A (particles) loaa e Rutherford? Previous ka hoao ana a me ka huakai kaapuni Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - he maikaʻi loa nä känaka 'epekema nana i i kekahi discoveries nui io no ma ka kemika a me ke kālaikūlohea. He aha ka piʻi like huli ke kālaikūlohea ma ka hou ala o? Acaeoey? A (particles) loaa e Rutherford? Details o ke Kawaihae a me ka 'epekema aayoaeuiinoe o ka noiʻi loaʻa hope i loko o kēia' atikala.

Ka hoʻomaka o ke ola o ka hele ana

Rutherford Kawaihae hoʻomaka me ka uuku kulanakauhale o Hao Grove ma New Zealand. Aia i loko o 1871 i loko o kekahiʻohana o nā meaʻeʻe moku, a me ka aina hanau o physicist a me nä känaka 'epekema. Kona makua kāne, he Scot ma ka hanau, ua he haku o ka lāʻau, a i kona mau poe. Rutherford loaa mai ka mea pono no mahope kūkulu hana mākau.

Ka mua successes ia mau hana i loko o ke kula, kahi no ka mea maikai aʻo oia i loaa i ka hoʻokuʻu 'ana i kulanui. Ernest Rutherford mua i kākau inoa ma ka kulanui, Nelson, alaila, hele i Canterbury. Loaa no ka maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi loa iaiyoe ike, ia mea markedly okoa mai nā haumāna.

Rutherford loaa no ka ia nā kumu kāki ma ka makemakika, kakau iho la oia i kona mua scientific pepa ma luna o ka ke kālaikūlohea o "magnetised hao ma na lalani kiʻekiʻe." I e pili ana i ka hana,ʻo ia invented kekahi o na mea mua no kaʻimiʻanaʻume mākenēki nalu.

I ka 1895, physicist, chemist, Rutherford hoʻopaʻapaʻa me Maclaurin no ka'āina hoʻoili o nā haʻawina o hope o ka World Exhibition. By coincidence, ka hoa paio hoole i ka ia nā kumu kāki, a Rutherford hoʻolako i ka manawa e pono e loaa i ka 'epekema honua. He hele aku la i 'Enelani ma Kavendishevskuyu Keʻena a noho i ka PhD ma lalo o ka lima o Dzhozefa Tomsona.

ʻepekema hana a piʻi like

Hiki ana maʻEnelani, o ka haumāna māhunehune nalowale haawiia ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana. He hoʻomaka e loaʻa i ke aʻoʻia. 'Epekema ka luna hoʻokele o Rutherford hookahi kona Loaʻaʻia nui, aʻaʻohe hewa la. Thomson ke kālaikūlohea like? Aaei opiopio kinoea ionization ma ka X-kukuna. Eia naʻe, ua 'ike akula' epekema i ka wa a keia ia lŘlŘ kaʻikena saturation kŰia.

Ma hope mńka e hana ana me Thomson, oia delves i loko o ke ao o Becquerel kukuna, a hope Marie Curie kapa radioactive. Iloko o keia manawaʻo ia i kona nui loaʻa mua hoike i ke ola ana o ka mua i ike ole (particles), këia i ka waiwai o ka uranium a me ka thorium.

Ma hope, ua lilo i Kumu ma ke Kulanui o Montreal. Ma me Frederikom Soddi i nä känaka 'epekema waiho aku i ka manaʻo o ka hoano hou ana ia i nā kumu i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka palaho. I ka Ia manawa, kakau iho la Rutherford akeakamai pepa "Radioactivity" a me ka "Radioactive loli '" e lawe aku ia ia lono. He lilo i lâlâ o ka Royal Society, ua hookoia i ka inoa o ke alii ko lakou.

Iloko o ke ao i ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o radioactive nā kumumea i loko o ka makahiki 1908, Ernest Rutherford i i hookoia ka Nobel uku. ʻepekema wehe emanation thorium faux hehee ai transmutation ma ka irradiating naikokene nuclei palapala ekolu puke hana. Kekahi o kona nui e piʻi like o ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka'ātoma nucleus.

A (particles) loaa e Rutherford?

Ma ke ao ana o radioactivity, Rutherford ua i ka mua. Mua ia, keia wahi ua 'Imi E ke Kumu physicist Becquerel a me ka Curies. A laila, i ike i ka kŰia o ka radioactivity wale nei, a me ka ikehu i noʻonoʻo pono i mawaho kumu. Pono këia i ka uranium paʻakai, a me kā lākou mau waiwai, Rutherford ike i na kukuna loaa e Becquerel i heterogeneous.

Rutherford pepa kini hoʻokolohua hōʻike i ka radioactive Ray ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau huna a pele. Kekahi kahawai mea hiki ke hoʻokemuʻana i ka Aluminum pepa kini, kekahi i kekahi, ma ia. Kēlā me kēia no ia - he iiiaanoaa o ka oihana mua liilii, i kapaia o ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao, alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua (particles) a me kukuna. Mau makahiki ma hope, i ka Farani Villard loaa i ke kolu oʻano o na kukuna i ka hahai ana i ke kumu hoohalike o Rutherford kapa gamma kukuna.

I i (particles) loaa ma Rutherford, ua he alahula mau keiki ma luna o ka ulu o nukelea ke kālaikūlohea. Ua Hopu a hoao iho la ia ikehu hele mai, mai ka loa uranium nā'ātoma i hanaia. Alpha (particles) e hoakakaia like ikaika i hoopiiia helium nā'ātoma, Hoʻokolohua (particles) e electrons. E wehe i hope gamma (particles) - Ua electromagnetic a pāhawewe.

radioactive ka palaho

Rutherford ka Kaka i ku ole wale i ka physical science, akā, no hoi ia ia iho. He mau e noiʻi i ka radioactivity o ke Kulanui o Montreal ma Canada. Ma ka chemist Soddy ka mea hana i ka moʻo o ka ho okolohua e mea o ka i hoailona oukou ia'Ātoma loli i ka ea puka o kona (particles).

Like medieval alchemists, kńnaka hoohuli i ka uranium i loko o kēpau, e ka mea e hiki mai ana Hopu. Pela ka mea i ike i ka radioactive ka palaho. Kanawai e like me a he mea palaho, Rezerfor a me Soddy hōʻike i loko o ka palapala o ka "radioactive loli '" a me ka "He mau study o ka radioactivity o radium a me ka thorium."

Noiʻi kau i ke kaukaʻi o ka hoʻopöʻino 'ana o ka helu ana o radioactive nā'ātoma i loko o ka hāpana, like hoʻi me ka hala manawa. Ua Ua kaulana ia ma manawa palaho hope emi exponentially. No kēlā me kēia waiwai, i ka manawa koi 'ia. Ma muli o ka uku o ka palaho Rutherford ua hiki ke formulate i ka rula o ka hapa-ola.

Ke planetary kükohu o ka'Ātoma

I ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia ka mea, ua mālama 'ia na mea he nui ia mea, e noiʻi i keʻano o nā'ātoma a me radioactivity. Rutherford a Villars hamama, alpha, Hoʻokolohua a me ka gamma kukuna, a me Dzhozef Tomson, ma ka huli, wehe i ka huina'ine. Ua kora ka lākiō o ka uku ole i ka nuipa o ka huina'ine, a me keʻae i ka huna o kekahi hapa'Ātoma.

Ma ke kumu o kona puka Thomson hana he kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma. Ke nä känaka 'epekema manaoio i ka la mahope mai o ka spherical kinona, ka holoʻokoʻa ili o ka ikaika i hoopiiia, he pono ole (particles). Loko o ka poepoe ua negatively kauoha electrons.

A mau makahiki ma hope, Rutherford hōʻoleʻia kāna ka pähola 'ana o kona kumu. He hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka'Ātoma i ka nucleus, a ua ikaika i hoopiiia. A puni ka mea, e like Honua ma ka puni o ka la, electrons revolve ma lalo o ka hana o ka Coulomb koa.

E hoohauhee ana i ka hoao ana Rutherford

Rutherford ua he poʻokela experimenter. No laila, ka nalu nui i ka Thomson ÷, ua hoʻoholo e höʻoia 'ia empirically. Thomson'Ātoma E nana e like me ka spherical ao o electrons. A laila, Alpha (particles) e hele ke alalai ole ma ka pepa kini.

No ka hoʻokolohua, Rutherford kūkulu i kekahi mea o ke alakaʻi pahu me ka uuku puka i loko i loaʻa i kekahi radioactive mea. Box absorbs Alpha (particles) ma nāʻaoʻao, koe wale no kahi o ka puka o. Pela i hana directional huna pele. Mua ia, ua kekahi mau alakai pale me ka puka, e kanana oia mai na (particles) e deviate mai ka hoʻoholo ma mua papa.

Maopopoʻeleu Alpha Ray mea i hala ma nā mea a pau i nā nā pilikia, poʻomanaʻo, 'o ia ka loa wiwi kuina o ke gula pepa kini. Hope iho ona, ua he phosphor pale. Kēlā me kēia hui 'ana o na (particles) me ka mea i kākau i loko o ka palapala o ka waihonaʻike. Pela ka mea, ua hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka haiahū kūmau o na (particles) ma hope o kona hele ana i ka pepa kini.

Surprisingly loa Rutherford, e deflected nui (particles) i nui pana pua, kekahi i 180. Ua hoʻohana 'ke nä känaka' epekema, e kuhi ana ka iniiaiie'ātoma kaumaha o paa ia mea ma loko i ua a laila kapaia ka Kernel.

E hoohauhee ana i ka hoao ana o Rutherford:

kükohu noʻonoʻo loi

Rutherford ka nukelea ÷ initially nema aku, no ka mea, incompatible me nā kānāwai o ka panina electrodynamics. Spinning, electrons pono hoola ikehu, a hoʻokuʻu akula electromagnetic a ale, akā, i kēia 'aʻole i hoʻomaka ai, a nolaila ka mea, ua i koena. Ma keia hihia, e haule i ka electrons ma ka Kora naʻEsau, aʻaʻole revolve a puni ia.

No ka maopopo i kēia kŰia iho la i Niels Bohr. Ua hākālia nō i kēlā me kēia huina'ine i kona iho ka Astronomical. Oiai ka huina'ine ma luna o laila, ka mea aole e pāhawewe hou ikehu, akā, ua hōʻeleu i. Iao? Hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o ka quanta - wahi o ka ikehu a ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ka wā o nā electrons i laila 'o ia i ka' ē aʻe ka Astronomical.

Penei, Niels Bohr i kekahi o na Mamua o ka hou lala o ka 'epekema - quantum ke kālaikūlohea. I ka pono o ko Rutherford ka kükohu i hoao. E like me ka hopena, ua loli loa i ka manaʻo o ka mea a me kona noi. A kükohu ua kekahi manawa, haawiia i like ka boron'Ātoma-Rutherford.

Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi e pili ana i ke nä känaka 'epekema

Nobel makana Ernest Rutherford i mua i ka piʻi likeʻano nui o kona ola - loaa i ka'ātoma nucleus, a hoʻokumu i ka planetary ho o ka'Ātoma.

Rutherford kupaianaha loaʻa alakai aku ai i ka muli o ka hou lala i haʻawina o ka 'ole o ka'ātoma nucleus. Ua Ua kapaia ka nukelea a nukelea ke kālaikūlohea.

Ke physicist noho ole wale noiʻi, akā, no hoi ao mai tālena. ʻO nā o kona mau haumāna,ʻo nā Winners ma ke kālaikūlohea a me ka kemika Nobel uku. Iwaena o lakou, Frederick Soddy, Genri Mozli, Otto Hahn, a me nā pono-ikeia personalities.

KU¯ pinepine wahi a hiki i ka loaʻa o ka naikokene i mea erroneous. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kēia kaulana Rutherford heʻokoʻa. Kinoea wehe i ka botanist a me ka chemist Daniel Rutherford, e noho ana he kenekulia mua o ka hale hoʻokamakama physicist.

ka hopena

Pelekāne nä känaka 'epekema Ernest Rutherford lilo kaulana i waena o kona mau nā hoapili propensity no experimentation. Over i ka wa e ola ana, he nä känaka 'epekema ua lilo ka hailonaʻana o ka hana ma ka mea ana i ua hiki ia ia ke wehe i ka Alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua (particles), e formulate i ke kānāwai o ka palaho a me ka hapa-ola, kūkulu i ka planetary kükohu o ka'Ātoma. I mua ona, ka mea i manaoio aku i ka ikehu kumu mea mawaho. Akā, ma hope o ka (particles) loaa ma Rutherford ke scientific honua akamai, physicists hoʻololi ko lakou hoomaopopo ana. E piʻi like nä känaka 'epekema kōkua e nui strides i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka kemika, e like me ka pilina i ka muli o ia mau hana like nukelea ke kālaikūlohea.