Isomers o heptane: mau 'ano a me ka palapala noi

Alkanes (paraffins, paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons) - biosoedineniya iloko olaila wale o C a me H nā'ātoma, ma a pau nā'ātoma i ua hoʻopiliʻia mea sigma paa. Ke simplest paraffinic hydrocarbon mea methane. Kēlā me kēia mahope moʻo o ka hydrocarbon okoa mai ka mua a hiki i ka hui CH2. Ma keia moʻo o ka hui i okoa mai kekahi i kekahi ma ka homology oko ao (CH2) like moʻo i kapaia homologous ka pili mau lālā. No ka mea moʻo i wehewehe aku e like Nine Inch ka waiwai a me ka physical waiwai lauwili mau.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka hoʻololi kemikala alaknov - aila. It E e kaulana i ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka biochemical haku mele 'ana o ka waiho. Unsaturated hydrocarbons mea he waiwai kumu no ka formaldehyde, metanola, chloroform, Ka lula ea Ke, kemikala kēpau, la o Etera, acetone, glycerol, propylene, polypropylene, kemikala laholio butandienovogo,'ākekaʻakika etc. I hana alkanes loaa mai shale a me kaʻeleʻele lanahu. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, alkanes - he chemically inert waiwai. I mehana ea, aole lakou e e pāʻani aku me kekahi kiaʻakika sulufahate a me ka mekala 'åkilikai i eliiaʻi a me ka caustic alkalis. Paraffins hooholo koke undergo hakahaka reactions, e puka ana ma ka'ano'ēʻano papa hana. Ma thermal keia, ka mea hiki ke oxidize a undergo decomposition.

Heptane isomers hiki e loaa elua ma kaʻike mau ano o ka hoʻololi kemikala o alkanes, e like me ma ka hoʻokaʻawale, mai kemikala kakolina a me ka aila. N-Heptane - colorless wai a me ka maule ano ala, ia mea pono wailana i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe (ethanol, chloroform, diethyl Etera wale no). Heptane isomers, i loko o ua triptane (2,2,3-trimethylbutane - CH3-C (CH3) 2-Ch (CH3) -CH3) i mea hiki ana. Kēia hui Ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka mea hoʻonui i ka Hawaii wahie. Isomers o heptane na i loko o ke kakolina hapa iki o ka aila a me ka kinoea condensate. N-Heptane - iniiaiie hae ma ka hoomaopopo ana i ka detonation waiwai carburettor mōʻalihaku. Ma ka hoʻoponoʻia o ka n-hexane i hoohuliia i isomers o ka heptane, laila, onaona hui ma ka degidrotsikliziruetsya - toluene.

Ma ke aloha kemika, he ākea kŰia o ka isomerism. Aia i mau papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka isomerism - mall a me stereoisomers. Kēlā me kēiaʻano hiki ke maheleia i hoailona ia mea: isomerism hydrocarbon kaula, i hoʻokomo 'o kaulua makaukau na kaula paa a me ka ooieoeiiaeuiuo hui i ka carboxylic'ano'ē, metamerism, isomers lunakanawai wahi benzelnom Kora naʻEsau. A kūikawā wahi i waena o ka stereoisomerism i'ōnohi isomers. Kēiaʻano ua pili i ka hiki mai o kekahi pūʻulu o ke aloha 'ona i loko o nā pāʻoihana ho'āʻo'ōnohi haʻawina. Waiwai i ka poe hiki ke hoike'ōnohi haʻawina, kapaʻia opticallyʻeleu waiwai. Isomerism ke aloha i huiʻia me ka nānā 'hoʻohana' ana i ka kūikawā kani - polarimeter. Ka mea ua lako pono me nā prisms me Nikolao ka mea kālailai polarimetric Tube.

Optically hana i huiʻia pele nei me elua'ōnohi isomers. O ka poe i kaheaia'ōnohi antipodes paha enantiomers. A hui haku o equimolar dala o ka enantiomeric, optically AEeOEXAaI, ua kapaia he racemate a racemic hui. Racemates i denoted ma ka hoailona ±. Ke simplest opticallyʻeleu waiwai mea lactateʻakika lātoma ma i he mea kekahi asymmetric kalapona'Ātoma, he valence no i ua ua hoʻopili i eha 'okoʻa substituents - hydrogen, hydroxyl, meto, a me ka carboxyl pūʻulu.

Kēlā me ke aloha i huiia ka i loko o kona lātoma mea he asymmetric kalapona'Ātoma i koe i loko o ka palapala o ka māhele kinona (lauana) me ka ia nui o na ia nā'ātoma a me'ātoma hui kau a puni ka asymmetric kalapona, no laila, i ka wā i hoʻohuiʻia ia (ano, lauana) i loko o ka makahiki e hiki ole hiki i ko lakou piha coincidence. Mau ana hoʻohālike e like me ka akau a me ka hema lima o ke kanaka a me ka mea a kona aniani kiʻi. No laila, ka mea i kapaia chiral isomers a me isomerism -'ōnohi, a aniani.