'O ke kumu hana lā'au o glycerin. 'O ke kumu hana a me ka mole

Ke simplest polyhydric ka waiʻona, kahi, he ekolu OH pūʻulu, - glycerol. 'O ke kumu ma'amau no ka pūpū o kēia'ano CnH2n-1 (OH) 3. No ka'ike pono'ana i nā waiwai a me ka ho'ohana'ana o ka glycerin a me kona mau hoa hana, e nānā i nā'ano o ke'ano waiwai, e ho'ohana'ia kēlā me kēia mea ma kekahi mau'ano.

'O ke kūlana a me ka nomenclature o glycerol

I loko o ka ho'omehana'eneka, nā waikino nā mea i loa'a mai i nā hydrocarbons. 'O kekahi o nā hāmole hydrogen i loko o nā kinikoki e ho'ololi'ia e kahi a'oi aku paha o nā hui hydroxy. 'Oko'a nā Alcohols i ka helu o nā OH-mau (single-, double, polyatomic). 'O nā lālā ha'aha'a o ka papa me ka helu o ke kalapona'okena mai ka 1 a ka 12 he mau wai wai,'o nā mea ki'eki'e ka mea nui. 'O nā kinikini, ai'ole nā glycerols - he mau kī'aha triatomic i loko o ko lākou ho'ohui'ana i'ekolu hydroxyls i ho'opa'a'ia i'ekolu mau kumamāpona kalapona. 'O nā pūnaewele o kēia hui e hō'ike ana i nā mea amphoteric ma muli o ka ho'oikaika'ana o ka hui hydroxy a me ka radical.

'O ka māmā māmā o nā'āpana'āina ka propanetriol-1,2,3 ('o synonym he glycerin). Haʻilula substance - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. Kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana nomenclature komo ai olelo ai o Iosepa i ka inoa o ka mea e like alkane me ka hua'ōlelo "triol", ka hoʻohana 'ana o Apapika numerals, wā i ke kulana o ka OH pae. 'O ka helu'ana i nā molecule o homologs o glycerin mai ka mea kokoke i ka hopena o ke kaula o hydroxy. Hiki ano o isomeric 'ole o ke kalapona kaula, i ke kulana o ka hydroxy pūʻulu'ōnohi.

'O ka loa'a'ana o ka glycerol

'O ka mea lapa'au o Suedena K. Scheele i ka makahiki 1779 i ka wā i loa'a ai ka mea hou i nā mea momona. I loko o 33 mau makahiki, ua kapa'ia'o French M. M. Shevrel i ka'ona glycerin.

Ua ho'okumu'ia ka papahana mele e Peluz i ka makahiki 1836. 'O kahi ha'awina nui i ka noi'i'ana i ka hale i hana'ia e Berthelot (1854) a'o Wurz (1857), ua ho'omau'ia e'imi i ka glycerin. 'O ka mea mole a me ke'ano o ka lā'au lapa'au i'ae'ia ka ho'okala'ana o ka glycerin a hiki i nā mea'ele'ele hope loa.

'O ka pono o ka glycerol ka mea i māhuahua nui ma hope o ka makahiki 1847, i ka manawa i'ike'ia ai ka ester acid ester. Ua loa'a i ka'enekena Suetena A. Nobel i ka makahiki 1875 me ke kōkua o nā'ōhū glycerin - dynamite.

'O ke'ano, ka papa hana a me ka mea ma'alahi o ka glycerol

Ke kula haʻahaʻaa haku mele 'ana o ka mea kakau coincides me ka oiaio, a me ka loa empirical haʻilula o glycerol - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. 'O ke kaula pae carbon i 3 mau mana, e pili ana kēlā me kēia mea i ka hui hydroxy. Hō'ike nā mea ho'ohālike i nā mana o ke atom: C - carbon, O oxygen, H - hydrogen. 'O ke'ano o ka glycerin hō'ike i nā'ano like'ole (mole mole, kūlana). Ho'ohana nui'ia nā'ano Sharoenergetic a me hemispherical i ka'ike'ana i nā mea. 'O nā hanana'ano'elua a'ekolu i ho'olālā'ia e ke kamepiula like'ole, he ki'i spatia o kahi mole o ka glycerin. Hā'awi lākou iā mākou e nānā i ke'ano, ka ho'ohui a me ke mamao, ka angle o ka palapala ho'opa'a ma waena o nā mana.

'O ka li'ili'i a me ka lehulehu o glycerin

Ma hakakino haʻilula hiki ke loaʻa a me ka molar nui, i ka pakeneka o ka hehee wale i ka waiwai. No ka ho'onohonoho pono'ana, pono e ho'ohana i nā māmā atomomi o nā kumuhana i hō'ike'ia i ka papa'awa. Ke empirical haʻilula o glycerol: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Ma ka ho'onui'ana i ka'āpana'eneki (i ka m) o kēlā me kēia māhele ma ka helu o nā mana, a laila e ho'ohui i nā waiwai i loa'a, loa'a iā mākou nā nui mole (Mr) a me nā molar (M). No ka meaʻano o ka hoʻomaulia hiki pono e hoʻohana glycerol loa haʻilula - C ₃ H ₈ O _3.

• Ar (H) = 1.00794; 'O ka helu o nā mana o ka mole he 8.
• Ar (C) = 12,0107; Nā'Ōlelo - 3.
• Ar (O) = 15.9994; Nā'Ōlelo - 3.
• Mr (C ₃ H ₈ O _{3) = 12.0107 * 3 + 1.00794} * 8 + 15.9994 * 3 = 92.09382 like hoʻi. E. M.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃₎ = 92.09382 g. / Mol /
• Ka pākēneka o nā mea i loko o ka mole o ka waiwai: H - 8,756%, C - 39,125%, O - 52,119%.

'O Rational a me ke'ano kumu o glycerin

'O ke'ano o ka waiwai a me kāna mau kinikule e hō'ike i ka mana'o ma'amau a me ka ho'opi'i nui, akā,'a'ole lākou e'ike i ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā kumukū ke'ano o ka glycerin. 'O ke kumu hana ho'ona'auao a me ka lolopiula'oi aku ka maika'i no ka no'ono'o'ana i ke'ano o ka mole, nā kaula i waena o nā mana.

• A ka naauao haʻilula o glycerol - C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Mai ka papa hana o ka mole, ua ho'oka'awale'ia nā hui hana OH a ua ho'opa'a'ia ma loko o nā papa. Aia koke ma hope o ka pale hope ka helu o nā hui hydroxy i loko o ka mole.
• Polurazvernuty nānaina ka naauao haʻilula - HOCH ₂ Ch (OH) Ch ₂ OH (glycerol).
• 'O ka ho'onohonoho papahana ma nā hi'ohi'ona ki'i e hō'ike ana i ka ho'onohonoho'ana o ka mole. 'O nā'ōpala ma waena o nā'āpana e hō'ike ana i nā pa'a kino.
• Lewis 'ole maupaʻa kiko huina ho i ka valence electrons a me ka'ēpoda, komo ma ka mea paa ho okumu.

Kekahi mau nā lātoma kiʻiʻAno noho nui kahua, no laila, pinepine hoʻohana i ka abbreviated haʻilula, e laʻa me, HOCH ₂ -CHOH-Ch ₂ OH, a me ka skeletal 'ole:

Mokuna o nā mālā ma ka mole o glycerin

'O ka waihuhu he mea nui pola, a'o ka oxygen he'elua mau mea electron. 'O ke kū'ana o'ekolu mau hui wai hau e alaka'i i ka polarization o ka'aha'O-H. Ho'ohālikelike'ia ka "+" ma kahi o nā carbon carbon, kōkua i ka ho'ohui o ka hydroxl i ka nucleophilic. 'O nā'ano o ka ho'ohui'ana a me ka ho'olālā, e hō'ike ana i ke'ano ho'ohālike o ka glycerin, ua ho'opa'a'ia i loko o nā waiwai o ka waiwai. 'O kēia pūpū ke ho'ohālike'ia e nā huila he nui - nā hō'ailona'ē a'e nāwaliwali. Ua ho'onui'ia ka nui o nā mea'ona i ka Glycerin, i ka ho'ohālikelike'ana i ka ethanol a me ka propanol. Aia kekahi o nā kumuhana nui loa,'o ia ka trlylerol trioleate. Kumuhana:

• simplest - C ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ O _6;
• polurazvernutaya ka naauao - (C ₁₇ H ₃₃ COO) ₃ C ₃ H _5;
• Ho'olālā me nā'ano o ka ho'olālā a me ka skeletal -

Ke'ano o ka glycerin

Ma ke ana wela piha, propanetriol-1,2,3 he wai kōma'oma'u'ōma'oma'u'ole,'a'ohe mea maika'i'ole,'ono i ka mea'ono. 'O ka glycerin, pa'akikī i nā'ano li'ili'i, e ho'ohehe'e i ka mahana o 17.8 ° C. 'O ka'aila o ka waiwai i ukali'ia e ka ho'olālā ho'omaka i 290 ° C. Ke kaumaha o Glycerin ma mua o ka wai, e helu ana i kona nui ma 20 ° C e hā'awi ana i ke koina o 1.2604 g / cm3.

Nā waiwai o propanthriol-1,2,3

'A'ole ke'ano o ka'ōmiko holomua o ka glycerin i ka'ike o ka'ano amphoteric o ka pūpū. Ho'opili'ia nā waikiko'ino a me nā'ano waiwai o nā mea pili i nā peculiarities o ka mana o nā mana i loko o ka mole, polari i ka hui'O-H. Ma ke alo o ka glycerol ua reacted me ka mekala 'åkilikai hydroxide, keleawe (II), loaa uliuli i nā pōpō luna' (kekahi o ka qualitative reactions). Me nā'āpana, ua ho'opau'ia ka hopena o ka glycerol ma ka hana'ana i nā esters. Reacting he trihydric ka waiʻona me nitricʻakika ma ke alo o ka H ₂ ¶ ₄ (conc.) Pili i ke kahua o ka nitroglycerin.

Ma ka home, loa'a nā momona a me nā'aila me ka glycerine, ka wai'atela ethyl, a me nā mea'ē a'e. Pono ka papa hana no ka ho'omākaukau'ana i ka ho'omohala'ana o ka paila i loko o kahi wai'au'au, i ka mana'o no'ono'o i ka koho'ana o nā mea a me nā puka no ka huapalapala pahū.

Ho'ohana'ia'o Glycerin a me kāna mau mea ho'ohālike i loko o nā hua'ōlelo, nā pa'i, nā lā'au lapa'au, nā hale lole. Loa'a ka mea'ono i nā'ano mea'ai like'ole, me nā hua bakena. 'O ka'āina'aina o nā mea'ala'ala a me nā mea'olu'olu - E422. Me nā wai'ona'ē a'e, a me nā esters o nā mea momona, mana'o'ia ka glycerol i mea hiki ke pani hou'ia o ka wahie i loa'a mai ka'aila. 'O nā loina economical o ka ho'ohana'ana i nā'ano hou o ka biodiesel e ho'oulu ai i nā ka'a e ho'ololi i ka ho'okele waiwai o ke ao. E ho'onui loa'ia ka nohona o ka'āina, e emi iho ka pili o ka ho'okele waiwai o ka honua ma ka'oihana hinu a me ke kino.