'eto waiʻona: mau 'ike, ki ina hana o ka la hoomalolo a me ka pono

Waiʻona like 'ole - nā mea loaʻa o hydrocarbons, i loko o ka lātoma, ma kahi a kekahi a oi hydrogens hookomoia no ka hydroxyl pūʻulu (OH). Lower waiʻona mai ke kino, ua wailana i loko o nā mea a pau huliāmahi kēia i loko o ka wai. Me oe i ka waiʻona nāʻakika kuahene nā mea kemika. hydroxyl pūʻulu mea hydrogen i ke auou caiaiai. Ke'ī mai, ma lalo o ka hana o ka paʻakai metala alcoholates i hana. Ma ka hydrolysis kaʻina alkoxides decompose i ka wai a me ka paʻakai hydroxide.

N waiʻona like 'ole o ka pono oxidized e lilo aldehydes. Aldehydes - ke aloha i huiʻia i i ka OH pūʻulu, a e haawi aku nā mea kemika; disintegrate maluna o hou'okesaside e nāʻakika me ka carboxylic'emi nā'ātoma. Ma dehydration o ka waiʻona mai ke kino loaa unsaturated hydrocarbons. Ma ke kino o aliphatic waiʻona mai ke kino, ua nui narcotic. I ka ikaika o na waiwai o ka waiʻona i hilinaʻi ma luna o lākou physical waiwai. I ka hoʻohālike me ka mono- a polyhydric ia ka waiʻona mai i kekahi 'i ua hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia ai ka hana o ka la mahope, a me kekahi manawa i nalowale, oa mahuahua i ka helu o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu ma ka lātoma ho'ēmi i kā ka pharmacological hana, no ka laʻana, glycerolʻaʻohe appreciable lāʻau hana.

Makaukau o'eto ka waiʻona

'Ia ka waiʻona no ka' inikua hana i loaa mai ma ka fermentation o pulapula o ke. Fermentable carbohydrates i hooleiiaʻi mawaho rai, uala, maize, a me nā mea kanu pono hana. I kēia manawa, he helu o ike waena kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o kanakaʻona mau fermentation. Ma distillery e hoʻopā ai ka mea (ʻuala, a me ka e like) i mua holoi, mai ka honua a me ka mud, a laila ka waiwai maluna i loko o ka kūikawā Infusion ipu, a paka mahu ma lalo puʻe i loko o elua a ekolu me ka lewa. Pia, i mea ka uala, penei kona huli ana i loko o ke kāpili ma luna. Ke kūpono nuipa ua pū i hiki ai i ka Masa tun me ka ikaika, a ua ho'ēmi malaila hooeueu ana i 50 degere. No keia ua hou i ka malt i loko o nā hoʻohui like mai i ka 10% ma ke kaupaonaʻana o ka uala. Malt palaoa germination hoomakaukau ai. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka germination o ka bale i loko o ka mānoanoa o ka kahua a me ka hoʻomāhuahua o nā'ūhū, kekahi o i o ka'ūhū amylase. Ke'ūhū hydrolyzes ka pia i ka maltose. A laila, ma lalo o ka aoao o maltose'ūhū invertase ia iho i loko o ka koʻana koko meakino e monakō koko. Hope i alakaʻi ai Zymase hoohuliiaʻi e ethanol me ke kala o ka o carbon dioxide. Ke kaʻina Ua noʻonoʻo piha ka wā o ka evolution o kalapona diokisda 'ōlelo. Ke kūpono wai a ua kapaia wort, a iloko ona i kakauia ma kahi o 18% waiʻona a me nā kula waena fermentation - glycerol, ethanal (aldehyde'ākeka), kiekie waiʻona mai ke kino, nā mea kemika, etc. Next, ka Masa ua hoolilo i ka distillation. Mua, he läÿau, me ka waiʻona maʻiʻo o ma kahi o 70%, alaila, ua mahuahua ka nui o ka la mahope, i ka 96%. 'eto waiʻona Ua hooholoia no ka hope loa huikala ma ho'ā 'charcoal.

Hoʻokele waiwai mea eʻoi aʻe e hoomakaukau synthetically ka waiʻona -'etolina, a ma lalo o ka hana o ka ʻakika sulphate haawi sulfatnoetilovy Etera decomposes ma lalo o ka hana o ka wai a me ka'eto ka waiʻona i ke sulphateʻakika. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka waiʻona hiki ke synthesized mai acetylene. No keia mea, acetylene Ua hooholoia ma ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana oʻakika sulphate ma ke alo o ka hōʻeleu, e attaches ka wai hele ana i loko o ethanal. Ke aldehyde Ua puhi ia aku, a ua hoemi ia me ka hydrogen i ka waiʻona. waiʻona lehulehu ua olelo ia i loko o degere, e laʻa me, 33 °, 40 °. Mau degere ka hōʻike 'ana i ka nui o ka leo o ka waiʻona i na i loko o 100 huahelu o ka leo o ka pāʻoihana.

Aia nō ka mea kēia ka waiʻona papa:

- heʻiʻo maka nō (92-95 °), insufficiently i hooakea ai i ka fusel mea kāhinu, a me aldehydes;

- Rectified (95-96 °), kokoke noa o impurities;

- loa - kokoke anhydrous;

- denatured - maka ka waiʻona, i ka i i pākuʻi pyridine maoli nitrogenous kumu; Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hanalima, a wahi lulu mau hana.

'eto waiʻona - Inflammable aniani moakaka wai a me ka'ākilikai naoh, ka waiʻona ala, a kuniʻaiʻana. Pure waiʻona mea he pono ke aloha'ūheheʻe. ethanol nuʻa hilinaʻi nui ma luna o kona lehulehu ma ka pāʻoihana (e laʻa me, 40 - 0.9352 70 - 0.8677 96 - 0.8014).

Ka hoʻohana o ethanol

Emi paha pepehi microorganisms, pakahi aku la ia ma nā hoʻohui like ma luna o 60-70%. Ke k haʻalele no digestion, reflexively hoʻokāʻoi aʻe ana i ka ha awina o ka naehana waena a me ka naau no ka maʻule hou ihola nō. Externally pili me ka disinfectant, irritant, he anuanu maila 'a me kaʻoluʻoluʻo ka iapaau ana o'ā (I ka papahelu a me II)' o ia hoʻi.