Quaternary wā o ka Cenozoic au: ano, mōʻaukala a me ka poʻe e noho ana

Hope 'ā ina a me ka manawa e hiki mai Quaternary Ua kaʻawale i ka 1829, he nä känaka' epekema Jules Desnoyers. Ma Rusia, ka mea, ua i kapaia anthropogenic. I ka mea kākau o kēia inoa i ka 1922, lilo i kanaka hulihonua Alexey Pavlov. Kona Initiativeʻo ia i makemake e kuapo i kēia wā ua pili i ka helehelena o ke kanaka.

Ke kū hoʻokahi o ka wā

Ke hoʻohālikelike i nā 'ā ina manawa o ka Quaternary wā i kekahi loa pōkole lōʻihi like' ole (huina 1,65 miliona. Makahiki). Hoomau ana i keia la, e noho paʻa hapa. Kekahi hiʻona - ke alo i loko o ka Quaternary sediments o kanaka moʻomeheu residues. Kēia manawa ua wehewehe aku ma ka lau a me ke koʻikoʻi climatic loli, dramatically i alakaʻi ai i ka 'āina.

Recurrent anuanu maila 'kūpono glaciation akau lakikū a wetting kumuwai lakikū. Lalana ana ia ia, kauoha ae like me ka kekahi hopena. Sedimentary me ka ho okumu ana o ka hala millenniaʻano luna '' ole o ke oki pili brevity o ka palapala a me ka variegated papa. Quaternary ua maheleia i mau manawa ( 'ole ka' Oihana): Pleistocene a me Holocene. Ka mokuna ma waena o ia ke moe ia i puni 12 tausani makahiki aku nei.

Neʻekau o flora a? Aaoa

Mai ka loa hoʻomaka o ka Quaternary wā i wehewehe aku e kokoke ana i ke kālā no mea kanu a me ka holoholona ola. Loli i loko o ka puu dala i loa e kaukaʻi ma ka succession o ka huʻihuʻiʻana a me ka lalana ana ia ia. Me ka hoouka kaua o ka glaciation cold- ioeo E neʻe i kūkulu hema, a hui me kanaka. I manawa o ka mahuahuaʻawelike o ka aʻe kaʻina. I keia manawa, nui Hoʻonui i ka pono o ka wahi o ka hooponopono mea moderately mahana, subtropical a me ka Tropical flora a me? Aaoa. No kekahi manawa, ia nalowale holoʻokoʻa tundra hui o ke aloha ao nei.

Flora i kekahi mau manawa, e ke hakuloli i radically huli ana. He nui au i na ino iloko oia kau i koho ia e ka Quaternary wā. Ka Huliau nā poʻohiwi o ua alakai aku ai i ka impoverishment o ākea-E haʻalele nō i a me ka evergreen ano, e like me ke anoe o herbaceous? Ueo kaianoho koholā.

Ke evolution o mammals

Ka loa pepeiaohao nui loli i loko o ka holoholona honua loli mammals (ma ka like o ka degere o ungulates a me Proboscidea ma ka (Northern hemisphere)). Ma ka Pleistocene ma muli o ka make mai ka ulia climatic puu hua palaoa he nui thermophilic? Ueo. I ka Ia manawa no ka ia, no ka mea, he hou holoholona i na mea maikai aku hakuloli i ka noho ana ma i hoʻohalahala? Aneie ana. Ka piko ia'na? Aaoa i hiki aku ma waena o ka Dnieper glaciation (300 - 250 tausani makahiki aku nei). Naʻe, ka huʻihuʻiʻana o ka anuu uhi ho okumu hoʻoholo i loko o ka Quaternary.

I ka pau ana o ka Pliocene South HawaiianʻEulopa i ka home i ka mastodons, hema Elephant hipparions, saber-kuʻi tigers, rhinos a me Etruscan 'ole, D. Ma ke komohana o ka Old World e ola na Iana a me Hippo. Naʻe, i loko o ke kakahiaka nui Pleistocene? Aaoa hoomaka ae la e hoʻololi radically. Me ka hoouka kaua ana o ka Dnieper glaciation, he nui thermophilic? Ueo neʻe hema. I ka mea e like me mamua 'oni iki o ka makana āpana flora. Au Cainozoic (Quaternary oi loa) ua hoano e ikaika a pau ano o ke ola.

quaternary bestiary

Ma ka hema palena o ka hauneneʻe o ka mea, he mauʻano o ka mua, e like me ka Danau, woolly he reʻema lā, reindeer, musk-bipi, lemming, keʻokeʻo grouse. ola a pau o ia wale nō i loko o ke anu wahi. Cave liona, bea, hyenas, rhinos a me nā nunui-puni mua noho i loko o kēia mau wahi i lilo i mea ole.

Ke anu aniau kukuluia ma ka Caucasus, ka Alpino, ka Carpathians a me ka Pyrenees, hoʻoikaika nui laha ', e haʻalele i ke kiʻekiʻe mauna, a noho iho i loko o nā awāwa. Woolly rhinos a mammoths noho a hiki hema oʻEulopa (ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka pau ana o Siberia, ma ka mea, hina iho la ma ka North America). Relict? Aaoa o Australia,ʻAmelika Hema, South a me Central Africa ola i ke aloha i kona hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka koena o ko ke ao nei. Mammoths a me nā holoholona e pono hakuloli i ke kalakala aniau, lilo ae la i mea ole ma ke kakahiaka nui Holocene. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i hoʻowahāwahā lehulehu glaciation e pili ana i 2/3 o ka Honua ka ili honua ua, aole loli ana ma ka hau pepa.

kanaka ulu

E like me ka olelo ma luna, ke ole kekahi mau wehewehe Quaternary hana me ka "kanaka." Ke kokololio kūpono 'ana o ke kanaka - ka loa nui hanana o nā mea a pau i kēia mōʻaukala wā. Place o ka hanana na kanaka loa kahiko ua manawa noʻonoʻo East Africa.

Kupuna ano o ke kālā no ke kanaka - na australopithecines, i no i kaʻohana o nā hominids. E like me nā koho, ka mea, ua ikea ka mea mua manawa ma Africa, 5 miliona makahiki aku nei. Australopithecus i nā hoomaka ae la e hele pololei, a me ka omnivorous. About 2 miliona makahiki aku nei, ka mea aʻo e e primitive hana. No laila, ua he mākaukau kanaka. A miliona makahiki aku nei i hana Pithecanthropus, i ka iho o ka i i loaʻa i loko o Kelemania, Hungary a me China.

Neanderthals a me kēia poʻe kānaka hoʻokahi

350 tausani makahiki aku nei, he mau Paleoanthropes (a Neandertals), i mea ole 35.000 makahiki aku nei. Ko läkou 'o ko lākou mau hope i loaʻa ma ka hema a me ka waenakonu lakikū oʻEulopa. Paleanthropic UAIAaINʻia ke kālā no kānaka (neanthropines ole homo sapines). Ka mea mua i komo i ka Amerika a me Australia, e like me ka nui o mokupuni panalāʻau e kekahi mau moana.

Ua ka mua neanthropines kokoke i okoa i keia la, mai kanaka. Ka mea, ua pono, a koke ke hakuloli i ka huliau a aʻo i skillfully lawelawe i ka pohaku. Mau hominids loaʻa iwi artifacts, primitive mea kani, mea o ka lole nō, Jewelry.

Quaternary ma ka hema Rusia haʻalele lehulehu archeological hoʻopunipuni pili i neanthropines. Naʻe, hele aku la lakou a hiki i ka hapanui'ākau wahi. Ua aʻo anuanu kanaka, e ola me ke kōkua o ke für ke kapa a me ka ahi. No laila, no ka laʻana, ike aku la no hoi Quaternary Western Siberia ke anoe ana o kanaka ho'āʻo ana e komo hou ?? eoi?. 5000 makahiki aku nei i ke keleawe Age, 3000 makahiki aku nei - hao. I ka Ia manawa ma Mesopotamia, Aigupita, a me ka Kaiwaenahonua originated ioauoa o kahiko ka noho.

nā minelala hao

ʻepekema, e māheleʻia i loko o kekahi mau hui o nā minelala hao i ua haʻalele mākou i ka Quaternary wā. Hoʻokomo kālā o ka hope Ka Wā Kaukani i kekahiʻano o ka hoʻokomo kālā, non-mea hao a me ka combustible mea, i eliia o sedimentary kumu. Ikeia littoral a alluvial hoʻokomo kālā. Ka loa nui nā minelala hao o ka Quaternary wā: he gula, diamonds, platinum, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile a me ka zircon.

Eia hou, he nui ka waiwai o kekahi hao i eliia o ka moanawai, a Lake-Marsh kumu. Kēia pūʻulu pū nā manganese a me ka mednovanadievye hoʻokomo kālā. Oia huhui waina a lākou, he pono ole i loko o ka moana.

Ke richness o ka subsoil

Oia hoi, i keia la e hoʻomau'aʻaiawā ai ka Kapikoowāea a me ka Tropical pōhaku o ka Quaternary wā. E like me ka hopena o kēia kaʻina ua hana laterite. Oia ka ho okumu ua kapa komo iā ia me ka Aluminum a me ka hao, a mea he nuiʻApelika Waena nā minelala hao. Metalliferous pńpa lakikū waiwai hoʻokomo kālā o ka nikala, cobalt, keleawe, manganese, e like me refractory clays.

Ma ka Quaternary wā, ua nui a me ka 'ole-mea hao nā minelala hao. Keia graviyniki (lākou he ākea hana i kūkuluʻia) a ho okumu i aniani one, pohaku, a me ka potasiuma paʻakai, luaipele, borates, peat, a me ka lignite. Ma Quaternary sediments groundwater manao i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka wai inu. Mai poina e pili ana i ka permafrost a me ka hau. I mau, ka hope 'ā ina wā koe i ka pāpale aliʻi, a hoomaka ae la oi ma mua o 4.5 ieeeea makahiki aku nei, i ka' ā ina evolution o ka Honua.