Ma lalo o nā hua'ōlelo o ka Maluhia o Westphalia Spain ike i ke kuokoa o Holland. Terms o ka Maluhia o Westphalia. 30-makahiki kaua (1618-1648)

Kekahi o nā hananaʻano nui o ka 17th kenekulia - ka 30-makahiki kaua 1618-1648. Ua Ua hele e aneane a pau Europa aina, ka mea, ua haʻalele ma hope miliona o casualties. Ke kuleana wahi i loko o kēia kaua i waiho ai i ka aelike i kapaia "Maluhia o Westphalia". Kona hualoaʻa i uaʻano nui a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai holoʻokoʻa o Europa mōʻaukala. He Ua hoopaaia ma luna o 15 a me 24 October 1648, ma hope o ke kūkā 'lōʻihi, a mau ae la ia mai ka 1644 a hiki i panai ai i na rula no ka mea a pau i komo.

Maluhia o Westphalia i ka 1648

He hui Münster a me Osnabrück maluhia kuikahi manao i kēia makahiki i loko o Westphalia. Ma ke kulanakauhale o Münster paa i mea kamaʻilio me ka Poeikohoia o Catholicism, a ma Osnabrück - mai kaʻaoʻao Protestant. I kekahi manawa, i ka malu o Westphalia, a me nā like manao January 30 ka hookahi makahiki, Spain, a me ka United'āina o ka Netherlands, i pau ai kanawalu na makahiki 'War, e like me ka paio ma waena o kēia mau'āina a me nā noiʻi noonoo i kekahi hapa o ka makahiki he kanakolu.

He aha ka ka hui ana aelike?

Osnabrück aelike mea he aelike manao ma waena o ka Hemolele Roman Emperor, Kuekene a me kona allies.

Munster ka Roma aupuni a pau i kakau inoa me Farani, a me nā'āina e kākoʻo ia (i kēia nō ka Netherlands, Venice, Savoy, Hungary). Ua lawe kēia mau Hawaii e like me kaʻeleu loa i loko o ka hopena o kekahi hapa nui o 'Eulopa, no ka mea, i loko o ke kolu, a me ka nui, o ka pilikia wā o ka makahiki he kanakolu War, ka mea, ka pilina i ka hemohemo o ka Roma koa, i ka pilina me lākou fragmentation i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. Maluhia o Westphalia uaʻano nui i koho ai i ka hoʻoholo 'ana i ka loli ia kenekoa, ka manaʻo politika' ole a me ka hoʻomana i loko o ka Hemolele Roma aupuni a pau.

Hopena o ke kaua 30-makahiki

Ke confrontation i pau ai me ka ia aina? Ma lalo o nā hua'ōlelo o ka Maluhia o Westphalia Spain ike i ke kuokoa o ka Netherlands. Nō hoʻi, e like me keia palapala, i ka aina e lanakila i ka makahiki he kanakolu 'War - France, a Kuekene, i waeia guarantors o kaʻaeʻana i ke ao nei. Mau mana ka mana, e ka pāʻana i ka hana o ka kakauinoaia aelike, a me kā lākou 'ae' ana, ka mea makemake e hoʻololi i ka hoʻokahi 'atikala. Ke'ōlelo mai, Ua palekana a pau o Europe, mai kekahi global loli i hiki ke alakai i ka hoʻoweliweli 'ana i ka maluhia o na aina. A mahope mai, i ke aloha ana i ka berita, ka mea Kelemānia Emperor ua powerless, na mana nui 'ē aʻe hiki ole e makau i kona keiki. Maluhia o Westphalia hoʻokumu i nui ia kenekoa redrawing, o ka oi aku i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka lanakila mana o Farani a me Kuekene.

I kekahi o kēia mau'ano'ē loli ma ka palapala i ka mea i lalo o nā hua'ōlelo o ka Maluhia o Westphalia Spain ike i ke kuokoa o ka United'āina. Kēia moku'āina, hoomaka ae la kona kaua o ka liberation e ku e ia Hui Spain me ke kipi, loaa i ka 1648 o ka lahui iaia.

I loaa i ka aina e lanakila i ke kaua?

E like me ka olelo hooholo ia ma ka hōʻailona o ka malu o Westphalia, ke aupuni a pau o Kuekene uku i na makana he 5 miliona talers. Eia hou kekahi, hele aku no ia i ka mokupuni o Rügen, Western Pomerania a me ka hapa o ka hikina (me Stettin), i ke kulanakauhale o Wismar, o ka oihana o Verdun, a me ka archbishopric o Bremen (Bremen kulanakauhale ia iho, ua ole kekahi).

i hele aku Kuekene i ka waha o ka mea nui navigable muliwai ma ka'ākau Germany. Ka ma kona hoʻolilo Kelemānia mau poʻokela, ke Alii o Kuekene i ka manawa, e hoouna aku lunakanawai i ka imperialʻai.

France ka hōʻailona o ka malu o Westphalia i mea e hiki ai e loaa ona o ka Habsburgs, Aia i loko o Alsace, akā, me ka City o Strasbourg, e like me kona kūʻokoʻa 'ana ma luna o kekahi mau oihana ma Lorraine. New ona ma hope o ka wehe 'o ka aelike, a hoonui i ka aoao o ke aupuni kōkua iā ia i loko o ka wā e hiki mai e lawe i ka hegemonic kūlana maʻEulopa.

German Duchy o Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Honolulu-Lüneburg a me Brandenburg, a i kākoʻoʻia e ka lanakila aupuni, i loaa maika - ka mea, ua hiki e hoÿonui ai i ko ona i ka hopena o ka hui ana i ka secularized oihana a me monasteries. By Saxony i ka hopena o keia aelike i hoohui Luzatsiya, a komo aku la i loko o ka Bavarian keena la Palatinate. Poe koho Brandegburgsky hoi, i loaa nui i loko o lākou e noho ai o ka aina ma a Prussia i hana hope.

I lawe mai i ke ao nei i ka ke Kelemānia a?

Terms o ka Maluhia o Westphalia he ia i ka mea Kelemānia Emperor i kona nele ia i kaʻiʻo nui o ko lākou kahiko kuleana. Ma keia hihia, ke Kelemānia aliʻi lilo kuokoa, mai ka Roma alii kiaaina, a ua hiki ke alualu i kūʻokoʻa haole a me ka wahi luluʻikepili. No ka laʻana, ka mea hiki ke komo ma ka hana ana i olelo hooholo e pili ana i ka outbreak o ke kaua a me ka maluhia ma ka lakou hana no e hooholo i ka nui o na auhau, pili kēia i kaukaʻi ma luna o lākou i ka hookamaia o kānāwai i loko o ka Roma aupuni a pau.

I Kekahi Mau luna ke komo nō hoʻi ia i loko o 'aelike ai me nā Hawaii. Ka mea wale nō mea i ua ole i loaʻa iā ia, - forging kuikahi nei, a me nā mana ma luna o ka luna o ka Roma aupuni a pau. Olelo ana kēia 'ōlelo, ma hope o ka hōʻailona o keia aelike no ka hana i ho'ākāka' Kelemānia luna a lilo iho la o ke kānāwai, a ke lawe i kaʻeleu loa i loko o ke ola kālai'āina oʻEulopa. E hooikaika ana i ko lakou kulana iā i ke kahua o ke aupuni pekelala 'ole o kēia Germany.

Ka hoʻomana Kalikiano ma hope o 1648

Me ka pili ana i na kahuna poepoe, e like me ka hopena o ka Maluhia o Westphalia ma Germany i like nā pono kīvila Kakolika, Calvinists a Lutherans a legalized i ka secularization o ka ekalesia aina, a i lawe mai i loko o 20-ies o ka XVII kenekulia. Keia wa aku, koho hiki ole ike no na makaainana o ko lākou mau haipule affiliation. Eia hou, ma lalo o nā hua'ōlelo o ka Maluhia o Westphalia Spain ike i ke kuokoa o Holland. Hoole i ka liberation neʻeʻana i loko o kēia aupuni, hoomaka ae la me ka hōʻike e kū'ē iā Hui Sepania. I mea, keia aelike ua legalized ka pili aupuni fragmentation o Hawaii, ua noho i loko o kēia imperial moolelo o keia lahui.

Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka Maluhia o Westphalia i me ka nui loa hoʻoikaika i ka mana o Farani, freeing ia mai e pio mai-enemi, Spain, mua kūlana i waena oʻEulopa Hawaii a pau koi.

ʻO kekahi mea nui hana o keia kuikahi, a kākau moʻolelo e olelo aku nei: ia mea i ke kumu no nā mea a pau Europa, ae like ana mahope a hiki i ka XVIII kenekulia, i ka wa a ka Palani i wahi. Bourgeois kipi. Ma lalo o nā hua'ōlelo o ka Maluhia o Westphalia Spain ike i ke kuokoa o ka Hawaiian Netherlands. Nō hoʻi, i ka wahine loio i kūʻokoʻa o ka Hawaiian Union.

Ke kumukuai o ka malu o Westphalia

Penei, i ke kuikahi i kapaia o ka hanana i triggered ka o kēia au nei mea, a ua hoakaka no ka alo o ko ke ao nei ka lāhui kanaka-Hawaii, a me ka hope o kekahi mau loina o ke kānāwai. I ka rula o ka pili aupuni kaulike, paha ka mea i hana me ka hopena o na olelo o ka maluhia o Westphalia. I ka moolelo o ka hoʻoponopono luna 'ia kenekoa, loio a me ka hoʻomana aʻe i loko o ka pilina o ka elua a oi States ma ka hoʻohana' ana i ke 'ākeʻakeʻa a me ka ikaika a me ka influentialʻEulopa mana ua ikea hope o laila.

Ke kumukuai o ka kaua 30-makahiki no ka ho okumu ana o ka papa loio i kahua

Ka manaʻo o "Westphalian'ōnaehana", a pili ia i ke ao nei o ke kānāwai, a me ka wahi i hele mai ma hope o 1648, pili ia i hoʻopaʻa i ke ea o kekahi State i kona kupono ?? eoi?. A hiki i ka XIX kenekulia i nā rula o ka aelike a me na kumu o ka malu o Westphalia ua pili kēia nānā 'ana i nā kānāwai o ka Uhane Roma aupuni a pau.

Ma hope iho o ka helehelena o ka aelike pakahi aku la ia i hooikaika i ka pono o ka hooponoia Karistiano a me ka mea kahiko Roman Hui Kristiano, i mea nui, mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ka moʻomeheu 'epekema. Eia naʻe, he nui nä känaka 'epekema i kekahi hewa i loko o ka olelo, a ma hope o ka hōʻailona o ka aelike i, e ola nā kupa o Germany. No laila, i puʻe wale ka mea, e hana i ka hoomana, ka mea i waeʻia e alii ana, i meaʻano nui haipule ku okoa ana i ole nei. Akā, hoʻowahāwahā i nā hewa, ka Maluhia o Westphalia ua maoli ka mua (a me ka holomua) hoao e hana i kekahi ano o ke kānāwai.