Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich: Kawaihae, kiʻi a me nā hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Ua pono-ike Lūkini hoʻokahuli aupuni Zinovev Grigory (noho 1883-1936) ua no hoi he Soviet statesman a me ka pili aupuni huahelu. E like me kekahi kumu i kona maoli inoa, ua Radomyslsky Ovsey Geresona (Geresona Yevsei) Aronovich; nā ia kumu, i kona inoa o Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (makuahine). Pōkole Kawaihae Grigoriya Zinoveva lilo i ke kumuhana o ko mākou loiloi.

Wā kamaliʻi a me ka Family

Born Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (pokole e pili ana i ke kanaka au e aʻo mai i ka 'atikala) i ka 1883, 11 (23) Kepakemapa ma Elisavetgrad (kēia Kropyvnytskyi) Kherson panalaau. Mai makahiki 1924, kona aina heʻumi makahiki i ka inoa o Zinoviev. Kona makua kāne Aaron Radomyslsky, ka mea nona ka haleʻuwī waiū mahiʻai, hāʻawi akula iā ia i ka hoʻokumu paʻa ka hoʻonaʻauao.

No ka 14 makahiki, Zinoviev i puʻe wale, e hana me ke Kakauolelo a me ka haawi ana haʻawina, e like me konaʻohanaʻilihune.

Gregory ka wahine mua i he 'oihana hoʻokahuli aupuni Evseevich Ravich Sarra Naumovna, iʻikeʻia ma lalo o ka inoa o Olga. Ua ua hapa o ka RSDLP, hulina i auou caiaiai ke Komisina o Kūloko Affairs o ka Northern nui māhele'āina,ʻo ia, ua pinepine ae la oia hopu.

Next wahine Lilina Zinoviev ua Zlata Ionovna, iʻikeʻia ma lalo o ka pseudonym Zina Levin. ¶ A komo i loko o ka RSDLP hana i loko o ka Petrograd Soviet, ua hana pū 'ana me ka nūpepa "Pravda" a me ka "Star". Zinoviev i hanau i ke keiki kāne - Radomyslskogo Stefana Grigorevicha. I ka makahiki o ka 29, oia i hopu, a ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make.

Ekolu wahine Radomyslsky lilo Evgeniya Yakovlevna Lasman. Ua hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o ke pioʻana, a o ka halepaahao no ka aneane 20 makahiki o kona ola ana.

Mālama '-hoʻokahuli aupuni hana

I ka makahiki 18 (1901), Zinoviev lilo i lâlâ o ka RSDLP, a hoomaka ae la e komo i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana. He hoʻonohonoho hahau ana au i ka poe e hana 'i loko o ka New Rusia, no ka i ka mea i hana ino ia mai e ka mākaʻi. E makaala'na i hoomaau i ka 1902 Radomyslsky hele i Pelelina, a laila, i loko o ka makahiki, ua neʻe akula iā Paris, a Bern. I ka 1903, ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka mea i halawai me Lenin, a ma hope nui kokoke i ona lā, a hoomaka ae la e ko loko o ka Europa Socialist a papa hana.

I ka 1903, Grigory Zinoviev, ka Hawaii photo oe ke ike ma ka 'atikala, oia hui ka Bolsheviks, a ma ka II Ahaolelo Lahui o ka RSDLP kākoʻo Lenin. I ka hookahi makahiki, ua hoʻi mai i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni a hiki i Ukraine, kahi ia i alakaʻi i kaʻeleu propaganda.

A makahiki ma hope, ma muli o ka naʻau maʻi hou haʻalele Radomyslsky ke aupuni, hoi no Berne. Aia kona wā e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina, kākau inoa 'oe i loko o ke Kulanui ma ka'āuna kumu o kemika, akā, i ka makahiki ma hope koke maila i kona haʻawina, e komo i loko o ke kipi (1905-1907). Ma Rusia, ka mea i kali no wale nô ma ka St. Petersburg gorkomitete RSDLP. New bout o ka maʻi, hoʻoikaika ihola Zinoviev hou e hele i Bern, akā, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ka'āuna kumu. Ma ke kupulau o 1906, hoi i St. Petersburg, e hina i loko o ka CC (oi balota loaa wale Lenin) a me ka hoʻoponopono kaʻina kānāwai hana i loko o nā nūpepa "mua," a me ka "Social Democrat" (lola honua puke). No ka mea, o kona mau hana, e hina ia ma lalo o hopu i ka makahiki 1908, ma muli o ka maʻi hoomahaiaʻi, a hele aku la i'Aukekulia Galicia me Lenin i loko o na malama ekolu.

Aia Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich, nona Kawaihae Ua piha ka pōʻino, i loaa mai ai no ka Bolshevik mea nui o ka puu dala ma ka adventurer kaulana Parvus. 'Aukekulia makai i manaoio ia Zinoviev pūʻali koa i mea Palani akamai.

kipi

I 'Apelila 1917, Zinoviev me kana lua o ka wahine a Zlata Lili, kā lākou mau keiki Setepano, ka wahine mua Sara Ravich Lenin hoi i Rusia ma ka hōʻailonaʻia nalowale. Ma hope o ka July lā Lenin peʻe Radomyslsky, a kahe aku ka waina ma luna o ka moana wai, mai ke Aupuni Kuikawa (e ka mea, he kia hoʻomanaʻo kukulu ia i kela makahiki keia manawa i ka halelewa). Ka mea, i mahuʻi mua o ka espionage a me ke alu like me Austria-Hungary.

Ma October 1917, ka mea, ua he paʻa halawai o ka Bolshevik Central Komite, kahi Zinoviev a Lev Kamenev mai la ia mea, ua premature e hookahuli ae i ke Aupuni Kuikawa, a kū'ē'ē 'oe me Lenin ka olelo hooholo. Kā lākou hana ma ka "New Life" (Mensheviks) kokoke i alakaʻi i ka expulsion mai o ka aoao, akā, ua hoʻoholo ihola i ka pololei papa ole ia lakou i ka hana ma luna o kona 'aoʻao.

A hiki i ka Bolsheviks a me SRs hopuia mana ma Petrograd, Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Alekseem Rykovym a me Viktorom Noginym koi naʻe me ka concession Vizhelem, a me kona noi e merge i loko o ka hookahi aoao Socialist aupuni. Lenin a Trotsky i papani ai hoi i ka naʻe, a ma luna o November 4, keia Quartet hui ia me Vladimir Milyutin hele mai, mai ka Central Komite. Lenin ma muli o hai aku ia mahuka - keia ka mea i olelo ia i loko o kona berita kālai'āina.

kivila kaua

Ma ka hope o 1917, Zinoviev i 'ae' ia hoʻi i ka kālai'āina. Iloko o ke Kanawai Warʻo ia i mālama i Luna hoomalu o ka Petrograd Soviet Union Sovnarkorma Northern Māhele 'nā kauhale, o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Petrograd Pale Kaua.

Komo i ka loa mana ino Zinoviev. I ka wa a pau a puni i starving, kuni ihola ia i kona kokoke leo hone banquets. Ma kona Initiative, ka bourgeoisie a me ka unearned hehee wale nele o ka berena pepa. Oiai na umi o na tausani o ka poʻe hāʻule i loko o kēia mau mea hoʻoponopono. Ka mea, literally Ua make i ka pololi.

Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (pōkole Kawaihae ua hōʻike mai iā ia i kou noonoo ana i loko o kēia 'atikala) initially hoole i ka "ula weliweli" ma hope o ka ho'āʻo ma Lenin a me ka kīmopō o Volodarsky a me Uritsky, no ka i ka mea i hoopili i nema aku Lenin. He loa e ku e ia i ka hoololiia ana o ke kulanakauhale alii a hiki i Moscow.

Zinoviev Lenin hoopaa iho ai i wahi, e kākoʻo i ka Brest-Litovsk kuikahi, a ua koke hoi i ka poʻe kaua o ka Central Komite me ka wale nô ma ka hou Politburo. Waiho aku la ia ia me ka lāʻau kū, a me ka Comintern Hoʻokō lunahoomalu, kahi āna i hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o "nohona fascism".

Zinoviev i ka hoʻolālā i ka "Red weliweli" o ka intelligentsia o Petrograd, no ka i ka mea i inoa kapakapa ia "Grishka ka Apana" (i e like me Otrepyev a me Rasputin) kauwahi.

Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o ke Petrograd Zinoviev kulanakauhale o ka heluna kanaka, hina iho la ma ka oi ma mua o 4 miliona kanaka. Ka hapa nui o ia wale haʻalele i ke kūlanakauhale, akā, make iho la ia i ka nui loa mai ka pololi a me ka hooko. Hopena a me ka wahie ulia - ka hooilo, i loko o ke kūlanakauhale wale i i hoouku wahie.

Ua Ua manaoio i na hana a pau Zinoviev kou akamai, e ho'ēmi i " 'ole-proletarian hehee wale."

I ka haneri o nā kanaka i pana aku ai, Zinoviev repression poe i ka loa a me ka hao wale mai pīhoihoi. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka mea i dictated ma ka manao, makau no ka make ana o ke kipi.

Mai 1921, Zinoviev ua he lâlâ o ka Politburo a AIM no e alakai ana ia kulana. Hoʻopiʻi 'i ka manawa o ko Lenin ka hoʻoilina, oia paʻi nui na buke - hoomaka ae la kona ohi ia hana, e kakau.

Zinoviev Ua 'Imi' ole i loko o ka hoomaau ana o ka Orthodox clergy, i ka wa a ka Bolsheviks confiscated ka ekalesia nuipa a nā loina. Ma Petrograd, a ia laila, holo akula, māʻalo aʻela i ka hookolokolo ana, i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make 10 kāhuna, a me Archimandrite Seregio, a ma hope canonized like me ka haipule poe hoike aku Kauhalenui Beniamina.

Zinoviev i kuleana i loko o ke ala o Stalin, i alakaʻi ai kona hookohu ia General o ka RCP i ka 1923 ma ke Kakauolelo. He hana keia ole mai o pilikino walohia, a ke lawe mai i ke kaua e ku e ia Trotsky.

Lenin ka make ma hope o

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Lenin maoli contenders no ka mana o Trotsky a me Zinoviev.

Ma kēlā mau makahiki, Zinoviev kulana he nui loa pilipaa. kapa aku la oia e luku aku i ka peasantry a loa hao i ke kauhale, e hoʻonui industrialization. Ua ua ia cynically hoike mai ia mea mea pono, e luku 'ana o ka Lūkini heluna kanaka, e like me nā mea a pau retrain i loko o lākou ihoʻaoʻao i nā Bolsheviks e hiki ia lakou.

Zinoviev ho'āʻo e hoonohonoho i ka honua kipi. Communists ho'āʻo e hopu ka mana i loko o Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Pulakalia, Estonia, Poland, Finland. A pau ia i alakai i na make, a unrealistic kālā koina.

Ma ka Comintern Zinoviev Gregory hoʻokahuli aupuni ho oholo Kamehameha dala o ke kālā i loko o Western mau kapa a pau.

Cult o ke kanaka

ʻOiai Zinoviev akea papa Stalin, akā, ke kanaka me cult au nana i hana mua, a puhi ihola ia i ka mea, he nui ka ikaika. Kona kūlanakauhale hale oia Kapa hou i ke Zinoviev, e immortalize i kona inoa. I nui na kulanakauhale he nui, i kona kauoha, kia hoʻomanaʻo i a me busts i ua hoʻouka kekahi. He paʻi he okoa ohi ana o kana mau hana a (33 puke).

hou kū'ē

I loko o 2 makahiki Zinoviev Kamneva kū'ē Stalin. E like me ka hopena, ka mea, ua hou alakaʻiʻia e ka Hooko Komite o ka Comintern a me ke kūlanakauhale ahalunakanawai, ua loko mua mai ka Politburo, a me ka makahiki ma hope mai o ka Central Komite. Kēia Ua ukali ma expulsion mai ka Party a me ka loulou.

I ka 1928, Zinovev Grigory, kona 'ohana i kekahi, waiho wale aku, i mihi, a me ka mea i hoihoi hou ia i loko o ka aoao ma ka hoakaka ana i ka Kazan University rector. ʻEhā mau makahiki ma hope, e hopu i ka palapala, ai 'a me ka journalistic hana hou, a hoʻokuewa wale' ia, akā, i kēia manawa no ka mea ole-ike. Ma keia pili, oia translates "Mein Kampf" ( "kaʻu paio") Hitler. I ka makahiki 1933 ka mea i puka mai i kaupalena 'holo o keia unuhi (aoao poe hana aʻo).

Ma kahi o ka makahiki eha i loko o ke pio, o ka makahiki hope Zinoviev hou hoihoi hou ia i loko o ka aoao, a hoouna aku la i ka Central Malu. Ma ka aoao Lahui, oia mihi a me ka hoonani Stalin a me kona mau hoa hana. It Zinoviev laila, kapa Stalin i kekahi "ano akamai o nā manawa."

Ke verdict a me ke kahua

Ma December makahiki 1934, Zinoviev i hookahi manawa hou hopu, sentencing i 10 makahiki ma ka hale paʻahao. Hoopii i kōkua i loko o ka pepehi kanaka o Kirov, ma ka manao o na mea he nui kakaolelo, i kēia mea, ua hoonohonoho e Stalin. Oiai ma Verhneuralsk pili aupuni isolator, alaila e kaili memo, Ua haawiia i Stalin me assurances ana ia i mea ole hou o kaʻenemi, a me ka makaukau e hooko i kekahi koi.

Stalin, a me kona poʻe kākoʻo i i nui ana o ke kumu o Zinoviev a me Kamenev, hohola na lono i ke kue iho he poe Iudaio a me ka pilina.

I keia manawa, i ka hoʻopulapula o Zinoviev i ole hahai, a ma ka 1936 i hala ka "kaʻina hana o ka heʻumikumamāono", i hoʻoponopono i na luna kahiko o ka aoao. August 24 Hoʻoholo ihola e lawe mai i ka hooko - ka make uku. A lā ma hope o ka olelo i.

Ua mea noteworthy i ka hoohewaia i hōʻoki aku i ka 1988, keʻikeʻia ka nele o ka hana hoahewa ia ana o ka hewa.

Aia ka hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokolokolo 'Zinoviev i koi mai e hoʻi i ke kālā o ka Comintern. He lawe mai kekahi hapa o ke dala i ke kanaka kidnapped, a i ole i manawa e pana aku au i 'ole' ana. Ma hope iho o ia Stalin ola, ia ia i makemake.

Ke aʻo 'ana e pili ana i ka hana o Zinoviev ma mua o ka hoʻokō, Stalin contemptuously kuha ma luna o ka papahele, i ka i ana i kekahi i kekahi mea ku ei ka paia, e kau i makaukau i ka la mahope.

I ka hopu ia ana o Zinoviev mālama i loko o appalling ana. Ka wela i loko o ke keʻena i kā mākou paio hahana maoli nō i komo. Pilikia a me nā puʻupaʻa, a ake, a me na rula i lawe mai i ka paahao i ka mea kaumaha ho'āhewa wale - mai ka eha ia i ape ma luna o ka papahele, a noi aku la ia e hoolilo i ka haukapila. Akā, i ka mea kōkua i ke kauka i haawi ia ai ', no hoi exacerbates ka maʻi.

Ke appalling halepaahao ma hope o ka noho a me ka makau ole ke ola Grigoriy Evseevich Zinovev wawahi ae la i, a tearfully aku ana noi Stalin, e hoopau i ka Aha.

Stalin i'ōlelo mai ai iā Zinoviev a Kamenev malama ia ola me ko lākou mauʻohana, ina eʻae i kekahi 'aha hoʻokolokolo me nā mea a pau i ka hoopiiia a kükäkükä i kekahi o ka mea kahiko Bolsheviks. Kēia farce ma ka hookolokolo ana i paʻa, akā, i i hoola i ke ola o convicts.

make

Zinoviev Ua pana ma ka po o Augate 26, 1936 ¶ A i loko o ECCU hale (Moscow). hooko hoike hoʻomanaʻo aʻela ia Zinoviev, kulou, a noi i ke aloha, honi nā kamaʻa puki ilamuku, akā, i loko o ka hopena ia i hiki ole hoi hele, no laila, i ka hope mau mika oia wale kauo iho la oia. Mamua o ka hooko, hoomaka ae la oia e heluhelu i ka pule i loko o kona poʻe hoahānau Hebera. Kamenev, ka mea i'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi pu me ia, hoolale aku la ia ia, e hooki aku i ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa, a make me ka hanohano. Aia o kekahi mana, e like me ka mea i loko o ka hooko ana o Zinoviev i ia e lawe ma luna o ka stretcher.

Ma hope o hoʻopulapula o Zinoviev i ka 1988, he makahiki o kona nani mau like me ka hewa-ua nui no ka wā Stalin ka repressions.

repression hoahanau

Repression waiho wale aku no ia e nā mea a pau ekolu wāhine Zinoviev. First Sara ka wahine a Ravich i hopu ekolu manawa, hope rehabilitated a ua hookuu mai i ka nui maʻi pono ekolu makahiki ma mua o kona make ana i ka makahiki 1954.

Lua o ka wahine a Zlata Liling palua hopuia, a hoʻouna akula i loko o ke pioʻana, akā, e like kana keiki, ua pakele i ka make. Zinoviev ka keiki a make ihola i loko o ka makahiki kēia mau mea. Ma hope iho o ka hooko ana o Gregory, mai nā hale waihona puke confiscated a pau ka hana a Lili (ʻano nui mau hana ma luna o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'nohona a me ka hana).

Ekolu wahine Zinoviev Evgeny Lyasman hopu aneane elua makahiki. Ka mea, nolaila ia i kuu mea wale nō i ka makahiki 1954, a rehabilitated ma ka hope kenekulia - i ka 2006. About kana kane kākau iholaʻo ia Kawaipunahele, akā, e hoolaha aku i ko lakou banned hoahanau.

hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni

Zinoviev ka nui i loko o nā hanana mōʻaukala a me ka pili aupuni pinepine lewa i loko o ka films. Ke ho film mua ua "October" - ka leo hanaia'na Eisenstein. He noteworthy i Zinoviev hoʻokani Apfelbaum - kona kaikaina. Mawaena o ka mea 'ē aʻe Film ike "uliuli puke", "I nā lā o Okatoba", "Red", "Red Bells", "Lenin. Aʻo 'ia "," Stalin "," Ma o ka hoailona o Scorpio "a me ka TV papahana" Yesenin ".

manao wā

Pōkole Kawaihae Grigoriya Zinoveva, kekahi aoao a me kekahi, o ka hoihoi ana i na mea he nui wā. He aha mea i ka manaʻo i waena o ka lehulehu e pili ana i keia kanaka? Holo nōhie Ua ole loa pono kau i wā e ku e ia Zinoviev. Ka mea, ike i kona mau manao a me ka civility, akā, i kaulana ana oia mea he kohu kūpono a me ka scheming coward.

Close i Zinoviev kanaka la i ka mea i loaa ole waiū, excessive lapuwale a me ka makemake, kaulana aristocraticʻano.

Party hoa Zinoviev nema aku no i hawawa koʻu i ka hoopaapaa a me ka unprincipled koho o nā mea e loaʻa ai pilikino a me ka pili aupuni i ka pomaikai.

I loko o ka wī i loko o Petrograd, Zinoviev a hiki i ka papaʻaina i lawe mai i kekahiʻano o ka noho lealea ana. Ua olelo mai ua wīwī a me ka ukuʻano prerevolutionary Gregory ulu ma ka nui a me ka naau haakei "obese wahi kanaka kolohe o" ka poe i'uī kala mai pōloli kanaka.

Ma ka memoirs o nā wā Zinoviev i ka olelo e pili ana i ke ola ana o Leningrad i loko o ka cult o ke kanaka me.