He aha oihana i loko o ka halepaahao hana nukeleaʻakika? Ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o nukelea nāʻakika

pâʻani nukelea nāʻakika kūlana nui i loko o ka halepaahao, kaulike kona functioning a me nā'ōlelo. I kŰia mau mea e ka mea e hiki ai e kapa aku ia lakou i ka lua o ka loa nui biomolecules ma hope o kumuʻiʻo. He nui noiʻi i lawe mai i ka DNA, a RNA ma ka wahi mua, me ka manao i ko lakou luna cia i loko o ka ulu ana o ke ola. Aka hoi, i mea e lawe i ka lua o ka huakaʻi ma hope o nā nā polokina, no ka mea, o ka hookumu ana o ke ola mea pono polipetidnaya lātoma.

Nukelea nāʻakika - keia mea mea nui oi eiiieaena a me ka hoihoi 'he okoa kiʻekiʻe o ke ola no ka mea, o ka mea i kēlā me kēiaʻano o ka lātoma mai he mau' oihana no ka ia. He mea pono e ike i hou aku au mamuli.

I ka manaʻo o ka mea nukelea nāʻakika

All nukeleaʻakika (DNA, a RNA) i liluwelo heterogeneous polymers a oko ma ka helu o nā wahi i puhi ai. DNA mea he papalua ili polymeric lātoma mea he aaiaoe 'ike o eukaryotic meaola. Hoʻopoepoe DNA lātoma e komo aaiaoe 'ike o kekahi nā mea hoʻomaʻi. Keia HIV a me adenovirus. Aia Ua hoi he kūikawā type 2 DNA: mitochondrial a me ka plastid (loaʻa i loko o chloroplasts).

RNA i ka mea he nui nui? Ueo i ua kena ae la ma kekahi nukeleaʻakika hana. Aia i nukelea RNA, a iloko ona i kakauia na aaiaoe 'ike o nā koʻohune a me ka hapanui o nā mea hoʻomaʻi, i ka'ōpū mai (a elele RNA), ribosomal a me ka amo. A pau o ia ka pae'āina i loko o kekahi waho pūnaewele o aaiaoe 'ike, a me'ōewe hōʻike. Eia naʻe, i hana i loko o ka halepaahao hana nukeleaʻakika mea pono e ike i ka oi aku au mamuli.

Menina-ili DNA lātoma

Kēiaʻano o ka DNA - mea he lea nenoaiie o waho pūnaewele o aaiaoe 'ike. Menina-ili DNA lātoma mea he hookahi lātoma iloko olaila o heterogeneous monomers. Lākou pahuhopu nui o ke kahua o ka hydrogen mea paʻa ma waena o nucleotides o ka'ē aʻe kaulahao. Pakiko DNA lātoma ninoieo o ka nitrogenous kumu, i ke koena orthophosphate, a he elima-kalapona monosaccharide deoxyribose. Ke kaumaha ma muli mea 'ano o ka naikokene kumu ua i ke kumu o ka hana i ho'ākāka' DNA lātoma, ia i kona inoa iho. Ano o ka DNA monomers:

• deoxyribose moiety me ka orthophosphate a me ka adenylic nitrogenous kumu;
• thymidine nitrogenous kumu, a me ka deoxyribose moiety orthophosphate;
• cytosine nitrogenous kumu a me ke koena desoksiriboza orthophosphate;
• orthophosphate me ka deoxyribose a me ka nitrogenous guanine koena.

I ka palapala no ka simplification o ka huakai kaapuni a me nā hale o ka DNA adenylic koena denoted like "A", guanine - "G", thymidine - "T" a me ka cytosine - "C". He mea nui i ua hoololiia ka aaiaoe ike mai o ka waʻa-ili DNA iʻelele RNA. Oko ao i loko o kona wahi: 'aneʻi me ka carbohydrate moiety i ole deoxyribose a me ka ribose, a me kahi thymidylic nitrogenous kumu uracil ia lŘlŘ ma RNA.

'Ole a me ka hana o ka DNA

DNA Ua kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka loina o ka liluwelo pīlali, ma i kekahi lei hoʻi ua hana ia ma mua i loko o ka hoʻoholo ma mua kumu ke kaumaha ma muli o ka aaiaoe 'ike o ka makua aeea. DNA Nukleodidy i pili e covalent paa. A laila, e like me ka rula o ka complementarity i na nucleotides o ka hookahi-ili nā lātoma i huiʻia nā nucleotides. Inā he hookahi-ili nucleotide lātoma ua hōʻike mai iā ia mai me ka adenine, i ka lua o ka (mea manuahi) kaapuni ia e hoʻopili like i ka thymine. Guanine ka mea manuahi ia cytosine. Penei, papalua-ili DNA lātoma ua kūkulu. He ma ka Kernel a me ka hale kūʻai hereditary ike i ua encoded codons - triplets o nucleotides. I ka mana o ka waʻa-ili DNA:

• e hoola i loaa mai ka makua aeea hereditary ike;
• 'ōewe hōʻike;
• keʻakeʻa nei e hoʻololi i keʻano o ka mutation.

Meaning o nā polokina, a nukelea nāʻakika

Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka hana o nā polokina , a nukelea nāʻakika ho'ānoʻole,ʻo ia, e komo lākou i loko o'ōewe hōʻike. Nukeleaʻakika ia - ka mea, o ko lakou pūnaewele wahi, a me ka kumuʻiʻo - ka mea, o ka hopena hopena o ka heluhelu 'ike mai ka'ōewe. 'ōewe iho o ka integral mahele o kekahi DNA lātoma pūʻolo helu i loko o ka chromosome, ma ka i ike ua kākauʻia nucleotides o ka 'ole o ka ua kumuʻiʻo. Kekahi'ōewe encodes ka'aminoʻakika kaʻina o hoʻokahi wale nō kumuʻiʻo. I kumuʻiʻo e hoʻokō i ka hereditary ike.

Na Mea Maluna o ke ano o ka RNA

Oihana o nukelea nāʻakika i loko o ka halepaahao, ua loa like. A ka mea i oi aku ka nui i loko o ka hihia o ka RNA. Naʻe, i kēia multifunctionality mea nō i pili no ka mea, e like me kekahi 'ano o RNA mea kuleana no kekahi o na mana. Ma kēia hihia, na kēiaʻano o ka RNA:

• nukelea RNA nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me koʻohune;
• mua (ike) RNA;
• ribosomal RNA;
• elele RNA plasmids (ka chloroplast);
• chloroplast ribosomal RNA;
• mitochondrial ribosomal RNA;
• mitochondrial'ōpū mai RNA;
• hoolilo RNA.

RNA oihana

He Mea Maluna hoʻolako kekahi mauʻano o ka RNAs mea i puunaueia e like me ka wahi. Eia naʻe, i loko o ooieoeiiaeuiiai hua'ōlelo, ka mea e mahele ia i loko o 4 hoailona ia mea i loko o nā mea a pau: ma ka nukelea, 'ike, a me ka ribosomal amo. Ribosomal RNA kuleana pili i ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala ma muli o ka nucleotide kaʻina o kaʻelele RNA. Penei'aminoʻakika "mahele" i ribosomal RNA "kui" ma o ka elele RNA, ma ka mea o ka hoolilo ribonucleicʻakika. A hoʻololi kemikala i loaa mai, mai kekahi meaola i loaʻa i ka ribosome. Ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o nukelea nāʻakika, a i malama o ka aaiaoe mea, a me ka hanaʻana i ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala kaʻina.

Mitochondrial nukeleaʻakika

Inā mea hana i loko o ka halepaahao hana nukeleaʻakika aia i loko o ka nucleus a cytoplasm oʻaneʻane i ike, o ka mitochondrial a me ka plastid DNA 'ike, he mea uuku. Ua loaʻa nō hoʻi kekahi 'ribosomal a me kaʻelele RNA. Ke nukelea nāʻakika DNA a me RNA maʻaneʻi i ka loa autotrophic meaola.

Paha ka mea nukeleaʻakika komo i ka halepaahao ma ka symbiogenesis. Kēia ala ua noʻonoʻoʻia e kānakaʻepekema like ka loa paha no ka mea, o ka nele o kekahi papa hana mau weheweheʻana. Ua manaoia ke kaʻina hana like penei: loko o ka halepaahao no ka i kekahi manawa i hele mai symbiontic avtorofnaya bacterium. E like me ka hopena, keia akaryote ola i loko o aeee, a hoomakaukau ia me ka ikehu, akā, i nā degrades.

Ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao loiloi mua o ka evolution, paha nukelea-noa symbiotic bacterium neʻe mutational keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka nucleus o ka puali aeea. Ua ae na nā'ōewe kuleana no ka malama ana i ka 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ka mitochondrial nā polokina e komo i loko o ka nukeleaʻakika o ka puali aeea. Naʻe, ka mea e pili ana i ka oihana i loko o ka halepaahao hana nukelea nāʻakika o mitochondrial ka molekumu o, ke 'ike mea,ʻaʻole nui.

Paha ma ka aoao mitochondrial synthesized nā polokina nona ka 'ole i ole i encoded ma nukelea DNA a RNA puali. Ua mea no hoi paha ia o ka ponoʻano papa hana o ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala mea e pono ai wale nō no ka mea, o ka halepaahao i na mea he nui nā polokina synthesized i loko o ka cytoplasm, hiki ole kiʻi ma ka papaluaʻili lahilahi o na mitochondria. I ka ikepili organelles paka ikehu, a no ia mea, ma ka hihia o kekahi mau 'Kanal a transporter kumuʻiʻo no kona lawa no hakakino ka noi, a ku e aku i ka lehulehuʻano piʻina.

Plasmid DNA a RNA

Ma plastids (chloroplasts) kekahi i kona iho DNA, i paha mea kuleana no ka hoʻokō like oihana like i loko o ka hihia o mitochondrial nukelea nāʻakika. Aia ka hoi a me kona ribosomal,'ōpū mai a me ka hoolilo RNA. A me plastids, i poe lunakanawai no ma ka helu o nā membranes, ma mua ma ka helu o biochemical reactions, pilikia e loaʻa. Ua ka hana i na mea he nui plastids me 4ʻili lahilahi, ahu iho, ua i weheweheʻia haumana ma naʻano likeʻole.

Kekahi mea, ua maopopo: i ka hana o nukeleaʻakika i loko o aeee? Anoee ai mamao insufficiently. Ua uaʻAʻole iʻikeʻia ana nui ka mitochondrial kumuʻiʻo synthesizing'ōnaehana, a like me kona hloroplasticheskaya. Ua mea no hoi i maopopo ke kumu keena Pono mitochondrial nukeleaʻakika, ina nā polokina (ʻae nō hoʻi i nā mea a pau) i ua encoded i loko o ka nukelea DNA (a RNA, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka meaola). Oiai kekahi o nā kūʻiʻo i pio eʻae i ke kumuʻiʻo synthesizing mitochondrial a me ka chloroplast'ōnaehana mea kuleana no ka mea ia mana e like me ka DNA o ka nucleus a me ka cytoplasm RNA. Ka mea, malama aaiaoe ike, paʻi a hoʻolele ia i ke kaikamahine keena.

hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

He nui e ike iʻoihana i loko o ka halepaahao hana nukeleaʻakika nukelea, plastid a me mitochondrial kumu. Ua wehe i na mea he nui ka manaʻolana 'ia no ka' epekema, no ka mea, ka mea symbioticʻano papa hana, e like me ka mea, ua nui loa autotrophic meaola i hiki paʻi i keia la. Kēia e i ka houʻano o ke keena, paha i kanaka. Oiai na ka manaʻolana 'ia o ka manaʻo mnogomembrannyh plastid organelles i keena nui ala i ka olelo.

Nui oi nui mea e maopopo i loko o ka halepaahao nukelea nāʻakika kuleana no ka aneane pau loa keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Kēia kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis, a me ka ho'ōla 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ke keena. A oi importantly, ka nukeleaʻakika hana i ka hana hoololiia ana o ka hereditary mea o aeee, mai ka makua i ke keiki. Kēia e hōʻoia i ka hou 'ana o evolutionary keʻano o ka hanaʻana.