He aha polymerization i loko o ke aloha kemika

Polymerization - he kaʻina hana o ka loaa ana mai kekahi 'ano o ka hoʻomaka monomers nui nā lātoma. Ke kūpono pīlali mea he macromolecule e ninoieo o ka lawa helu o hou huahelu.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka polymerization

Ke paneʻana i ka ninau e pili ana i nā mea o ka polymerization kemika, ua e hoailona oukou i ka naoh i wahi ma ke alo o ka hōʻeleu (kaʻina accelerator).

Homopolymer - kiʻekiʻe hakakino hui, a ua loaa ia ma ka hui ana o'ālike mau puka monomers.

Heteropolymer - ka naoh huina hoonui o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o kekahi mau puka mea.

Ka 'ole o ka pīlali

Ua haawiia i ke polymerization - o ka luna ' Nine Inch kaʻina hana, ka hakakino kaumaha o ka pīlali hua e i kaʻokoʻa kōmi. Ke kiʻekiʻe-hakakino i huiʻia o ka "hopena pūʻulu" i okoa mai hou huahelu. Oia hui na i loko o ka pīlali 'ole i loko o kaʻuʻuku nui, no laila, ka mea e i noonoo i ke ano o ke Ka Ikepili o Nine Inch, a physical waiwai o ka kūpono polymeric waiwai.

cationic polymerization

He aha mea he cationic polymerizationʻano? Kēia kaʻina hana i wahi ma lalo o ka aoao o ka Lewisʻakika (hui o Aluminum koloriside, boron fluoride,ʻakika) ma kekahiʻano papa hana i mea like me ke kaʻina hana o ka electrophilic hou a hiki i ka waʻa (kaulua) paa.

Ma ke kahua mua, ka proton hou i alkenes, ma ia ho okumu i ka carbocation.

Eia, ma muli o ka lolouila kamaʻilio, ka mea, i kekahi lātoma o ka alkene hele mai i loko o ka leo, e like me ka hopena he carbocation ua hana me ka hou kaulahao.

Repetition o ke kaʻina i, ma ia ho okumu i ka carbocation me ke kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha.

A kiʻekiʻe pahiki o ka hoʻokō 'ole' ana o ka cationic oaio, i hiki ke triggered ma ke kaawale ana, mai ka proton o ka lātoma.

examples

E mākou noonoo i ka ninau o ka mea i polymerization kemika. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kēia kaʻina hana i hāʻawiʻia ma muli o ka isobutylene polymerization. Ke kaʻina puka mai i kekahi cationicʻano papa hana, mahope mai o ka huina'ine-mau pou haawi i ka alakaila pae.

Ho okumu polyisobutylene lei i, no laila, i ka mea, ua hanaʻia ma ka pau 'ana o ka mea i kā mākou hale lio carbocation. E like me ka hopena, he mea he pololei oe hoohui "poʻo i ka huelo".

Ma ka hoʻokō 'Nine Inch AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, kokoke me ka alo o ka wai, he mea ho okumu ana o ka pīlali me ka lōʻihi kaulahao.

He aha ka polymerization o ka 'elele papa o unsaturated hydrocarbons? Inā ke koho hōʻeleu , i kia sulfuricʻakika, i malama ma hope o ho okumu ana o ka polymerization läÿau, he mau dimers. Ma hope o ka mea, interconnected ma nā nā lātoma o isobutylene, he hamama kaapuni ia lŘlŘ. Ma keia palapala luna '(carbo) e hāʻawi mai ai i kona proton wai mua ka mea komo i kekahi lātoma o ka unsaturated alkene i loko o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.

Ka anionic polymerization

He aha ka ka anionic polymerization o ka? Ueo? Kēiaʻano papa hana komo ai i ka alkene polymerization ma kekahiʻaoʻao o ka lau hoopaa. Polymerization mea hiki i ka hoouka ana o ka alkene lātoma kekahi nucleophilic reagents.

No ka laʻana, amide-anion reacts me akrilonitratom papalua hoopaa, kūpono carbanion i hanaʻia i loko o i ka hopena maikaʻi ukana ua IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE ma waena o cyanide a me ka kalapona'Ātoma. Inā ka luna 'o ka pilina paʻa ua loaa, ka mea, ua mālamaʻo kēia ka piʻiʻana alkene lātoma.

Haki hiki ma ka ulu kaula naoh e alakai ana i ka hoʻopau o ka hopena ma luna o nā hopena maikaʻi malama o ka kalapona kaula.

Free'ano'ē polymerization

I ke kaʻina hana no ka'etolina polymerization ke lawe wahi i loko o ke alo o peroxides (ma ka loa a me ka puʻe kiʻekiʻe ana wela). Kaula hoopau wale paipai 'ia ka recombination a disproportionation radicals.

Ke hydrocarbon lei o ka polyethylene mea'etolina kekahi mau mall naehana. He kēia 'ole characterizes ka waiwai waiwai o ka mea kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha i huiʻia he hoʻonui i kona akea palapala noi i loko o ka hana ma ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole'ōpala ho film. Eia kekahi, o ka polyethylene ua koi 'ia e ho okumu ana i mea e mōlina, a me ka hoike ana.

Ma ka hihia o ka noa'ano'ē laha 'i loko o ka polymerization ulu hopena i'ōpaha alkene ka mea, e ia ke hōʻike i loko o ka palapala o ka hale hānai'ano'ē, a me ke kaʻina ua poe ma ke' ano "ke poo i ka huelo".

I ka isobutylene a me ka propylene polymerization mea,ʻaʻole he noa'ano'ēʻano papa hana. A pau o na polymers hua mai la i loko o ka Nine Inch hana, e hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi mau lala o ka hana' enekinia, hale kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ka loa, he pono ole polymers hoomakaukauia mai'etolina papahana unsaturated hydrocarbons i polyethylene ia iho, e like me kona homologue - propylene.