Rosalind Franklin: Kawaihae, makahiki o ke ola, na makana i ka 'epekema. Hoopoina Lady DNA

Rosalind Elsie Franklin - maikaʻi loa Pelekāne chemist nona ka X-Ray diffraction haʻawina i hoomakaukau kī hoʻokokoke i ka 'ole o ka deoxyribonucleicʻakika a quantitatively hookupaa iho la ia i ke kumu hoʻohālike o Watson - Crick. Ua i loaʻa ia DNA nā lātoma ola ma ka oi ma mua o kekahi palapala.

Rosalind Franklin: pōkole Kawaihae, kiʻi

Rosalind i hānau i loko o London ma July 25, 1920, i ka lua o ka elima keiki o ka luawai-ike Anglo-Iudaio ohana. Kona makua kāne, Ellis Franklin ua he hoalawepu i loko o ka "Keizer" kapa, kekahi o ka nui 'ohana-nova poe (ka mea'ē aʻe i paʻi "Routledge a me Kegan Paul"). He a me kana wahine Muriel i ua 'Imi limahana ma ka lokomaikai aku, a me na makaainana. Rosalind Franklin (Hawaii photo i loko o ka 'atikala i haawiia mai ma lalo nei) aʻo ma St Paul ka Girls School, i prepares haumāna puka no ka wā e hiki mai' oihana, ', aʻaʻole pono no ka mare ana. Ua hooholo koke i makemakika a me ka 'epekema, a me nā'ōlelo'ē (i loko o ka lōʻihi holo ia superbly paʻa ma ka Farani, Italia a me Kelemānia). Haʻalele nui polyglots, ua nele o ka pepeiao i ka mele. Gustav Holst, mele luna hoʻokele o St. Paul ka Kula., Once ike ia Rosalind ke mele i hou aneane haule i loko o ka leo. Franklin ohana pinepine hoomaha ma ka Hiking huakaʻi, a me ka oo? Ua i kekahi o kona mau lifelong kuko, a me ka haole Hotele.

Study ma Kamepelika

E like me kona makuwahine, i kaʻu mau a pau ke ola Rosalind ko laua wahi kahi ana i hele, a ma ka umikumamaono ua koho 'epekema e like me kona kumuhana. Mai makemake i kekahi makahiki, e hoomakaukau ai no ke kulanui i ka 1938, ua haʻalele ke kula, e hele i Newnham, kekahi o na mau wahine o ke kulanui ma Kamepelika University. Kona makua kāne i hana ole, e like me kekahi mau kumu koi e ku e ia i loko o ia, keʻole paha ia hiki i ia e koho i kekahi oi kuʻuna papa. At Kamepelika, Franklin hana kūikawā ma physical kemika. makahiki Her haumāna, hapa mai ai i loko o ka Apana World War. He nui na kumu laila, i komo i loko o koa noiʻi. Kekahi nā meaʻeʻe moku (e like, biochemist pono ai ka noho Peruts) i e kali ana i na haole. I kekahi palapala, Franklin kaulana i ka "kokoke pau Cavendish i nalowale; biochemistry heluheluʻaneʻane e na kēia kanaka Kelemānia a me ka hiki ole ola. "

ke alo

I ka 1941, Rosalind Franklin loaa ka kēkelē ka loa, i ka hoʻokuʻu 'ia no hoʻokahi makahiki o ka haawi a me ka' Oihana o Ho oholo Wae, a Lolina Research. Ua hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka manawa i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua Norrish, he paionia kaulana o photochemistry. I ka 1942, ka wā i ke kaua ia nō e hele ana ma, Franklin i ka 'iʻo nō ka mea, e lawe i ke kahiko koa hana a hoʻomaka noiʻi i loko o ke kula i pili i nā mea e pono ai o ke kaua me ke ana o ka doctorate. Ua koho i ka hope, a me ke kauwela hoʻomaka no ke kōkua 'ana me ka lānai hou i hoʻokumu Pelekāne lanahu noiʻi' ē aʻe (BCURA).

Rosalind Franklin: A Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema

Over ka eha makahiki e hiki mai ana, Franklin hana ma clarifying ka microstructure o okoa ana o carbon a me hydrocarbons, no ke aha la i oi permeable ka wai, kinoea a me nā'uheheʻe kekahi o ia mau mea, e like me ka pono me pehea ia e loli ai i ka hahana maoli nō kēia a me ka carbonization e wehewehe. Ma ko lakou like, e hoike mai i ka lānahu ahi ili ma ka hakakino kiʻekiʻe i lahilahi constrictions i hoonui me ka hahana maoli nō kēia, a oko ma ka o carbon maʻiʻo. Ka mea hana e like me "hakakino kānana", successively ka paleʻana i ka anal o ka waiwai, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hakakino nui. Rosalind Franklin i ka mea mua, e kuhikuhi i, a ana i ka microstructure o kēia mau mea. Kona kahua hana ae e classify a me nā lānahu me kiʻekiʻe pololei, e kilokilo kā lākou hana. Laulima Franklin BCURA i kona doctoral ia hoʻi. Ua loaa ia doctoral degere ma Kamepelika i ka makahiki 1945, a ua kakau iho la elimaʻepekema pepa.

Neʻe maila i France

Ma hope o ke kaua, Rosalind Franklin hoomaka hulina, no kekahi hana. Ua loaa i kekahi wahi i loko o ka Paris keʻena hoʻokolohua Jacques Mering. Aia, ua aʻoʻia e kālailai lanahu hoʻohana X-Ray Ka Ikepili, a i pili loa ike i keʻano hana. ʻO kona mau hana me ka piha ano o ka 'ole e ole graphitized a graphitized ana o carbon kōkua lilo i kumu no ka hooulu ana o ka kalapona puluniu a me ka mea hou wela-hoʻopale mea, a lawe mai la i kona lahui kaulana i waena o lanahu chemists. Ma kona manaʻo, i ka makemake o collegiate oihana moʻomeheu o ka Central keʻena hoʻokolohua, a loaʻa i ka hailona o hoa ma laila.

E hoʻi i ka 'Enelani

ʻOiai ua nui ka hauʻoli i loko o Farani, i ka 1949, hoomaka ae la Rosalind Franklin, e nana aku no ka hana ma ka hale. Kona hoa Charlz Kolson, heʻimi naʻauao chemist,? Aaeaaaaony i kona ho'āʻo i "X-Ray diffraction ki ina hana like o ka hoʻokolokolo '" o ka nui liluwelo nā lātoma. I ka makahiki 1950, ua i hookoia he ekolu-makahiki hoʻonaʻauao Turner a me Newell, e hana i loko o ka 'Oihana o Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla ma King ka College London. Randall? Oaony i Franklin e crystallography Front e kālailai nā polokina. Eia naʻe, ma ke kōkua 'ana o ka Hope Luna o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua o Maurice Wilkins, Randall noi ia e hana DNA noiʻi. Wilkins Ua pololei hoʻomaka 'ana i ka hana me ka X-Ray diffraction o kekahi unusually maikai Eia kekahi laʻana o nā lātoma o ka aaiaoe kivila. He manao ia e kōkua 'ana me Franklin ka mea, akā, i keia ia i olelo mai.

DNA kiʻi

Deoxyribonucleicʻakika noiʻi komo wale ia, a puka ka haumāna Raymond Gosling. Kona pilina me Wilkins ÿae mai i ka nele i ka naʻauao (a paha o ka hāʻule pohō wale Franklin collegiate kulanui moʻomeheu). Ka hana ana me Gosling, Rosalind ua lilo hou okoa DNA X-Ray kiʻi, a me ka koke loaa ana o ka wai a me ka maloʻo ano o ka haawi ana i ka loa okoa kiʻi. Ka pulu palapala hōʻike i kaʻoni iho 'ole, a me ka pāʻaoʻao o i nā phosphates ribose na kaula. Kona makemakika Ka Ikepili o ka diffraction i loko o ka moku'āina maloo, naʻe, i ole hoike mai ia i ka 'ole, a me ka mea, ua hoolilo ia oi ma mua o ka makahiki i loko o ka ho'āʻoʻana i ka hoʻonā oko ao. Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka makahiki 1953, ua hiki aku i ka hopena i nāʻano a elua i mau spirals.

hooki laureates

Ia manawa, ma ka Cavendish keʻena hoʻokolohua ma Kamepelika, Frensis Krik a me Dzheyms Uotson hana ma luna o kaʻimi naʻauao kumu hoʻohālike o ka DNA. 'Aʻole i ka'ō'ō ihe me Franklin, ma January 1953, ka mea, ua aoia hoi nui aʻo e pili ana i ka' ole o ka deoxyribonucleicʻakika ma luna o kekahi o ka X-kukuna, i hoike mai ia Wilkins, e like me ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o kona unpublished na pepa waihoia me ka Lapaʻau o Research Aha. Watson a me Crick i i hai aku ia ia i kona ike ana ia mea, a hooiaio kona komo i loko o kā lākou hana a me ka lehulehu ākea o kona kaulana memo ma April. Hope Creek hoʻokomo i loko o ka luawai o ka 1953, Franklin ua i ka pohaku ka nou ana mai o ka kaʻike o ka pololei 'ole o ka DNA.

I ka like o nā mea hoʻomaʻi

Ma ka manawa Franklin iʻae e hoolilo kona hoʻonaʻauao keʻena hoʻokolohua o Crystallography Bernal ka Birkbeck College, kahi āna i huli i kona noonoo ana ma o ka 'ole o ka mea kanu nā mea hoʻomaʻi (e like, paka mosaic). Rosalind i ia pololei X-Ray kiʻi, e hana ana me ka hui o nā kānakaʻepekema, a komo pū wā e hiki mai Nobel laureate Aaron Klug. Kona diffraction Ka Ikepili hoike mai, i waena o Alia, i ka aaiaoe mea (RNA) mea hoʻomaʻi i hookomo i loko o kona kūloko ma aiiay proteinaceous iwi. Ua hookomoia ke alu like me ka nui noiʻi, ka oi aku i loko o ka 'Amelika. Franklin i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi ma ka makahiki 1954 a me ka makahiki 1956, a ua hookupaaia ka pukapuka o ka hui 'ana ma ka aina, a me Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom a me Uendellom Stenli. Kona hoao ana i keia kahua i ua ike ia e ka Institute Royal i ka makahiki 1956, ka wā kona mea kuhikuhi noi ia e kūkulu i kekahi kŘkohu o ke kookoo-hoʻokino a spherical nā mea hoʻomaʻi no ka World Science Exhibition 1958 ma Palukela.

Maʻi, i ka make a me ka hoʻoilina

Ma ka haule ana o ka makahiki 1956, i diagnosed Franklin me - ovarian Ka maʻi 'aʻai. Over ka ia 18 mahina, ua akaaka maluʻoki kino, a i na hoopai ana i nā kūlana kanaka. Ua loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau manawa o ke kala, a ma ia kana pule nui i ka hana i loko o kona keʻena hoʻokolohua, a imi hoʻolako 'ia o ia no kona noiʻi pae. Rosalind Franklin, DNA Kupu Lede, make ma London ma April 16, 1958.

Ma kona 'oihana 16-makahiki ia ua paʻi 19 akeakamai palapala ma ka lanahu a me ka kalapona-5 ma DNA a me 21 mea hoʻomaʻi. Ma nā makahiki, ka mea, ua loaa ia lakou na mea he nui ma kou kono ana i ka olelo ma kaʻaha kūkā kaua a puni ka honua. Ua hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha i ka hana ma luna o nā mea hoʻomaʻi hiki hope lawe maikaʻi-hewaʻiʻo uku a me ka' oihana i ka hoʻomaopopo pono a Rosalind Franklin, maʻi a me ka make i hooki ia.

Kūlana i loko o ka loaʻa o ka DNA 'ole

Franklin kaʻepekema hana maikai i ka lanahu kemika a me ka 'ole o nā mea hoʻomaʻi i loko o ke ao, he nui. Kona wā ike i kēia i loko o kona wa e ola ana, a ma hope o kona make ana. Akā, kauoha ae la i ka loa lehulehu noonoo ana no kona kūlana i loko o ka loaʻa o ka DNA 'ole. Crick, Watson, a Wilkins pili ana i ka Nobel lua i ka 1962 no ka Physiology a Medicine no kana hana ma ka 'ole o deoxyribonucleicʻakika. A lailaʻaʻole manaʻo o Rosalind.

Kona hana ma ka DNA, malia paha pela, ina ua hele unnoticed ina Watson ua ole hoomaewaewa aku la lakou ia ia ma kona mau memoirs i ka makahiki 1968, paʻiʻia ma lalo o ka inoa "The E pālua Helix". Aiaʻo ia hoʻolauna "leʻaleʻa kūʻiʻo" e pili ana i Rosalind Franklin, hōʻike ma lalo o ka inoa Rose. He hōʻike ka mea, e like me ka ino, arrogant wahine - "bluestocking", a jealously kiaiia kā lākouʻikepili mai nā hoapili, a ina ua hiki ole ke ano ia. Kona puke ua loa kaulana, eia nae he nui depicted i loko o laila, a me Crick, Wilkins a me Laynus Poling, 'ōlelo aku i kēiaʻano, i ka hapanui o nā mea hoʻoholo.

I ka 1975, he hoaaloha o Rosalind Enn Seyr paʻi i Kawaihae i loaʻa ka huhu hōʻole Watson mau māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana, a me ke kūlana o Franklin i loko o ka loaʻa o ka 'ole o ka DNA ua lilo hou i ike ia. He 'atikala a me documentaries ua ho'āʻo e hoʻoholo i ka nui o kona komo i loko o ka "heihei no ka papalua helix", pinepine kolo `ia ia me he feminist noʻu, nele o ka Nobel waiwai pio-misogynous nā hoapili a me kona i kakahiaka nui ka make. Naʻe, i kona lua biographer Brenda Maddox kaulana ana ia mea no hoi he caricature, i mea kaulikeʻole i ka hūnā iho Rosalind Franklin, i ka makana i ka 'epekema o koʻikoʻi chemist a me kona maikaʻi loa' epekema 'oihana.