He aha ka ka ke kūpaleʻana ana wela o ka waiʻona?

I kulike ai me ka mea mau i ka ho'ākāka ', ka ke kūpaleʻana wahi o ka mahana hoʻololi o ka waiwai mai kekahi kinowai moku'āina i ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa. Keia ano hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka waiwai ua ho'ēmi (haku mele 'ana), a ma ka puʻe, e like me ka mea kiekie oia ka manaʻo koikoi, ka mea kiekie oia ke kūpaleʻana mahana. Ka loa loa-ike waiwai i ka loa pinepine Neʻe mai kinowai i paa a me ka Hope versa, ka wai. Ua ua ikeia ia ano o ka wai i ka hau ma ka 'Aʻohe kekelē Kelekia ma, nae, ultrapure H ₂ O i loko o ka ipu maʻemaʻe, e ia i kinowai, a me ka loa he hau paa, e like me ke kai, ec i ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka paʻakai.

Other ke kinowai i kekahi mau pae o ka hana ana. No ka laʻana, ka waiʻona ke kūpaleʻana kuhikuhi mai nui haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mea ia metric no ka maʻamau ka wai. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i keia mea i ka lalo nuʻa.

A oaeii, loaʻa nō kekahi mau pūʻulu o ka waiʻona mai ke kino, kela mea keia mea o ka a i kona mau kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai. I kēia lā, ka mea, i ka i kēia papa:

- ke kaumaha ma muli o ka helu o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu (mai monohydric i polyhydric waiʻona mai ke kino) ;

- ke kaumaha ma muli pehea paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbon substituent (unsaturated, kali, onaona);

- ke kaumaha ma muli o ka cyclic hydrocarbon substituent (alicyclic, cyclic);

- i ka helu o substituents ma ka Alpha kalapona'Ātoma (iniiaiie - tertiary).

No ka laʻana, ka mea ke kūpaleʻana wahi o ka metanola ka waiʻona, e pili ana i ka monohydric mea hua 97 kekelē Kelekia ma a me ka cyclohexanol - e pili ana i hua 42 ° ^C. naʻe, hapanui kumuhana kiko'ī mea akaka hulina e pili ana i ka waiwai o ka wai, he hapa o na kanakaʻona mau ka mea inu. Na ke kūpaleʻana mahana o ka'eto ka waiʻona (ethanol) ka hua 114 kekelē Kelekia. Keia waiwai ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hale, e kahińuli i ka waiʻona ke keʻena o ka waiʻona i nā mea inu ma ka mea e "hoʻonui i ka ke degere", e like me ia no ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hooilo "nezamerzayki" no ka hi. Kekahi motorists i hoʻohuiʻia i ke aniani-ethanol pāʻoihana o ke kauwelaʻano, a pai pu ia me ka wai i loko o kekahi mau huliāmahi.

E noke i ole a pau o ka wai i loko o keia papa i loko o ka paa ana me ka anuanu maila 'loa ikaika wale. No ka laʻana, ka waiʻona ke kūpaleʻana wahi phenyl carbinol (benzyl onaona waiʻona) ka hua 15 ° ^C.

Inā 'oe a mau loa aku e hoihoi i loko o ka Mea Maluna o ka wela oe ke ike i ka loaʻa mau ana wela, holo ma ka waiʻona-ka nānā' ana. Ie kahi o ka lolouilaʻano papa hana a noonoo he Hereme ma ka waiʻona. Mau ana wela i ka loa pinepine hoʻohana kahi e mea pono, e ana i ka haahaa ana wela i loko o ka wahi lulu kaiapuni. No ka laʻana, ma Siberia, kahi pinepine aiʻaihueʻia i ka 50-60 degere. Here ano o ana wela hiki ole hana pololei, no ka Hereme ke kūpaleʻana mahana mea e pili ana i hua 38 ^° C E aʻo e pili ana i mea oe i ke ana wela, e hiki ke kala i loko o ka kolamu o ke ana wela. Inā ka mea, o ke kala, o ka Mercury loko. Akā, me kaʻulaʻula 'aukā Hōʻike tinted ka waiʻona pāʻoihana. pinepine ia ana wela i hoʻohana 'ia ana mawaho mahana. Pela hoi, aole ina ke alanui e e -45 ^{° C,} ka mokuna e hāʻuleʻole ai, no ka mea, waiʻona i ke kūpaleʻana ka mahana mea nui emi.