Musculoskeletal nenoaiu o nā manu

Manu - nā holoholona i ole hoʻoneʻe wale ma ka honua, akā, lawe no hoi i ka lewa, hoʻolahalahai ma loko o ka lani. Nolaila, e like me ka hopena o evolutionary? Acaeoey o ka malama loli i loko o ka nuipa a me ke kinona o ko lākou mau kino. Pela i hele aku la i ka hoʻomāhuahua o ke kaikea - margins, hoemiia kū'ē i ke noi, kūkulu Muscle nuipa a. Eia naʻe pēlā nō kā lākou mau iwi a me nāʻiʻo, a laila musculoskeletal nenoaiu o nā manu.
Ma na aoao ka mea, o ka ia me ka mammals. Musculoskeletal'ōnaehana ninoieo o ka manu o ka iho iwi, puniu wale no, a me ka'ūhā mua forearm iwi, ka scapula, thoracic vertebrae, pelvis a me femur, etc.
I ka Ia manawa, ia mea he okoa ma mua o ka musculoskeletal nenoaiu o mammals. No ka laʻana, ke poo o ka manu i ka mea uuku, no ka mea, ka cranial iwi a pau i ulu pu, a me kā lākou helu ua hoole mai. Ka iwi poʻo He nui hiki pono no i ka mea i na iwi i ka hapanui puha, a i ka toothless nuku, a ua uhiia e wale he horny uhi. Manu e mai i ka huakai hele e like me ka ke kanaka spine. Umauma "kanaka" aeea ua hoʻonui, a me nā holoholona a me nā manu ka mea, ua'opihia mai nāʻaoʻao.
Cervical manu iwi Oihana poe 11-25 noa vertebrae, akā, i ka vertebrae o ka thoracic paa palapala hoopaa i kekahi i kekahi, a ma ka mea hookahi manawa me ka vertebrae o ka lumbar oihana. Sacral Hoʻohana merged me ke kāʻei o ka diawahine ia lala, a ua hana i ka sacrum.
Aia ka heʻokoʻa i loko o ka lehalehu t iwi, a ma ka ciia o na lala a me na lala lakou iho. No ka laʻana, wale manu i ka keel - cartilage outgrowth, i ka hana i accretion o ka clavicle a hiki i ka sternum. At lele manu sternum ulu ikaika lawa, a me ka keel - nui.
Musculoskeletal'ōnaehana nā manu diawahine ia wāwae, a he mau nui, ikaika pelvic iwi fused me ka luna 'sacrum. A like me ka manu hele ma nā wāwae, ka sacrum ia iho oi ikaika. Ke sacrum Ua hanaʻia ma fused sacral, lumbar, caudal vertebrae, no laila, e manaʻo ana ke lumbar manu ma laila.
manu iwi kino iwi okoa mai nā mea e ola ana i loko o ia mea, ua mau nō a me ka Lightweight. Keia ua loaʻa, mua, no ka mea, ka mea omo iwi o ka manu. Ka lua, hoakaka i ka noho nanea oe o ku una iwi. No ia mea, nā manuʻaiʻia skeletal nuipa mea henehene 5 -15% ma ke kaupaonaʻana o kona kino. Me ke koe nae o ka cervical spine, ka holoʻokoʻa spine immobile.
E like me ka mea mua wāwae i ka hopena o ka evolution huli i'ēheu, ka palaki ua aneane i ke kino. Akā, me nā manu e lele maikai, i ka nui pectoral nāʻiʻo e i kahi e 15-20% o ka nui, a me kā lākou mau hana hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha ka poʻea pau i ke kumupaʻa o na manu i loko o ka lewa.

E ku ana ma lalo o ka nui o ka? Acaeoey ma mua o manu a me mammals, o ka papa o ka mea kolo. A? Aniuea kino ua haku o ke poo,'ā'ī, ke kumu a me nāʻaoʻao, koe wale no na nahesa a me legless moo, a i nele o ka lala. Ma ke kūkulu musculoskeletal'ōnaehana mea kokoke i ka mea kolo amphibians, akā, e like ia, mai ka'ā'ī iwi. More e holumua ai 'ole o ka iwi a me nāʻiʻo o ka holoholona hoʻoholo ihola lākou ka hoʻoneʻe. I ka iwi o nā mea kolo, e like me musculoskeletal nenoaiu o na manu, pū, oia no ka cervical, thoracic, sacral a me caudal māhele 'āina. Lōʻihi kihi e pili ana i ka breastbone, thorax a me ka hana.
Mea kolo, e like me ka holoholona, i ka dissected nāʻiʻo, i loko o 'ana, ka intercostal nāʻiʻo. Ka mea, e hoʻomaʻa i ka buke o ka pahu, oOeEIAOO a me ka hoʻonui ia, pela e ke kaʻina hana o ka hanu. No ka mea kolo iwi aoao hope noa, ia e leie aku ia i ke ale wale iho i keʻano nuiʻai. , A hoohainu iho? Ac? Caudal pauku.
Summing mai, ia i ke kaulana i na kino iwi o nā holoholona i kiʻiona hiʻona, akā, hana like oihana. Lākou e hana ai me ke kākoʻo kino, i malama kūloko ma nā loko, a ua kōkua e ho okele a puni ka makahiki e ola ana.