Wai i na kaukaualii, a me nā kaukaualiʻi?

ʻO waiʻo nā kaukaualiʻi? Kēia luna papa, i ola ma Rusia mai ka 10 a hiki i 17 kenekulia. Ua aeia no papa 'ē aʻe nui, a kekahi aliʻi.

Ka muli o na boyars

I ka luna kiʻekiʻe o nā aliʻi i ke kēpau koke ma hope o ka Luna Nui Duke, komo kaʻaoʻao o ia i loko o ke aupuni.

ku mai kēia papa i loko o ka 9th kenekulia, ka wā i ke kahua o ka mea kahiko Lūkini moku'āina. I waena o lākou i loko o 10-11 kenekulia wale, he mau aliʻi a me nā boyars zemstvo. Mua mākou ua kapaia na kanaka o Knyazhye, a me ka lua - Gradska lunakahiko. He ka hope he poe mamo lakou o tribal aristocracy. I ka wā i loko o ka 11th kenekulia Knyazhye kanaka hoinu makou hoʻowali, merged ka mea, me ka zemstvo boyars, e lilo ana he hookahi aina.

Aliʻi a me nā boyars i loko o ka noho ana o ka moku'āina ma ka 12-15 kenekulia

E like me nā kaukaualiʻi, he mau koa i o ke aliʻi, kā lākou mau hana pū hana i loko o kona poe koa. Akā, ka mea, i ka hailona o na pomaikai: i ka pono e loaʻa ai ka holo ana a hiki i kekahi alii; loa ka mana a me ka domination i loko o ka mokuna o ko lākou mau kūpuna aina; kona mau koa i.

Ke fragmentation o Rusia, e wahi i loko o ka 12-15 kenekulia, e alakai aku ana i kekahi mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō o ka luna o ka mana. I ka Ia manawa, aole i mahuahua ka aneiai mana o ka boyar ka papa, i ka ulu ana o kona keiki kālai'āina.

No ka laʻana, ma ka mokuna o Galicia-Volyn na'lii a me ka Novgorod aina i loko o ka 13th kenekulia nā aliʻi i luna o na mea o ke Aupuni, i mea i lawe mai i ka ai-kapaia aha hookolokolo. No ka mea, o ka aoao ikaika loa o ka papa Chernigov, i ole i Polotsk-Minsk, Murom-Ryazan na'lii a he ikaika luna o ka mana.

Ka hakakā a me nā luna, a me nā boyars-patrimonial

E emi i ka aoao o na boyars-patrimonial aliʻi io i servitors boyars a me nā aliʻi.

Ka wā e hoʻomaka ana, mai ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 14th kenekulia hoomaka aliʻi mana e ulu hou, ua i ka ai-kapaia kekahi sensible boyars. Lākou mandate mea e kahu ai i ka lala o ka hoʻokele waiwai pā kaua.

Wai i kekahi sensible boyars? Kēia na kahu, falconer, chashnichy etc. No hoi, ua malamaia lakou ka mea, i nā kia'āina, i ka hooponopono ana o ka i mea he hookaawale ?? eoi? HoWomo ia ia ma ka ai ana.

I ka ho okumu ana o ka centralized moku'āina alakaʻi i ke kapu o ka pono o na boyars, i mea o ka hou o ka laulā o hoʻonele, i ka ehaeha a me ke abolition ma ka hopena o ka 15th kenekulia pono 'ana aʻe i kekahi luna. Social papa kūlana i loli.

Ka puunaue ana o ka mana i loko o ka 15-17 kenekulia

Wai i na boyars, mahope mai o ka 15th kenekulia? Ano ka mea, o ke ano kiekie i waena o nā servitors o ka fatherland. Ke alo aku o ka ia i ka inoa ke ano o ia kanaka ke komo i loko o nā hana o ke Boyar Duma, e haawi mai i ka pono, e ia i ka lani kiekie loa o ka huakaʻi dumnyi. Boyars, e like me ka rula, ua manawa aia ma luna o ka papa hoʻomalu, a me ka Hookolokolo koa kia, ku iho la ma ke poo o na kauoha.

Boyars votchinniki, mau e pale aku i ka? Eia i hana i ka centralized moku'āina, nele o na mea he nui ka nohona, a me ka waiwai kālai'āina pono. Me ka dukima kue a me ka olelo hoomaikai, ke koke uhi pū. Boyar aristocracy Ua ku paakiki ma ka oprichnina Ivan IV.

Me ka Hekikai a hiki i ka noho aliʻi o ka Romanovs ka puunaue ana o ka mana i waena o nā papa i hoʻololi dramatically. Ano, hoʻokele waiwai hooikaika servitors boyars a me ka hanohano o ka 17th ke kenekulia, oiai he nui aliʻiʻana hoʻi i kāpiliʻia. Ua mea no kēia mau kumu i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoomaka ia e malama i ka nalowaleʻana o ka papa ka hanohano ma waena o ke ano hanohano, a me ka gentry. A i ka wā o ka pae a me ka patrimonial aina loiloi, e like me ka mea i loko o 1714, hui, a me ka mea, i malu hui i loko o ka manaʻo o "konohiki". Ma hope, ua Hoʻololi 'o ka manawa i loko o ka hua'ōlelo "' aukā" a me "haku."

I ka 1682 hoopau ia localism, a me ka manawa boyars emi hoʻomau ana i ka lehulehu mea. I ka hoʻomaka o ka 18th kenekulia, Peter I a loa nana e hoole i ka inoa o ke aliʻi.

Ke ola ana o na boyars a me nā kaukaualiʻi

'Lii a me nā aliʻi o ka 17th kenekulia i loko o Rusia, e like me ka hōʻike muaʻia aʻe, ua akoakoa ana i loko o kekahi papa.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ke ola, alaila, na artifacts o ka manawa i koe e hiki e manao ia ka lakou ano hanohano, a me nā boyars 'aina i ka hailonaʻana o nā mea kaua, a me na mea kala, pipiʻi Jewelry a me ka hale mea hoʻonani. Ma ka 17th kenekulia, huli nui mea koikoi i loko o feudal holoholona, a hiki ola mai ka 60 a hiki i 80 kanaka.

Ke ano o ka mea mua oiaio hana maʻamau ma ka manawa o ka Manor no e 10-11 kenekulia. Ua, kekahi o ia mau mea i loko o ka papa o nā nā mea hoʻololi i hōkaiʻia. Na mea nona e holo aku i ko lakou aina. Akā, 'elele o ka enterprising hana, e hoʻokele e malama i ka waiwai a me ka aina a hiki i ka 16-17 kenekulia Ua hoʻopuniʻia kiʻekiʻe paia o ko lakou mau aina, haliu ae la ia ia i loko o nā pā kaua maoli.

Gen. boyars a me nā aliʻi i loko o ka 17th kenekulia

O ka holo anal o na Europa kükohu o ke ola i loko o ka financially maluhia waiwai i alakai i mahuahua e hopohopo nei e pili ana i ka oluolu o ke ola. Pehea'ē aʻe e maopopo ma nā kaukaualiʻi, a me nā kaukaualiʻi? Higher financially maluhia papa hoike ia e like me ka mea hiki: ka mea, hoomaka ae la e ikeia ma ka papaʻaina o keʻano o ka cutlery a me kahei, kanaka kīʻaha a me nā tablecloths. Ano, o na lala o ka 'ohana i he kaʻawale lumi. Pakahi aku la ia waiwaiʻana i hoʻohana mau o ka earthenware, ke tina a me ke keleawe ulaula.

Me ka Poeikohoia o maikaʻi-ikeia inoa o ka manawa (. Golitsyn, Naryshkin Odoevsky, Morozov, etc.) hoʻonaniʻia nui ka hale o ko lakou mau pohaku a me ka mea hope Europa ano: na paia pipiʻi Wallpaper, e hooponopono ana, a me ka ili; a me kāna kiʻi aniani keleawe; he nui helu o ka malamalama kumu, e like me chandeliers a me ka Nani Loa ihoiho.

E like me nā kaua, a me na kauwa, hoomaka ae la e mahi i ka Europa ano: oluolu pipiʻi fabrics, noa kaila, Jewelry o ke gula a me ke kala humuhumu a me nā momi. I loko nō o ka mea i ka lole Europa, ua i ke koe ma mua hoʻi o ka papa hanana i loko o Rusia o ka 17th kenekulia, aeia no ka papa ma na aoao he nui i hoomaka ai e hahai Western kumu kū i ke au.

Kekahi hou hehee ai o ke ola i hoʻolako 'ia e ka boyars a me nā aliʻi lilo i Hobby. Hookani Mū Kākela, e hele ana i ka 'aha mele, a me ka lealea ua lilo i integral hapa o na ola o ka poe waiwai. Ka mea, hu ae la ma ka malamalama kaa me ka punawai, a me na kauwa ma ka hope, ua hoʻokomoʻia wigs, a hoomaka ae la na kanaka e kahi me ka pahi i kona maka.

Burgher waiwai i noho ai, nonoi. i kona 'elele moʻa ma ka broadcloth ua kahikoia a nani, a me ka lako pau, ua ai pipiʻi. Akā, i loko o ko lākou ola ua he makemake no ka oluolu. Ma ka lumi 'oe ke' ike i ka pena, hangʻia, aniani keleawe. keena hookipa,? eaia i lawe mai i loko o kūikawā staterooms.

Nā kaukaualiʻi ho'āʻo e kope i ke aliʻi keena, o ka papa,ʻaʻole me ka aliʻi alohilohi, akā nō. Lākou mau hale,ʻikeʻia window me Mika., Lako i ke kālai lāʻau, e hooponopono ana i ka palaoa.

Wai i na boyars ma Wallachia a me ka Moldavia?

Ma ka mokuna o Wallachia a me Moldavia ka feudal papa i hana i loko o ka 14th kenekulia. Loko ka mea, ua i kekahi Mea Maluna. Nōhie boyars he mea nona bashtin (aina), a me ka Local - e ae mai o ka aina. Ma na oko ma waena o ia lilo blurred no manawa. E like me kekahi hapa o ke kuokoa Lomānia boyars o ka 19th kenekulia he mau kanaka mai ka nui a me ka poe kuai ke kula. Ma kēia mau panalāʻau e noho, i ka hoʻopau o ka boyars like me ka papa wale ana March 22, 1945 ma ka hoʻokō 'ana o ke agrarian mihi kānāwai.

Nā hua'ōlelo "alii ahaolelo," a me ka "hanohano" i loko o ka moʻolelo buke

Wai i na kaukaualii, a me nā kaukaualiʻi? i nā hoʻoholo 'ana o nā moʻolelo o ka ike a me ka concise pane i kēia mea.

Ahaolelo - na elele o ka aeia no ka papa i waho ma ka feudal lehulehu.

Boyars - ka poeikohoia o ka luna, ahu iho o ka feudal ke kaiāulu, a ola, mai ka 10th i 17th kenekulia ma ka ?? eoi? O Kievan Rus, Moscow na'lii, Bulgarian, Moldavian na'lii, Wallachia, mai ka XIV kenekulia ma Romania.