Nä känaka 'epekema Zhorzh Kyuve: Kawaihae, e piʻi like, discoveries a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Zhorzh Kyuve - ke nä känaka 'epekema nui, zoologist, i hoʻokumu a me nā holoholona'anatomia a me ka paleontology. Kēia kanaka i hahau i kona makemake, e makaikai i ke ao nei, a me ka, hoʻowahāwahā kekahi erroneous wale,ʻo ia i ka nui na makana no ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema.

nä känaka 'epekema kamaliʻi

Cuvier Ua hānauʻia ma luna o August 23, 1769 ma ka kulanakauhale o Montbeliard. Little George ua akamai ma kela aoao o kona mau makahiki: i ka 4 makahiki Ua heluheluʻo ia i ola, a me kona makuwahine, ao mai la ka pahi. Hiki i pena mākaukau nä känaka 'epekema a me kāna hana i loko o paleontology, kahi ia mea, mai na ki io no ka puke lima pena. Mau ki mea no ka lōʻihi manawa mahope mānewanewa kanikau ma nā paʻi puke, no laila, ka mea, ua kiʻekiʻe kona mea e like me ka i plausible.

Georges Leopold Kyuve noho i loko o ka poe ilihune Protestant ohana. Kona makua kāne i ua elemakule, ua hookauwa akuʻo ia i loko o ka 'ōlelo Palani kaua koa, a me kona makuwahine hoolilo i kona ola i kana keiki. Ua paʻahana me ia, a me ka pii a hiki i kona mau wawae, ma hope o kekahi maʻi (Cuvier pinepineʻino me he keiki).

ho okumu

makahiki School, i ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema hala koke. Zhorzh Kyuve ia ia iho me he haumāna loea, akā,ʻo ia, ua he kipi maoli. Ua Ua mua Aey i ke keiki hoʻomau aʻo ma kekahi kula theological, a loaa i ka inoa o ke kahu hipa, akā, he kanana nei pilina me ka mea kuhikuhi i i ae aku ia ia e lilo i kahuna o ka ekalesia Protestant.

E möakäka hou hoʻonaʻauao Zhorzh Kyuve loaa Karolinska Halau ma ka'āuna kumu cameral sciences (State Property Management). Here ma Stuttgart, ÿepekema i këia kou niho, kānāwai, i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kālā no. Ua ma ke kulanuiʻo ia i hoihoi i loko o ka holoholona honua, no laila, i hoʻonohonoho i ka "Academy" kaiapili me kona komo. Kēia hui ana 4 makahiki - like George aʻo i ka'āuna kumu. Nā lālā o ka p ÷ ai kaʻana lākou uuku e piʻi like ma ka ao o ke ano, hoomakaukau olelo. Ua haawiia mai kūlana kâlâ keʻokeʻo i improvised mai ka pepa me kekahi kiʻi o Lamarck.

Zhorzh Kyuve - ke Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema ma ka crossroads o ke ola mau kuamoo i

Eha makahiki o ke kulanui ola hele koke, a me Georges hoi kona wahi i kona mau makua. Koʻu makua kāne i hoi, o ka makuwahine i ole e holopono ana. E like me ka hopena, i ka ohana Bedroom ua kokoke kaawale, i oiaio hiki ole ke AOON.

A laila, ma mua o ka nä känaka 'epekema ka lohe lono i ka pakuhi o ka Noremana Erisi e imi ana i ke aʻoʻia no kāna keiki. I ka hoʻonaʻauao kanaka, Zhorzh Kyuve ia i piha i kona eke, a hele aku la eʻuwao manawa. Home o ke kaulana o Earl i aia ma ke kai, a me nā Georges ka mea, ua hiki i ka ike i nā meaola kai,ʻaʻole wale nō ma luna o ka pepa akā, no hoi, e ola ana. He wiwo ole paku ole ia i ka starfish, meaola ilo, ka iʻa, pāpaʻi a me crayfish, mollusks. A laila, Ua haohao Zhorzh Kyuve ma ka paʻakikī o ka 'ole ma mua kilohi ka simplest meaola e noho ana. He moku, nä olonä, glands a me nā loko o ka'ōnaehana e ku i ke nä känaka 'epekema. Kana hana me ka meaola holoholona, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka puke pai "aeaaiono? Bulletin".

Ka mua haʻawina i loko o ke kula o ka paleontology

I ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia - o ka muli o paleontology. Cuvier, e like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o kēia 'epekema, ua ua hoʻopuka kālā au i na makana nui i kona ulu ana. Kona hoao ana mua ua pili i ka hihia, ia ia i loaa ia i kauwahi o ka iwi i loaʻa i loko o Maastricht mea. Hoffan (ka inoa o ka noho ana o kēia kūlanakauhale, ka mea i loaʻa i nā koe) manao e hoouna aku i ka iwi i muaʻike Cuvier ma Palika. Sam "miner" koi i kēia hiki ia he kohola iwi. I ka huli, he nui nä känaka 'epekema i loaʻa mea like me ka iwi o ka crocodile, a me ka ekalesia, aole ia Maastricht i na iwi o ka i koe iho o na haipule, a lawe ae la ia ia ia me ke kea laa.

Nä känaka 'epekema Zhorzh Kyuve hōʻole i kēia mau koho skeletal kumu. Ma hope o Noho i ka scrupulous hana,ʻo ia? Aaeaaaaony i na iho no i kahiko mea kolo e noho i ka wai o ka Netherlands, miliona o ka makahiki aku nei. Kēia i ka ikaika e ka nui nui o ka iwi, a me ka spine, he nunui poo, a mau a me na mea he nuiʻoi mau niho, e hoike ana i ka predatoryʻaoʻao o ke ola mea. ike aku la no hoi Cuvier ka i koe iho o kahiko iʻa, ka pūpū a me nā wai kolo, a, apparently, i hanai ai i kēia? aniuea.

Ua Ua kapaʻia mosasaurs i Greek hiki ke unuhi 'ia ma "he aniuea muliwai Maas" (Meuse ma Palani). Ka mea, ua ka mea mua nui 'epekema loaʻa o ke nä känaka' epekema. Ma hope o ka hana ana i ka Ikepili o ka i koe iho o ka ike waiwai, Zhorzh Kyuve waiho iho la i ke kumu no ka hou 'epekema - paleontology.

E like me ka hana i lawe mai i na koe

Zhorzh Kyuve aʻo a systematized ma kahi o kanaha kekahi mau laha 'o prehistoric holoholona. Kekahi o ia hiki wale vaguely e hoohalike ai i ke kālā no? Aaoa, akā,ʻaʻohe āna i koe, e hana me na bipi wahine, hipa, dia ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa.

No hoi, ua hoao kānakaʻepekema i mua o ka honua i ke aupuni o ka mea kolo. Ka wai a me ka aina, i ka home i na mea he nui kekahi mau? Ueo o dinosaurs. ʻO ka lani i Kīwala'ō ma lalo pterodactyls,ʻaʻole manu, like i hana'ē aʻe noiʻi.

Zhorzh Kyuve nui i kekahi ala e noiʻi i nā koe. E like me ka hopena, ma ka kumu o ka iwi o ka holoholona, a me ka ike i na wahi a pau o ke kino i interconnected,ʻo ia hiki pehea nana maoli i noonoo ai i na. E like me ka hana pono E hoike mai, o kana hana ua loa believable.

Zhorzh Kyuve: na makana i ka kālaimeaola

Hoomau ana i ke ao holoholona, hoomaka ae la ke nä känaka 'epekema e kālailai i nā mea like a me nä mea ma waena o lākou. E like me ka hopena, lilo 'o ia i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ia i nā mea kū i ka' epekema like me nā'anatomia. Kona pähola 'o "mea hoʻopili o māhele o ke kino," wahi a ua pau nā loko a me nā hale e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi, a me kā lākou' ole a me ka functionality hilinaʻi ma ka? Aneie keia, e hanai ana oia,? Aneii.

No ka laʻana, Ka Ikepili o ka ungulate. Ua i hanai i ka mauu, alaila, o ka i nunui niho. Mai ka. Ikaika iwia pono i ka luawai-ulu nāʻiʻo, i ke poo, e hoi e nui pili i ke koena o ke kino. pono, e malama i na mea o ka poo, a nolaila, e e ulu vertebrae o ka cervical spine, a me kā lākou mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Herbivorous ieaeiieoa me Fana a manamana o, e somehow e hoomaluia mai Moana. E like me ka hopena, he mau pepeiao. Plantʻai no ka lōʻihi manawa e hōʻuluʻulu, e hiki aku ai i ke kūpono 'ana o ka buke o ka'ōpū a me ka naʻau liʻiliʻi loa. E hoʻomōhala ana i digestive'ōnaehana - i ke kumu no ke alo o ke ākea iwiaoao ona a me ka moekolohe.

Hou hana i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ka paleontology, alakai aku ai i ka loaʻa o ka nui launaʻole mea. Iwaena o lakou pterodactyls - lele kolo i i hoʻohanaʻia e Moana a me kaʻai i ka iʻa. No laila, Zhorzh Kyuve hoao iho i miliona o ka makahiki aku nei, o ka lani, ua he? Aniuea o ka mana, i na manu.

catastrophe kumumanaʻo

Zhorzh Kyuve, nona Kawaihae, ua pili i ka hooulu ana o ka paleontology, i lawe mai i ka manaʻo o ka evolution o ola meaola. Ma këia i ka i koe iho o kahiko mea, ua ike ka noiʻi i ke kumu: i loko o kaʻili papa o ko ka honua i ka pńpa i nā iwi o nā holoholona i loaʻa i ka mea like iki me ke kālā wale, a ma lalo iho papa - na kino iwi o prehistoric mea.

I loko nō o kēia Kaka, Zhorzh Kyuve hoole aku paha ia ia iho. Ka mea hoole i ka mea evolution like me ka a pau, a me ka hopena i ka nä känaka 'epekema i kaumaha aku i kana pähola' ana i ka ulu ana o na? Aaoa ma ka Honua. Cuvier i? Aaei ia ma oleʻanuʻu Sushi apana i waikahe ma ka moana, a ua make a pau e ola ana meaola. Hope a ka wai aku la lakou, a ma ka hou wahi he mau'ē aʻe meaola me radically hou hiʻona o ke kino 'ole. Ma ka ninau o kahi mau holoholona hiki hou, nä känaka 'epekema ke wale ke koho. Catastrophe kumumanaʻo o ka naoh, 'ole. To. Kona mau helehelena i ka ho'āʻo ai e hoʻopau' epekema a me ka hoomana ana.

Zhorzha Kyuve manaʻo e pili ana i ka evolution o na? Aaoa hiki i kaua kipi ma muli o ia ka mea e ma ka manawa o ka paleontology malumalu pepa i ua loaʻa ma waena o nāʻano o nā holoholona. E like me ia i kaʻilihune,ʻaʻole loa he kumu e manao i ka gradual evolutionary ulu o ka meaola. Wale Darwin i manaoia he like kumumanaʻo, akā, ma hope o ka make Zhorzha Kyuve mea hiki.

Oko Mea Maluna o Linnaeus a me Cuvier

I ka hana ana a me na holoholona a me këia kā lākou 'ole, Zhorzh Kyuve pokole systematized a pau na? Aaoa i loko o 4 hoailona ia mea:

1. Vertebrates. Kēia nā nā holoholona a me ka dismembered iwi. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: manu, mea kolo (mea kolo, a amphibians), mammals a me ka iʻa.

2. Radiant. Ma keia pae, a pau i ke kime o? Aaoa i ua ohi, a ua kahahānai symmetry o ke kino, i mea typical, no ka laʻana, no ka mea starfish.

3. Kahi I-kino puʻipuʻi. Ka mea, he poe holoholona me ka pahee kino lelo i loko o ka paakiki iwi. O nā cuttlefish, mussels, oysters, e ikuwa ana, mollusks, octopuses a oi. D.

4. Arthropods. Animals no a hiki i keia hui i ka ikaika iwi mawaho iwi i loko o ka palapala o ka paa, a me ke kino a pau ua puunaueia i ka ai iiiaanoaa o Hoʻohana. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: millipedes, nā mea kolo, crustaceans, arachnids. Ua'āponoʻiaʻaneʻi a me kekahi mau ilo.

Linnaeus, ma Akä naÿe i ka Zhorzha Kyuve, kaukahi, no na mai 6 o kēia mau 'ano: mea kolo, manu, mammals, ka iʻa, nā mea kolo a me nā ilo (' aneʻi no i na mea kolo, a amphibians). Ma hua'ōlelo o ka taxonomy, Maluna o na holoholona ma Cuvier kiʻi i ka pono, a no laila, hoʻohana i ka lōʻihi manawa.

An hana hoihoi mea i loko o ke ola ana o ke nä känaka 'epekema

Once kekahi haumana o Cuvier hoʻoholo ihola e pāʻani i ka liana a ma luna ona. E hana i kēia, aole ia i waiho i ka hoopii a me ka hipa, oiai ke kumu i moe mālie hele no i kona wahi moe. I mai la kela: "! Cuvier, Cuvier, au e ai oe" George haha mai kona hiamoe ana, a ike aku la māiʻuʻu pepeiaohao, laila mālie aku la, "ʻoe nō ka Moana ole, mai kiʻi e ai mai iaʻu."

Aia Ua hoi he Cuvier kea i na nā loko, a pau loa o ka holoholona kino i interrelated. Ua hākālia nō i "i ke kino o ka pili ana a pau. Kanaka māhele hiki ole e loli ole ka hoʻomake 'loli i loko o ka' ē aʻe. "

e piʻi like

An poʻokela nä känaka 'epekema ma ka mahinaʻai o paleontology i ka manawa i noʻonoʻo i ka Zhorzh Kyuve. Pōkole Kawaihae mai nei ia i ka 1794 i nä känaka 'epekema ka hana i loko o ka hou Museum o Natural History. Aia kona mua hana ma entomology, a ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka mea 'epekema hana, i palapala mai.

I ka 1995, hoomaka ae la Cuvier e noho ma Palika. A makahiki ma hope, lawe iho la ia i ka noho o ka holoholona'anatomia ma ka Sorbonne, a ua hoonohoia he lâlâ o ka National Institute. A mau makahiki ma hope, ua lilo i haumana ma ke poo o ka Oihana o me nā'anatomia o ke Kulanui o Paris.

No ka mea, o konaʻepekema e piʻi like Zhorzh Kyuve loaa ka peerage o Farani, a lilo i lâlâ o ka Palani Academy.

ka hopena

Cuvier ua i ka, alahula na makana no ka hooulu ana a me nā 'anatomia a me ka paleontology. Kana hana i ke kahua no ka hou ao ana i na holoholona, a me kona Mea Maluna ua malamaia no he lōʻihi manawa. A hiki ina la ia i haʻalele i ka helu ana o misconceptions i loko o ke kula o ka evolution, he nä känaka 'epekema pono o ka hoolea a me ka hoʻomaopopo pono no na hana nui.

Zhorzh Kyuve make iho la o May 13, 1832.