka poʻe noonoo i nā hua'ōlelo ma ekolu a oi 'ōlelo a pau. Pu ana ke e loa okoa, akā, me ka Roma 'ōlelo He mau makana, a ua haʻalele i ka ho'āʻoʻana o ka originator ke koena, i lawe i noonoo i ka pono o ke kuai makeke. Inā keia mea i ka Europa aina e ua Kīwala'ō ma lalo English, ka 'ōlelo Palani a me ke Kelemānia. Ma Asia - Chinese paha Japanese.